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Transcript of Prof wilkinson presentation
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Why more equal societies do better
Richard Wilkinson Emeritus Professor of Social Epidemiology
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Income per head and life-expectancy: rich & poor countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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‘‘Cross-country data show almost no relation between changes in life expectancy and economic growth over 10, 20, or 40-year time periods between 1960 and 2000. Many countries have shown remarkable improvements in health with little or no economic growth...’’
Cutler D, Deaton A, Lleras-Muney A. The Determinants of Mortality. J Economic Perspectives 2006; 20: 97–120.
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www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Wo
rld
ave
rag
e C
O2
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www.equalitytrust.org.ukWilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Life expectancy in rich countries is no longer related to National Income per head
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70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
Local Neighbourhoods(in England & Wales)
Life
exp
ecta
ncy
(yea
rs)
Richest Poorest
Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Life expectancy is strongly related to income within rich countries
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3.7 3.94.3 4.6 4.8
5.2 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.6 5.76.1 6.2
6.7 6.8 6.87.2
8.5
9.7
4.0
8.0
7.0
3.4
Income gapsHow many times richer are the richest fifth than the poorest fifth?
Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Inequality...How much richer are the richest 20% in each country than the poorest 20%?
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Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Index of: • Life expectancy• Math & Literacy
• Infant mortality• Homicides• Imprisonment• Teenage births • Trust• Obesity• Mental illness
– incl. drug & alcohol addiction
• Social mobility
www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Health and social problems are worse in more unequal countries
Ind
ex o
f h
ealt
h a
nd
so
cial
pro
ble
ms
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www.equalitytrust.org.ukWilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Neither health nor social problems are related to national income per head
Index of: • Life expectancy• Math & Literacy
• Infant mortality• Homicides• Imprisonment• Teenage births • Trust• Obesity• Mental illness
– incl. drug & alcohol addiction
• Social mobility
Ind
ex o
f h
ealt
h a
nd
so
cial
pro
ble
ms
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www.equalitytrust.org.ukWilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Child well-being is better in more equal countries
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www.equalitytrust.org.ukWilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
The UNICEF Index of Child Wellbeing is not related to National Income per head
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Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level www.equalitytrust.org.uk
People in more unequal countries trust each other less
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Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level www.equalitytrust.org.uk
People in more unequal states of the USA trust each other less
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www.equalitytrust.org.ukWilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Mental illness is more common in more unequal societies
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Infant Mortality Rates are Higher in More Unequal Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Income Inequality
Ho
mic
ide
s p
er
mill
ion
pe
op
le
Low High
Daly M, Wilson M, Vasdev S. Income inequality and homicide rates in Canada and the United States. Can J Crim 2001; 43: 219-36.
Homicide rates are higher in more unequal
US states and Canadian provinces USA states
Canadian provinces
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www.equalitytrust.org.ukWilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Imprisonment rates are higher in more unequal countries
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Teenage Birth Rates are Higher in More Unequal Rich Countries
Source: Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level (2009) www.equalitytrust.org.uk
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www.equalitytrust.org.ukWilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Social mobility is lower in more unequal countries
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Social Relations
• Child conflict• Homicide• Imprisonment• Social capital• Trust
Bigger income gaps lead to deteriorations in:-
Human Capital
• Child wellbeing• High school drop outs• Math & literacy scores• Social mobility• Teenage births
Health
• Drug abuse• Infant mortality• Life expectancy• Mental illness • Obesity
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Indicator International US 50 StatesCensus GiniUN 20:20 OECD Gini
r p r p r p
Child wellbeing -071 <0.01 -0.68 0.01 - -
Trust -0.66 <0.01 -0.66 0.03 -0.70 <0.01
Life expectancy -0.44 0.04 -0.27 0.24 -0.45 <0.01
Infant mortality 0.42 0.04 0.54 0.01 0.43 <0.01
Obesity 0.57 <0.01 0.41 0.06 0.47 <0.01
Mental illness 0.73 <0.01 0.32 0.30 0.18 0.12
Education score -0.45 0.04 -0.46 0.05 -0.47 .01
Teen birth rate 0.73 <0.01 0.64 <0.01 0.46 <0.01
Homicides 0.47 0.02 0.44 0.04 0.42 <0.01
Imprisonment 0.75 <0.01 0.51 0.02 0.48 <0.01
Social mobility 0.93 <0.01 0.83 <0.01 - -
Index 0.87 <0.01 0.75 <0.01 0.59 <0.01
Correlations: different measures and settings
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Zheng H. Social Science & Medicine 2012; 75: 36-45.
