Prof Driver h Book Comp

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Professional

Drivers

ManualWorking with driversto make our roads safer.


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IntroductionAs an applicant for a professional (Class 1, 2, 3 or 4)

drivers licence, you will need to know the information

given in this manual and the Drivers Handbook. These

manuals contain the basics of safe, professional driving.

As a professional driver you will have to ensure that

your vehicle is properly maintained by performing

pre-trip and post-trip inspections and, when necessary,

in-service and pre-hill inspections.

Drivers must know and obey all laws and regulations

for the areas in which they are operating and can be

held responsible if they do not obey.

Before learning to drive a Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 vehicle, you

must get authorized instruction in the class of vehicle

you want to be licensed in. This manual will explain the

types of drivers licences available and how to go about

getting one. When you are ready, Driver and Vehicle

Licensing will test your ability to operate the class of

vehicle you wish to drive.

This manual has no legislative sanction. For interpreting

and applying the law, consult The Highway Traffic Act,

The Drivers and Vehicles Act and their respective

Regulations.

Sales of this manual are final and not refundable.


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The Class Licence SystemManitoba Licence Class Allows the Licence Holder to Operate Minimum Age Medical Requirements Requirements Te

Semi-trailer trucks including all vehicles in Classes 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Buses1 having a seating capacity of over 24 passengers (while

carrying passengers), school buses2having a seating capacity over

36 passengers (while carrying passengers). Includes all vehicles in

Classes 3, 4 and 5.

Trucks with more than two axles, including any combination of

vehicles, OR a truck with two axles towing a vehicle with a registered

gross vehicle weight of more than 4,540 kg (but does not include a

semi-trailer truck). Includes all vehicles in Classes 4 and 5.

Taxis, ambulances, and other emergency vehicles, buses 1 with

a seating capacity between 10 and 24 passengers (while carryingpassengers) and school buses2with a seating capacity between

10 and 36 passengers (while carrying passengers). Includes all vehicles

in Class 5.

Passenger cars, a bus while not carrying passengers, trucks with two

axles, and any combination of vehicles consisting of a truck with two

axles and a towed vehicle with a registered gross vehicle weight ofup

to 4,540 kg. May operate Class 3 vehicles if registered as farm truck and

the driver holds a Class 5 Intermediate or Full Stage Licence.

May operate a Moped3, if 16 years of age or older.

May operate heavy and agricultural equipment.

Note: Effective November 1, 2003, a person must hold a valid minimum

Class 5 Intermediate Stage drivers licence to operate a special mobile machine,

implement of husbandry or tractor on a provincial highway, or a highway within

the municipal boundries of a city, town, village or urban municipality. For further

information please call 204-9851100.

Motorcycles.

Air Brake Endorsementpermits the holder to drive vehicles

equipped with Air Brakes in the class of vehicle for which the person is

licenced. Drivers of a Class 3 truck registered as a farm truck equipped

with air brakes are exempt from this requirement.

16or15Mif enrolled in

high school driver

education course

18

16

Must meet medical

and vision standards.

Medical report

required on

initial application

and periodically

thereafter based on

the age of the driver.

Medical report

required when

requested.

Must meet vision

standards.

Medical report

required when

requested.

Must meet

prescribed vision

standards.

Must hold a minimum Class 5 Intermediate or Class 5 Authorized

Instruction licence to obtain authorized instruction in Classes 14.

Must pass written or oral knowledge test.

Requires supervising driver for Authorized Instruction.

Must pass road test. For Classes 1, 2, 3 or 4 (buses and trucks only), the test

includes a pre-trip inspection of vehicle (and air brake system if applicable)

by the applicant.

Must pass written or oral knowledge and sign tests for Class 5 Learner licence

(minimum nine-month Learner Stage). (Must wait seven days for re-tests.)

Requires supervising driver for a Class 5 Learner Stage or

Authorized Instruction.

Requires supervising driver for a Class 5 Intermediate if carrying more

than one passenger between the hours of 12 midnight and 5 a.m.

Must pass road test to advance to the Intermediate Stage (minimum

15-month Intermediate Stage). (Must wait 14 days for re-test.)

Must complete written or oral test.

Must complete Air Brake practical test for A (Authorized) endorsement.

Must complete adjustment of the manual slack adjusters for S (Slack

Adjuster) endorsement.

