Professor Craig A. Jackson Head of Division of Psychology [email protected] Ethics in...
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Transcript of Professor Craig A. Jackson Head of Division of Psychology [email protected] Ethics in...
Professor Craig A. JacksonProfessor Craig A. JacksonHead of Division of PsychologyHead of Division of Psychology
[email protected]@bcu.ac.uk
Ethics in Counselling PractiseEthics in Counselling Practise
Ethics Morality & LawsEthics Morality & Laws
Ethics refers to the beliefs that individuals hold about “what is right”Ethics refers to the beliefs that individuals hold about “what is right”
Ethical Conduct: the behaviours exhibited by the counsellorEthical Conduct: the behaviours exhibited by the counsellor
Good ethical conduct grounded in sound moral principles, Good ethical conduct grounded in sound moral principles, understanding the ethical codes, and having the desire to do “what is understanding the ethical codes, and having the desire to do “what is right”right”
Laws and Ethical Codes regulate the work of counsellorsLaws and Ethical Codes regulate the work of counsellors
Laws enforced by government of society standardsLaws enforced by government of society standards
Morality refers to proper ethical conduct and involves an evaluation of Morality refers to proper ethical conduct and involves an evaluation of conduct based on standard expectations often influenced by cultural, conduct based on standard expectations often influenced by cultural, religion, etc.religion, etc.
Components of Ethical CounsellingComponents of Ethical Counselling
The components of good ethical behaviour include:The components of good ethical behaviour include:
Understanding & implementing ethical codes.Understanding & implementing ethical codes.
Doing what is best for the clientDoing what is best for the client
Practicing the four core virtues:Practicing the four core virtues:
prudence, integrity, respectfulness, & benevolenceprudence, integrity, respectfulness, & benevolence (Meara, Schmidt & Day, 1996)(Meara, Schmidt & Day, 1996)
Realising importance of intuition, integrity, & honest self-evaluation Realising importance of intuition, integrity, & honest self-evaluation in ethical decisionsin ethical decisions
Placing client welfare as paramountPlacing client welfare as paramount
Virtue Ethics don't cover EverythingVirtue Ethics don't cover Everything
Although ethics codes speak to various issues, counselor must Although ethics codes speak to various issues, counselor must recognise that these codes tend to be broad, & thus they do not recognise that these codes tend to be broad, & thus they do not cover all ethical issues faced by counsellorscover all ethical issues faced by counsellors
Ethics codes offered by most professional codes are broad & Ethics codes offered by most professional codes are broad & general not precise & specificgeneral not precise & specific
Own ethical awareness & problem-solving skills will determine how Own ethical awareness & problem-solving skills will determine how to translate these general guidelines into professional day-to-day to translate these general guidelines into professional day-to-day behaviourbehaviour
Ethical codes are necessary, but not sufficient, to exercise ethical Ethical codes are necessary, but not sufficient, to exercise ethical responsibility - be aware of code limits responsibility - be aware of code limits
Client's needs before Counsellor'sClient's needs before Counsellor's
Ethically, counsellors need to be aware of their – own needs,Ethically, counsellors need to be aware of their – own needs, areas of unfinished business,areas of unfinished business, potential personal conflicts and defences potential personal conflicts and defences how this may effect the clientshow this may effect the clients
Responsibilities to work actively toward expanding own self-Responsibilities to work actively toward expanding own self-awareness and recognise areas of prejudice & vulnerabilityawareness and recognise areas of prejudice & vulnerability
Personal power is an effective quality of the therapistPersonal power is an effective quality of the therapist
Counsellor's need to nurtureCounsellor's need to nurture
Multicultural IssuesMulticultural Issues
Biases are reflected when:Biases are reflected when:
Neglect social and community factors to focus Neglect social and community factors to focus unduly on individualismunduly on individualism
Assess clients with instruments that have not Assess clients with instruments that have not been normed on the population they representbeen normed on the population they represent
Judge as psychopathological those behaviours, Judge as psychopathological those behaviours, beliefs, or experiences that are normal for the beliefs, or experiences that are normal for the client’s cultureclient’s culture
Sexuality IssuesSexuality Issues
LGBT issuesLGBT issues
Sexuality / Gender matching of Sexuality / Gender matching of
counsellorscounsellors
Dual Relationships: Some PointersDual Relationships: Some Pointers
Will my dual relationship keep me from confronting and challenging Will my dual relationship keep me from confronting and challenging the client?the client?
Will my needs for the relationship become more important than Will my needs for the relationship become more important than therapeutic activities?therapeutic activities?
Can my client manage the dual relationship?Can my client manage the dual relationship?
Whose needs are being met: my client’s or my own?Whose needs are being met: my client’s or my own?
Can I recognise and manage professionally my attraction to my Can I recognise and manage professionally my attraction to my client?client?
Ethical Issues and PracticeEthical Issues and Practice
Why are ethical standards needed?Why are ethical standards needed?
What ethical standards guide the work of What ethical standards guide the work of counselling psychologists?counselling psychologists?
What areas of ethical difficulty are faced by What areas of ethical difficulty are faced by professionals in the field?professionals in the field?