Mo
rtal
ity:
Od
ds
Rat
io
Lag time - Years
Lag times: marginal impact of a 0.01-unit increase in the Gini on individual mortality risk over time
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Kondo et al, BMJ, 2009; 339: b4471
Inequality and mortality over time: meta-analysis of multilevel cohort studies
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Wilkinson & Pickett, The Spirit Level
Index of: • Life expectancy• Math & Literacy
• Infant mortality• Homicides• Imprisonment• Teenage births • Trust• Obesity• Mental illness
– incl. drug & alcohol addiction
• Social mobility
www.equalitytrust.org.uk
Health and social problems are worse in more unequal countries
Ind
ex o
f h
ealt
h a
nd
so
cial
pro
ble
ms
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0
5
10
15
Singlemothers
Low HighFather's occupational class
Infa
nt
dea
ths
per
100
0
England & Wales
Sweden
Leon, D. A., D. Vagero, et al. (1992). "Social class differences in infant mortality in Sweden: comparison with England and Wales." Brit Med J 305(6855): 687-91.
The benefits of greater equality are not confined to the poor but extend to all social classes
Infant mortality by class: Sweden compared with England & Wales
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Literacy Scores of 16-25 year olds by Parents' Education
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Parents' Education (years)
Lit
era
cy
sc
ore
Sweden
Canada
United States
Source: Willms JD. 1997. Data from OECD Programme for International Student Assessment.
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More inequality
• More superiority and inferiority• More status competition and consumerism
• More status insecurity
• More worry about how we are seen and judged
• More “social evaluation anxiety”(threats to self-esteem & social
status, fear of negative judgements
Valued or Devalued?
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Social Status and Friendship
Opposite sides of the same coin:
Social status (dominance hierarchies, pecking orders) are orderings based on power, coercion and privileged access to resources – regardless of the needs of others.
Friendship, in contrast, is based on reciprocity, mutuality, social obligations, sharing and a recognition of each other’s needs.
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Companion Spanish: Compañero; French: Copain
from the Latin “Con” (with) and “Pan” (bread)
- someone with whom you eat bread
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Psychosocial risk factors for ill health
Low social status
Weak social connections
Stress in early life (pre- and postnatally)
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Other tasks
Tasks with ‘social evaluative threat’ (uncontrollable)
Co
rtis
ol
resp
on
se (
effe
ct
size
)
Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Acute stressors and cortisol responses. Psychological Bulletin 2004; 130(3): 355-91.
What kind of stressful tasks raise stress hormones most?
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Loughnan S, et al. Economic Inequality is linked to biased self-perception. Psychological Science, 2011; 22: 1254
Self enhancement increases in more unequal societies
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Rising narcissism among American college students(meta-analysis of 85 samples 1979-2006)
Nar
ciss
istic
Per
sona
lity
Inve
ntor
y
Twenge JM, Konrath S, Foster JD, Campbell WK, Bushman BJ. Egos inflating over time. J Personality 2008; 76(4): 875-901.
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Mishel L, Sabadish N. Economic Policy Institute Brief #331. Washington, May 2012
Changing ratio of CEO pay to average pay of production & non-supervisory workers in top 350 US companies
Between 1979-2007 the income of the:-Top 0.1% increased by 362%Top 1% increased by 156%Bottom 90% increased by17%
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Rising income inequality in Britain 1979-2011In
equ
alit
y (G
ini)
Cribb J, Joyce R, Phillips D. Living standards, poverty and inequality in the UK: 2012. Institute for Fiscal Studies, London 2012
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What can be done?
Taxes & benefits
• Stop tax avoidance
• End tax havens
• Make taxation progressive again
Income differences before tax
• Stronger Trade Unions
• Increase company democracy - employee ownership etc
• Promote more directors from within companies
Sustainability needs greater equality
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http://www.equalitytrust.org.uk
For more information:
… a book
and a website…