There is no additional fee for the Air Brake practical test if it is completed at

the same time you are road-tested for a higher class of licence.

Driver must hold a valid licence of any class and stage.

Must pass written or oral knowledge test. (Must wait seven days for re-tests.)

Must obtain Class 6 M Stage licence in order to complete motorcycle training

course. The course is required before Learner Stage Licence is issued.

Minimum nine-month Learner Stage.

Must pass road test to advance to the Intermediate Stage (minimum

15months Intermediate Stage). (Must wait 14 days for re-test.)

In

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Kn

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subWebsite: www.mpi.mb.ca

1.Abusis anyvehiclewitha seatingcapacityof atleast11 persons(includingthedriver)usedprimarilytocarrypassengers.Itexcludesvehiclesusedforpersonaltransportationbytheowneror withtheownerspermission.

2.Schoolbus certificateis required.For furtherinformation contactManitoba Education,Citizenship andYouth, PupilTransportationat 204-9456900.

3.Mopedsarenot allowedto bedrivenonhighwayswitha speedlimitexceeding80 km/h,but maycrossthesehighways.

1

2

3

4

5

6

AirBrake

Endorsement

In

Ve

$30

Kn

$10

+4,540 kg


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Basic Licensing Requirements

The Manitoba Class LicenceSystemManitobas Class Drivers Licence System recognizes the

rofessional from the non-professional driver. To promote

afety for all road users, drivers must meet vision,

medical, knowledge and skill standards in order to

perate a particular class of vehicle.

Who Must Take a Driver Test?ou must take a driver test for the class of vehicle you wish

o drive if you:

have never been licensed for the class of vehicle

have not held a Manitoba licence within the past four years

hold a licence from outside Canada, the United States or

other jurisdictions whose licences are not exchangeable

ou may be required to be re-tested if you:

have been involved in traffic accidents or have convictions

have had your licence suspended

have a disease or disability that may affect your ability

to drive safely

Authorized Instructiono learn to drive Class 1 to 4 vehicles, drivers must apply for

uthorized Instruction in the class of vehicle they want to

rive. To obtain Authorized Instruction in classes 1 to 4

driver must hold a minimum Class 5 Intermediate Stage (I)

r Class 5 Authorized Instruction Stage (A) drivers licence,

meet medical standards, pass the knowledge test and pay

ny charges required. To take a road test, the driver must

old a Full Class 5 drivers licence.

olders of Authorized Instruction for Class 1, 2, 3 and 4 must

e accompanied by a person who holds a valid licence and

as held a minimum Full Class 5 licence for at least three

ears, of which two years are the same class of licence

eing sought. This person is known as the supervising

river and must sit in the seat nearest the driver.

Note: Effective November 1, 2003, a person must hold

a valid minimum Class 5 Intermediate Stage drivers

licence to operate a special mobile machine, implement

of husbandry or tractor on a provincial highway, or

a highway within the municipal boundaries of a city,

town, village or urban municipality. For further

information please call 204-985-7000 or toll free

at 1-800-665-2410.

Application and TestRequirementsA) Age Limits and Licence Requirements

Any person 18 years of age or over who holds a minimum

Class 5 Intermediate Stage or Class 5 Authorized

Instruction drivers licence and meet the required

knowledge, visual and medical standards for that

class may apply for Authorized Instruction in

Class 1, 2, 3 or 4.

B) Visual and Medical Requirements

All applicants for a Class 1 4 drivers licence must

file a medical report approved by Manitoba Public

Insurance before taking a knowledge test. Applicants

who fail to meet the minimum medical standards will

be denied a Class 1 to 4 licence.

In addition, a medical report must be filed based on

the age of the driver. Drivers with certain medical

conditions may have to file more often.

The applicant must also meet the minimum Class 1 to 4

vision standards. Applicants who fail to meet the

minimum vision standards, with or without corrective

lenses cannot obtain a Class 1 to 4 licence. If corrective

lenses are required for driving, this will be indicatedon your licence. A vision report may be needed.

Manitoba Health will NOT pay for third party requests

for a medical report including related examinations,

tests or telephone calls to the physician. Applicants are

responsible for these costs.

C) Knowledge Test

For a Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 licence and for airbrake and

school bus knowledge tests, applicants must pass the

knowledge test for the class of licence they are applying

for. This is not an open book test and cellular phones

or electronic devices cannot be used during the test.

