SPATIAL EFFECTS?

SOFIA MORGADOCIAUD • Faculty of Architecture U Lisbon

smorgado@fa.ulisboa.pthttp//: murbs.fa.ulisboa.pt

Sometimes we need to cross the desert

Others, to become a sophisticated entrepreneur

…or we’re in the mood [urge!] to being CREATIVE!

AN IMPERFECT TIME

In a period marked by successive crises modern unity fascicules.

From the 70’s, POST leads:• Post-Industrial, (D. Bell, 1967)• Post City Age, (Melwin Webber, 1967)• Posturbain, (Françoise Choay, 1970) • Post-modern condition (Lyotard and Harvey)• Vattimo would state the acceptance of what is

human, ephemeral, the mistake. • Jürgen Habermas, would focus on

communication, public realm, everyday life.

The European political reconfiguration after the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and its enlargement introduces a new era.Current conjuncture emphasises:

• Neoliberal models, namely in the government of cities (ex: London)

• Regional separatisms leading to cultural differentiation (ex: Spain)

• Post-secularization exacerbation (ex: Islamic spring from 2010 on, amongst others)

In the light of an ever faster present some will surprise themselves with the proposal of: • The End, Eisenman• A never ending race, Virilio

In Urbanism two paths would began to differ:• POST-INDUSTRIAL with concrete functional

and configuration effects - regional• POSTMODERN AS AN AESTHETICS –

sometimes too local

SCARCITY?

Scarcity Age is an expression that starts appearing the press, blogs, social networks, with a growing importance since 2000, in the US economy agendas.

Two facts would trigger completely new dynamics:

• 9/11: terrorism in real time anywhere and the end of state’s laicism

• The subprime crisis, from 2006: originates a global financial crash, deploying the EURO zone crisis

While progressive modern cities would expand, nowadays cities are under an eviction processes:

• The evidence of shrinkage (Oswalt, 2006) ― Ageing― Forced migration by unemployment rates― Loss of qualified active population ― Reduction of quality of life

• The growth of countryside onto the city (Agnoletto e Guerzoni, 2012), by means of:

― Rural activities in urban land and shared management of a collective landscape with aesthetic and social values;

― Production of food and energy respecting the environment (Mostafavi e Doherty, G., ed, 2010);

― However without economic strength besides subsistence

• Decrease of a range of resources [or segregation on obtaining them]

―Social and economic (healthcare and education)

―Institutional failure―New forms of civic platforms ―Emergence of collective cultural and creative

innovation

Beyond direct social impacts what used to be collective – by human rights and not only civil – dims, such as the welfare culture began after the WWII

Resources might not be lesser but they become more difficult to access and people start even accepting it as an inevitability

IS IT, THUS, A STRUCTURAL SCARCITY?

Urbanism was invented as a response to the city that grew over the country sideHow may it be used when the country is growing into the city?

REINVENTING

We might find ourselves on the threshold of a brand new field of design:

• Evolving from a Landscape Urbanism (Waldheim, 2006) to an Ecological Urbanism (Mostafavi, Doherty, 2010).

• Seeking for a new support of reconstitution: aesthetic, morphological, systemic, functional (Llop, Bosc, 2012).

Beyond the functional dimension of regional and urban planning the idea of a Metropolitan Design gains consistency and legitimacy, by :• Focusing in the open space system in their

close interface with the urban fabrics• By reinventing the range of qualities of the

public space realm• In a perspective of a shared responsibility, by

allowing the citizens to directly participate in the maintenance of the project - ex: food areas (already , PDM Lisbon, 2012)

The production and design of the Metropolitan realm promotes:• An epistemological dimension by assuming

the existence of a metropolitan morphology: urban, rural, other fabrics;

• It is rooted in the early Urbanism invention, considering now an upgrade to include flexibility and multilevel tools

• Identifies the open space system as the element with the strongest capacity to design these days ‘cities

Especially• when considering bio, eco, environmental

systems consistent with designed and meaningful spaces

INDUSTRIAL MODELSMODERN CITY

Physical Planning, Formal Urbanism:Modern and Garden City Concepts

Urban Expansion and Housing development Port and Railway development Green Belt Concept /Rural TransitionMetropolitan centralities and land uses

POST-INDUSTRIAL MODELSKNOWLEDGE AND CREATIVE BASED ECONOMIES

Strategic Planning, Plan-Process approach: Urban requalification and regeneration concepts

Metropolitan corridors and ecological networkUrban requalification, heritage and sustainability

ESDP (EC, 1999) SUSTAINABILITYPOLYCENTRICISMKNOWLEDGE INFRASTRUCTURES

LISBON STRATEGY (EC, 2009)TERRITORIAL COHESION COMPETIVENESS

Space and Environmental Design-Oriented

Resilience-oriented planning concepts and policies:Multi-level, flexibility, adjustment capacity

