Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014
description
Transcript of Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014
![Page 1: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Prof. John H. MuyongaPresented at NatureUganda Event, 6th Feb 2014
FOOD PRODUCTS: THE PROS AND CONS TO OUR HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENT
![Page 2: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
FOCAL ISSUES Human food and nutrient requirements Food intake and health Food production and the environment Suggestions for eating healthy while
conserving the environment
![Page 3: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Like air and water, food is essential for sustenance of life
• Food may however negatively impact on human health
Think
Function
Reproduce
Grow
Fight disease
Work
Repair self
![Page 4: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nutritional Requirements
The requirements of individuals depends on their sex, age, physiological condition, activity, health, among other factors
Age group Energy (Kcal/day)
Protein (g/day)
Men Women
Men Women
Early adult (18-65 years)
2900 2200 58 46
Later adults(65-85 years)
2300 1900 63 50
Pregnant - 2460 - 55Lactating - 2570 - 68
![Page 5: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
FOODS SUPPLY NUTRIENTS REQUIRED BY HUMANS
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
VITAMINS AND MINERALS
ENERGY GROWTH AND REPAIR
CARBOHYDRATES
PROTECTION
WATER
![Page 6: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Varie
ty o
f foo
d is
requ
ired
by h
uman
s
![Page 7: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Benefits of an adequate diet
Good nutriti
onHigh
resistance to
infection
Good health
Eating wellgood
appetite
• Higher productivity – physical & mental
• Better psycologically
• Slower aging – mental & physical
• Better reproductive outcomes
• Proper growth & development among children
![Page 8: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Source: Adapted from RCQHC and FANTA 2003
Poor diets are injurious to healthPoor nutrition resulting in weakness, nutrient deficiencies
Increased nutritional needs, reduced food intake and increased loss of nutrients
Illness
Impaired immune system Poor ability to infections
![Page 9: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Viscous cycle of malnutrition
![Page 10: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Malnutrition Malnutrition/bad nutrition: Nutrients intake
less than (under nutrition) or more than (over nutrition) required.
![Page 11: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Levels of Under-nutrition and Over-nutrition in Uganda: Children <5 years
UDHS
![Page 13: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Over nutrition Intake of nutrients > body
needs Over weight is
associated with disease conditions such as diabetes, cancers, coronary heart diseasesBody mass index
(BMI)=Wt (kg)/ht (M sq)
Classification
< 18.5 Underweight
18.5-24.9 Healthy weight
25-29.9 Overweight
≥ 30 Obese
![Page 15: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Over nutrition and disease burden Non-communicable (diet-related) diseases
associated with about;• 46 per cent of the global disease burden and • 60 per cent of all deaths worldwide
Cardiovascular disease alone amounted to 30 % of deaths.
The global burden of diet-related diseases is expected to climb to 57 per cent by 2020.
![Page 16: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Food production & the environment Agriculture uses 40% of the world’s
land and 70% of its fresh water Encroachment on natural ecologies
including forests and wetlands Water polluted by nutrients, agro-
chemicals, pathogens and salts including phosphates and nitrates
Soil degradation and chemical alterations
![Page 17: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Food production & the environment
Air Methane emission from
enteric fermentation and handling of manure
Ammonia volatilization from manure
Laughing gas emission related to decomposition of nitrogen
Carbon dioxide from burning of fossil fuel for energy production
Sulphur dioxide from fossil energy use
![Page 18: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Biodiversity Loss
Loss and degradation of habitat fromclearing grasslands and forests anddraining wetland
Invasive species out competing natives
Killing of wild predators to protectlivestock
Loss of genetic diversity fromreplacing thousands of wild cropstrains with a few monoculture strains
Soil
Erosion
Loss of fertility
Salinization from irrigation
Desertification
![Page 19: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Air & Climate
Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use
Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use
Pesticide drift from spraying
Dust / airborne particulates
Weather alteration from large scale clearing
Water
Aquifer depletion
Water diversions
Increased runoff andflooding from land clearedto grow crops
Sediment pollution fromerosion
Fish kills from pesticiderunoff
Surface and groundwaterpollution from pesticides, fertilizers & livestock
Overfertilization (eutrophication) of lakesand slow-moving riversfrom runoff of nitrates andphosphates fromfertilizers, livestockwastes, and foodprocessing wastes
![Page 20: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Human Health
Nitrates in drinking water
Pesticides residues in drinking water,food, and air
Contamination of drinking andswimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes
Bacterial contamination of meat
Farm worker exposure & working conditions
![Page 21: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The food we eat and the environment
![Page 23: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Ecological burden depends on resources required to produce
given food
![Page 24: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Ecological burden of production depends on system used
![Page 25: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Developments that have increased ecological burden of food production
Genetic selection and manipulation to enhance productivity
Increasing area farmed Dominance by a few crops
and animals Increased use of inputs,
including fertilizers, antibiotics & pesticides
Mechanization Food transportation over
longer distances More intensive & frequent
production Increased processing &
packaging
![Page 26: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Salt production
![Page 30: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Palm field
Palm normally planted in areas recently cleared of forests
![Page 31: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Environmental concerns of sugar production
Approximately 145 million metric tons of sugar produced globally per annum
Sugarcane production associated with highest biodiversity loss than any other crop
Habitat destruction Intensive water use: Linked to
nearly drying up Zambezi, Niger, Indus and Mekong rivers
Heavy use of agro-chemicals Air and water pollution
![Page 32: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Ecological burden of packaging
![Page 33: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Waste water resulting from food processing
Food Vol (‘000l/ton)Milk 9-18.1
Meat 13.6-18.1
Beer 9-14.5
A large food processing plant uses >4 million litres of potable water per day
![Page 34: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
One third of food produced is wasted Poor storage facilities, processing, packaging and
distribution infrastructure Poor production planning Premature harvesting High quality standards Abundance and consumer attitudes
![Page 35: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Origin and fate of agricultural waste
![Page 36: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Food and ecological footprint pyramids
![Page 38: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Eating healthy while conserving the environment Consume ecologically friendly foods
– less meats and more plant based foods
Consume locally produced foods Minimize consumption of processed
or preserved foods Minimize waste Choose food with minimal
packaging Compost biological waste Adopt sustainable food production
methods
![Page 40: Prof. John H. Muyonga Presented at NatureUganda Event, 6 th Feb 2014](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568165ad550346895dd898e4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Let thy food be thy medicine!
Thank you!!!