The knowledge test charge is $10 (subject to change)

per test. Only one knowledge test per class of licence

(Class 1 to 4) is allowed per day. You may repeat a Class 1

to 4 Air Brake or School Bus knowledge test on the next

working day.

D) Road Test

Applicants for either a Class 1, 2 or 3 drivers licence,

who have never held that class of drivers licence from

any jurisdiction must wait at least two weeks after they

are issued Authorized Instruction in that class before

taking a road test. Drivers must also hold a minimum

Full (F) Class 5 drivers licence.

The road test not only measures your ability to operate

a specific class of vehicle, it also identifies errors that

need to be corrected. You will be required to operate

your vehicle in typical traffic situations in a safe and

legal manner. You will be judged on your driving skills.

Only authorized Driver and Vehicle Licensing employees

may ride with you during the test.

A pre-trip inspection of the vehicle will also be needed

for Class 1, 2, 3 and School Bus tests.

Charges for road tests are as follows (subject to change):

Class 1...$50 Class 2 or 3... $45 Class 4...$35

Class 5 or 6...$30 Air Brake Practical Test...$30

Senior drivers (65 or over) are exempt from knowledge

and road test charges.

Please make sure you check-in 15 minutes before your

appointment time. You must bring a vehicle in good

working order and produce a Vehicle Registration

Certificate confirming the vehicle is properly registered

and insured. License plates must be properly stickered

to confirm registration and insurance as well as the

display of any other required stickers (i.e. vehicle

inspection stickers). Failure to do so will result in the

cancellation of the road test.

Only one road test per class of licence (Class 1 to 4) is

allowed per day. You may repeat a road test (Class 1 t

on the next working day. An applicant who demonst

dangerous driving during their road test may have t

get permission from the Manager of Driver Testing

before attempting another road test.

New ResidentNew residents to Manitoba may operate a motor vehicl

Manitoba with their valid out-of-province licence for u

three months before getting a Manitoba drivers licenc

Testing requirements may be waived if you surrender

a valid and equivalent class drivers licence from anoth

jurisdiction. For further information on new resident

drivers, please call 204-985-7000 or toll free at

1-800-665-2410.

Change of Address or NameYou must notify your Autopac agent or Manitoba Publi

Insurance within 15 days of any change in your name

or address.

For more information:

Talk to your Autopac agent

In Winnipeg, call us at 204-985-7000

Outside Winnipeg, call us toll free at 1-800-665-2

To find out how to set-up your test appointment

see pages 3 and 4.