Metropolitan centralities and sustainability Metropolitan Ecological Network, Environmental and risk assessment, Shrinkage prevention – mixed land uses and higher connectivity and multimodal networks

EUROPE 2020 (EC, 2013)SMART, SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE ECONOMY [GROWTH]

Social and Environmental Capital - Oriented

EUROCITIES Priorities: Climate, Inclusion, Recovery

Climate adaptation; Cohesion policy; Creative industries; Employment; Energy efficiency; Entrepreneurship; Green growth; Housing & homelessness; Innovation; Migration & integration; Mobility; Poverty & exclusion; Services & procurement; Smart cities; Social innovation; Urban planning & regeneration; Youth & education

THE EUROPE 2020 STRATEGY IS THE EU'S GROWTH STRATEGY FOR THIS DECADE

FIVE TARGETS TO REACH BY 2020:

• POLITICAL AND FINANCIAL PRIORITIES AND AIMS • A SMART, SUSTAINABLE, INCLUSIVE ECONOMY • SEVEN FLAGSHIP INITIATIVES

SMART GROWTHdigital agenda for Europeinnovation unionyouth on the move

SUSTAINABLE GROWTHresource-efficient European industrial policy for the globalisation era

INCLUSIVE GROWTHan agenda for new skills and jobsEuropean platform against poverty

1. EMPLOYMENT: 75% of 20-64 year-olds should be in employment

2. R&D/INNOVATION: 3% of the EU's GDP (public and private) should be invested in R&D/innovation

3. CLIMATE CHANGE: the EU aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% (or even 30%) compared to 1990 levels, and aims to get 20% of its energy from renewable energy sources and increase energy efficiency by 20%

4. EDUCATION: reduce school dropout rates to below 10%; at least 40% of 30-34 year olds should have completed third level education

5. POVERTY/SOCIAL EXCLUSION: reduce the number of people living in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion by 20 million

Available at: http://www.eurocities.eu

THE MAIN PRIORITIES TO THE CITIES ARE:

CLIMATEINCLUSIONRECOVERY

Urban performance is no longer just dependant on a city's hard infrastructure – its 'physical capital' - but increasingly on the availability and quality of communication and social resources.

The concept of a ‘SMART CITY’ is now being used to describe:

• Modern urban competitiveness • Growing importance of social and

environmental capital in profiling the attractiveness of a city.

• Information and communication technologies (ICTs)

• towards an efficient use and consumption of energy.

A SMART CITY must be a good place to live, offering the best possible quality of life with the lowest possible use of resources.

[…] towards a healthy, energy-efficient city that uses renewable energy sources as much as possible, and is a pioneer in the deployment of advanced smart and ICT-based technologies.

[…] an inclusive place, using technology and innovative solutions to improve social inclusion and combat poverty and deprivation.

Available at: http://www.eurocities.eu

LISBON (CML)Some recent initiatives promoted by the City Council and strategic partners, in close relation with the Master Plan for the City

Festival In: Innovation and Creativity FestivalNovember 2013; Warm up, May 2013http://www.festivalin.pt/

Lisbon’s incubator network,An ecosystem for entrepreneurs; city’s strategy for economy and innovation; connects six incubators; August 2013; http://www.incubadoraslisboa.pt

FabLab Lisboa[Fabrication Laboratory; low cost production using cork], Sep 2013; http://fablablisboa.pt/; FabLab network; http://www.fablabinternational.org

NOT SMART ENOUGH YET, howeverEUROPEAN COMPANIES AND REGIONAL LEADERS AGREE ON ACTION PLAN TO MAKE EUROPE'S CITIES SMARTER

Cities are the major source of European economic activity and of innovation. We can and we should make cities better places to live and to work in. Our cities can become cleaner and healthier and use less energy. They can be Smart Cities.EUKN/European Urban Knowledge Network, the 18th November 2013, http://www.eukn.org/

LISBON THE SEXIEST CITY IN THE WORLD[Theme drawn by António Costa, Mayor of Lisbon, Festival In Round table, at the 16th

November 2013)

S.M.A.R.T. is an acronym for the 5 steps to action a plan for results or goals [business]Specific, Measurable, Achievable [attainable]Relevant [realistic]Time-based

S.M.A.R.T. is an acronym for a monitoring system for computer hardware such as hard disk drives to detect incompatibility Self--Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology.

smart - showing mental alertness and calculation and resourcefulness intelligent - having the capacity for thought and reason especially to a high degree; "an intelligent question"

smart - elegant and stylish; "chic elegance"; "a smart new dress"; "a suit of voguish cut "chic, voguishstylish, fashionable - having elegance or taste or refinement in manners or dress; "a little less posh but every bit as stylish as Lord PW";

smart - capable of independent and apparently intelligent action; "smart weapons "automatic - operating with minimal human intervention; independent of external control; "automatic transmission"; "a budget deficit that caused automatic spending cuts"