How do counsellors make ethical decisions?How do counsellors make ethical decisions?
Ethical Standards are NeededEthical Standards are Needed
Ensure competent professional behaviourEnsure competent professional behaviour Responsibility to public trustResponsibility to public trust
Professionals monitor their own & other members’ behaviourProfessionals monitor their own & other members’ behaviour
Controversies over the development of ethical codesControversies over the development of ethical codes Ethical dilemmasEthical dilemmas
Character and virtueCharacter and virtue
BPS Ethics codeBPS Ethics code
Principles of Ethical PracticePrinciples of Ethical Practice
Autonomy: Autonomy: independence and self- determinationindependence and self- determination
Nonmaleficence:Nonmaleficence: do no harm do no harm
Beneficence: Beneficence: promote good or wellness promote good or wellness
Justice:Justice: commitment of fairnesscommitment of fairness
Fidelity: Fidelity: make honest promises / don't deceive / exploit clientsmake honest promises / don't deceive / exploit clients
Common Ethical Dilemmas in PracticeCommon Ethical Dilemmas in Practice
Multiple-Role RelationshipsMultiple-Role Relationships
Informed ConsentInformed Consent
Confidentiality Confidentiality
Privileged CommunicationPrivileged Communication
Legal casesLegal cases
Expert testimonyExpert testimony
Multiple Roles Relationships ConflictMultiple Roles Relationships Conflict
Problems with multiple role relationships Problems with multiple role relationships
(Pope, 1991):(Pope, 1991):
Erosion/distortion of therapyErosion/distortion of therapy
Conflicts of interestConflicts of interest
Adverse effects on client rights & cog processAdverse effects on client rights & cog process
Multiple Roles Relationships ConflictMultiple Roles Relationships Conflict
Guidelines (Herlihy & Corey, 1997)Guidelines (Herlihy & Corey, 1997)
Set healthy boundaries earlySet healthy boundaries early
Consult with fellow professionalsConsult with fellow professionals
Work under supervisionWork under supervision
Use self-monitoringUse self-monitoring
Informed ConsentInformed Consent
Two central aspects:Two central aspects:
Disclosure & Free consentDisclosure & Free consent
Origins of informed consentOrigins of informed consent
Informed consent requires a consent that is competent, knowing, Informed consent requires a consent that is competent, knowing, and voluntary and voluntary
The process of informed consent:The process of informed consent:OngoingOngoingIncludes a discussion of the limits of confidentialityIncludes a discussion of the limits of confidentiality
Some Aspects of Informed ConsentSome Aspects of Informed Consent
General goals of counselling,General goals of counselling,
Responsibilities of counsellor toward client,Responsibilities of counsellor toward client,
Responsibilities of clients,Responsibilities of clients,
Limitations of & exceptions to confidentiality,Limitations of & exceptions to confidentiality,
Legal & ethical parameters that define relationship,Legal & ethical parameters that define relationship,
Qualifications & background of practitioner,Qualifications & background of practitioner,
Fees involved,Fees involved,
Services client can expect,Services client can expect,
Approximate length of therapeutic processApproximate length of therapeutic process
ConfidentialityConfidentiality
Not disclosing client information Not disclosing client information without her/his prior consentwithout her/his prior consent
Secrets and trust in friendship vs. Secrets and trust in friendship vs. the counselling relationship the counselling relationship
Caveats to ConfidentialityCaveats to Confidentiality
•Client request for release of information Client request for release of information
•Court orders for confidential information Court orders for confidential information
•Child abuse or abuse of a vulnerable adult Child abuse or abuse of a vulnerable adult
•Danger to oneselfDanger to oneself
•Danger to othersDanger to others
Recent TrendsRecent Trends
•Duty to WarnDuty to Warn
•Reporting Child Abuse Reporting Child Abuse
•Technology UsageTechnology Usage
•Relationships with Former Clients Relationships with Former Clients
•Managed CareManaged Care
•Confronting Counsellor ImpairmentConfronting Counsellor Impairment
How Counsellors Make Ethical ChoicesHow Counsellors Make Ethical Choices
Identify the ethical dilemma: ethical, legal, moral?Identify the ethical dilemma: ethical, legal, moral?
Identify potential issues: evaluate the rights and Identify potential issues: evaluate the rights and
responsibilities of all partiesresponsibilities of all parties
Look at the relevant ethics code for guidanceLook at the relevant ethics code for guidance
Consider applicable lawsConsider applicable laws
ConsultConsult
Brainstorm various courses of actionBrainstorm various courses of action
Identify the consequences of each actionIdentify the consequences of each action
Decide on the best possible course of actionDecide on the best possible course of action
Corey 2005Corey 2005
Risk ManagementRisk Management
CompetenceCompetence
Quantify hazardsQuantify hazards
Communication Communication
Attention to the therapeutic relationshipAttention to the therapeutic relationship
Supervision and consultationSupervision and consultation
Record keepingRecord keeping
InsuranceInsurance
Knowledge of ethics and relevant law Knowledge of ethics and relevant law
Practice self-carePractice self-care