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Professional Drivers Manual

Introduction Insidefrontcover

TheClassLicenceSystem Foldoutinfront

BasicLicensingRequirements Foldoutinfront

Table of Contents 1

How to Set Up Your Test Appointment 3

Winnipeg 3

Brandon,Dauphin,PortagelaPrairie,orThompson 3

Winkler,Steinbach or ataMobileTestUnit 4

Section One

Class 1 to 4 Drivers Licence Requirements 5

MedicalStandards 6

MedicalExaminationReport 6

Hearing 6

Vision 6

MedicalRe-Examinations 6

KnowledgeTest 6AuthorizedInstruction 6

RoadTest 7

CommercialDriversLicence(CDL-U.S.) 7

CommercialDriverAbstract 8

VehicleswithAirBrakes 8

Section Two

Safe Vehicle Operation for all Classes of Vehicles 9

DrivingWhileImpaired 10

Alcohol 10

PrescriptionDrugs 10

IllegalDrugs 10

SafetyConsiderations 11 CarbonMonoxidePoisoning 11

Emotions 11

DrowsinessandFatigue 11

HoursofServiceRegulation 12

BorderCrossings 12

Seat-Belts 13

Airbags 13

CellularPhoneUse 14

SafetyEquipment 15

VehicleFires 16

FireExtinguishers 17

FirePrevention 17

Lighting,ReflectorsandMarkers 17 TrucksandBuses 18

Trailers 20

Headlights 22

NightDriving 22

VehicleOperation 23

SteeringHandPosition 23

Accelerator 24

Clutch 24

Double-Clutching 2

WhentoChangeGears 2

EngineRPM 2

AutomaticTransmission 2

ManualTransmission 2 ShiftBeforeStartingDownaHill 2

ShiftBeforeEnteringaCurve 2

ShiftBeforeorAfterRailwayCrossings 2

VisibilityandSafety 2

DangerZone 2

ShrinkingtheDangerZone 2

Speed-Weight-Distance 2

Timed-IntervalFollowingDistance 30

Four-SecondRuleWhenDrivingaTaxi,

AmbulanceorVan 30

IfYouDriveaBus,TruckorTruckandTrailer 3

TrafficTempo 3

Tailgaters 3 Slow-MovingVehicles 3

Braking 3

Anti-LockBrakingSystem(ABS) 3

CombinationBraking 3

RunawayLanes 3

EngineRetarders 3

CheckingTires,WheelsandFasteners 3

CommonDrivingConditions 3

Passing 3

BeingPassed 3

LaneChanging 40

Curves 40

Intersections 4 Backing 4

ParkingLots,AlleysandSideRoads 4

UnattendedorParkedVehicles 4

RailwayCrossings 4

AdverseWeatherConditions 4

ReducedVisibility 4

WinterDriving 50

WinterIceRoadDriving 50

GustingorStrongWinds 5

Hydroplaning 5

WetBrakes 5

SkidsandTheirCauses 5

Overbraking 5

Overaccelerating 5

Oversteering 5

SkidControlandRecovery 5

ToAvoidSkids 5

Jackknifing 5

TestYourselfonSectionTwo 5

Table of Contents


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2 Professional Drivers Manual

Section Three

Additional Information for Class 1 and 3 Drivers 59

TypesofVehicles 60

Turning 61

TurningRadius 61

Off-Track 61

TurningatIntersections 62 TurningSafely 62

RightTurns 63

ButtonHook 64

ExtendedApproach 64

LaneStraddling 65

LeftTurns 66

ButtonHook 66

ExtendedApproach 67

LaneStraddling 68

BackingaTractorandTrailer 69

StraightLineBackingSkillTest 70

ConnectingVehicles 70

CouplingaTractorandTrailer 71 UncouplingaTractorandTrailer 72

VehicleandLoadDimensions 73

Height 74

Overheight 75

Width 75

Overwidth 75

Length 76

Overlength 76

PilotVehicle 76

Weight 76

Overweight 76

PeriodofSpringRoadRestrictions 77

LiabilityforDamagebyOverweightVehicles 77

Bridges 77

WeighStations 77

AboutLoadsandLoading 78

WeightDistribution 78

ApproximateDistributionofTotal

Weight-VehiclePlusPayload 80

SecuringLoads 81

LoadProjections 82

NightTravelbyOversizeVehicle 82

FarmEquipmentonRoads 82

FasteningTailgate 82

TransportingDangerousGoods 83

ClassifyingDangerousGoods 84

SafetyMarks 84

SpecialLabelsandPlacards 87

DangerousGoodsRoutes 88

Documentation 88

TransportingExplosives 89

TransportingLivestock 89

TransportingHangingMeat 90

TransportingBulkMaterial 90

TransportingLiquids 90

SpecialDrivingConsiderationsforTankTrucks 90

TransportingDryBulk 91

HighwayTrain 91

DangersofSkiddingandJackknifingwith

aHighwayTrain 92

HighwayTrainLoading 92TowTruck 92

TestYourselfonSectionThree 93

Section Four

Additional Information for Class 2 and 4 Drivers 95

Buses 96

SchoolBuses 96

RailwayCrossing 96

Taxicab 97

EmergencyVehicles 97

DrivingaBus 98

RightTurns 98

LeftTurns 98

LeavingtheCurb 99

ParkedCarHazards 99

PassengerSafety 100

InsideLights 100

CleanlinessofVehicles 100

VehicleInspection 100

DefectsandBreakdowns 100

Fuelling 100

Baggage 100

LoadingandUnloadingPassengers 101

SafetyProvisions 101

DriversVision 101

StandingPassengers 101 RefusaltoTransportPassengers 101

PassengersWithDisabilities 101

TestYourselfonSectionFour 102

Section Five

Vehicle Pre-trip Inspection 103

Pre-tripCircleCheckIllustration 104

VehicleCondition 106

Pre-tripCircleCheckExamination 106

Pre-tripCircleCheckTearOutSheet 115

In-ServiceInspections 117

Pre-HillInspection 117

Section Six For Your Information 119

DriverTrainingSchools 120

HelpfulPhoneNumbersandAddresses 121

Metric Conversion Table 122

Organ and Tissue Donation 123


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Winnipeg

Hw t set up ur knwledgetest1.Buyatest receipt*fromoneoftheselocations:

