Professor Dr. Jin BQDepartment of Food Science &

Nutrition

NJNU

Introduction Small molecule organic compounds

From Foods

No composition in body

No supplying energy

Joining metabolism

Name

According to the finding history, A B C D----

According to its physiological action, Soluble

According to its chemical structure

Classification

Lipid-solution: A, D, E, K

Liquid-solution: Bcom, C, choline

Vitamin Deficiency 1 Reasons Lower supply from food Lower absorption in gut Requirement increase in crowds Others

2 Deficiency Clinic or Original Marginal Secondary

Cooperation Assisting Anti-assisting

Typicality

Coenzyme/cofactor/adjuvant

Destroyed easily

Lipid-vitamin is easy to store in body-toxin

Liquid-vitamin is rich in foods, and easy to excreted

§Vit. A, Retinol

Typicality Absorption & metabolism Function: 6 kinds

1 Vision: visual yellow, dark adaptation

2 Epithelial growing& cell developing

3 Improving immune

4 Anti-oxidation & anti-cancer Deficiency: Night blindness

Epithelial hurting Delaying growth

RNI & Food Source RE 800ug/700ug

Ul/Vit.A 3000ug/d (2250 IU)

In animal foods, such as liver, yolk, fish oil

In vegetables, such as β-carotene

Toxicity: half-life 128-154d/in body

§Vit. D, Cholecaliferol

1,25-(OH)2 Vit D

D3 cholecalciferol

D2 ergocalciferol

Typicality Absorption & metabolism

Function: 5 kinds 1 Adjusting Ca absorption & re-absorption 2 Maintaining Ca balance in blood4 Assisting Ca deposit in bone or tooth5 Anti-oxidation Deficiency: Bone loss/osteoporosis Rhachitis Gristle Convulsion

RNI & Food Source RNI 5-10ug/d (300-400IU)

UL 20 ug /d

Rich in liver, yolk, fish oil and so on

D transfering in skin

Toxicity: the same as A

Ratio: A:D =8-10:1

§Vit.E, Tocopherol (αβγδ)

History: 1922 got it from malt oil,

Chemist 伊万斯 in US, named Tocopherol

Typicality Absorption & metabolism Function 5kinds

1 Anti-oxidation / GSH-Px

2 For RBC

4 For DNA, CoQ

5 For reproductivity

Deficiency: E+Se, 骨骼肌、心肌损伤 Effects: Gossypol, microelements

RNI 10-12 mg/d

Rich in vegetable oil, nuts, meat, egg, milk

Toxicity: >400mg/d

§ Phylloquinone, Vit.K

Typicality: K1, K2, , yellow

Absorption & metabolism

Function 凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的成分 1 Coagulating

2 Anti-oxidation

3 Hormone-similar, increasing T3/T4

4 Improving gastr-intestine movement

RDA 65-80mg, UL500mg

§ Vit. B Family

Thiamine, B1

1897 found by Dr. Eijkman, 1936 realized its structure Typicality: White crystal Absor

ption & metabolism By 80%TPP, 10%TTP, TMP

25-30mg total in body, 50% in muscle

Function1 Coenzymes

2 For Energy Metabolism, ATP

4 For AA---COO-

5 For Nerves transfer---choline

Exhausted:1mg /d, 2-3w used at all Deficiency: Beriberi, Aneurin RNI=1.3-1.4mg/d, UL=50mg/d

Riboflavin, Vit.B2

Typicality: Orange crystal Absorption & metabolism Function1 Coenzymes: FMN-FAD-flavoprotein2 Energy Metabolism +B1+B2+B6 + PP synthesis3 Fe absorbing

4 Anti-oxidation: GSSG

Exhausted: 60-80d Deficiency: Dermatitis RNI: 1.2-1.4mg/d Good sources: Yolk, meat, cereals, green vegetables

Niacin, Nicotinic Acid, Vit.PP, B3

History:18 centry, found a disease in Italy, pellagra

1912 Funk found a Vit could cure it

1926 yeast cured it

1937 named it,pellagra preventive factor,PP

Typicality: White crystal

Absorption & metabolism: Small intestine + liver

Typicality: White crystal

Absorption & metabolism: Small intestine + liver

Function 1 Coenzymes: NAD, NADP2 For insulin, GTF-glucose tolerance factor (25mg

/kg/d)3 For protein and fat synthesis

Deficiency: Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

RNI=13-14mg/d, UL= 35mg/d Good sources: Liver, cereals, green vegetables

Vit. B6

1926 found dermatitis in rats when its deficiency 1934 found and named by Prof. Snell Gyorgy 匈牙利 1938 Prof. Gyorgy got crystal B6 and knew its structure 1939 man-made

Typicality: White crystal

Absorption & metabolism: Small intestine

75-80% in muscle

Function 1 Coenzymes: > 100

2 Nerve system, -CH3

3 EM

Deficiency AI= 1.2mg/d Good sources: white meat

Folic Acid

1943 found by Lederle

Typicality: Yellow crystal Absorption & metabolism: Small intestine, 50%

Function (H4F)

1 hemoglobin-RBC2 nerve development

3 –CH3

Deficiency

RNI= 400ug/d, UL 1000ug/d

Good sources: fruits, green vegetables, nuts, beans, egg, meat

Vit.B12

History: 1926 found by Minot and Murphy 1934 获生理学和医学诺贝尔奖。 1948 divided into B12 in US

1956 Hodgkin X 射线 its structure 1964 获化学诺贝尔奖 1972 man-made by Woodward

Typicality: dark red crystal Absorption & metabolism: link inn-factor

Function1 For RBC

2 For nerve development

3 For cofactors, CH3-

Deficiency: RDA: Good sources: fruits, green vegetables, nuts, beans, egg, meat

§ Ascorbic Acid, Vit.C

1928-1932 found Typicality: White crystal Absorption & metabolism

Function 1 Coenzymes2 Fe absorbing

3 Anti-oxidation4 Improving immune

Deficiency: Scurve, perifollicuar hemorrhage

RNI 100mg/d, UL <1000mg/d

Good sources: fruits, green vegetables, nuts, beans, egg, meat

Vitamins percent from Foods in UK