AnyAutopacagent

Oneofourtestlocations(seethelistbelow)

OurCityplaceCustomerServiceCentre

* For cost, look underKey points about your tests

2.Withyourtestreceipt,call985-7788uptoeightweeks

inadvance,foryourtestappointmentatoneofthese

testlocations:

1006 Nairn Avenue

125 King Edward Street

930 St. Mars Rad

420 Pembina Highwa

1103 Pacific Avenue

Regular testing hours

(fromLabourDayuntilJunesfirstMonday):

MondaytoThursday:7:30a.m.to5:45p.m.

Friday:7:30a.m.to4:45p.m.

Summer testing hours(fromJunesfirstMondayuntilLabourDay):

MondaytoFriday:7:30a.m.to4:45p.m.

Hw t set up ur rad test

1.Buyatest receipt*fromoneoftheselocations: AnyAutopacagent

Oneofourtestlocations(seethelistbelow)

OurCityplaceCustomerServiceCentre


2.Withyourtestreceipt,call985-7788uptoeightweeks

inadvance,foryourtestappointmentatoneofthese

testlocations:

1006 Nairn Avenue

125 King Edward Street

930 St. Mars Rad

420 Pembina Highwa

1103 Pacific Avenue


(fromLabourDayuntilJunesfirstMonday):

MondaytoThursday:7:30a.m.to5:45p.m.

Friday:7:30a.m.to4:45p.m.

Summer testing hours(fromJunesfirstMondayuntilLabourDay):


Brandn, Dauphin,Prtage la Prairie, r Thmpsn

Hw t set up ur knwledge testNoappointmentneeded.VisitourTestingCentre

inoneofthesefourlocations*:

Brandn

731-1stStreet

Dauphin

ProvincialBuilding

27-2ndAvenueS.W.

Prtage la Prairie

ProvincialBuilding

25TupperStreetN.

Thmpsn53CommercialPlace

* For test costs, look underKey points about your tests



Hw t set up urroad test1.Buyatest receipt*fromoneoftheselocations:

AnyAutopacagent

Oneofourdriver-testinglocations


2.Withyourtestreceipt,call1-800-782-0777 foryourappointment.



How to Set Up Your Test Appointment


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Winkler, Steinbach orat a Mbile Test Unit

Hw t set up ur knwlegde

r rad test

1.Buyatest receipt*fromoneoftheselocations: AnyAutopacagent

Anytestinglocation

WinklerCustomerServiceCentre

SteinbachCustomerServiceCentre


2.Withyourtestreceipt,call1-800-782-0777 foryour

appointment.

Hours to call 1-800-782-0777 for appointments


(afterLabourDayuntilJunesfirstMonday):

MondaytoThursday:7:30a.m.to5:45p.m. Friday:7:30a.m.to4:45p.m.

Summer testing hours(JunesfirstMondayuntilLabourDay):


Ke pints abut ur tests

Cst*l Aknowledgetestcosts$10

l

Costsforroadtests: Class1licence:$50

Class2or3licence:$45

Class4licence:$35

Class5licence;$30

Class6licence:$30

l AirBrake:$30

* cost may change

l Nocostappliesfortestsinthesetwosituations:

youre65orolder;or

MedicalRecordsrequiresyoutotakethetest

General Testing Infrmatinl Thereisa30minutetimelimittocomplete

aknowledgetest

l Bothknowledgeandroadtestsareconductedduring

weekdaysonly(withtheexceptionofholidays)

l Onlyoneknowledgeorroadtestofthesameclass

maybecompletedperday

l Thereisawaitingperiodbetweentheknowledge

androadtestforsomeclassesoflicences

l IfyouareinGDLandarenotsuccessfulonyourroad

test,thereisawaitingperiodbeforeyoucantake

anotherroadtestl Theknowledgetestisnotanopenbooktest.

Cellularphonesandelectronicdevicesarenotallowed

inthetestarea.

l Pleasecheck-in15minutespriortoyourscheduled

appointmenttime

If you need to call one of these locations

other than to set up a test appointment:

In Winnipeg call 204-985-7000

Outside Winnipeg call 1-800-665-2410


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Your Guide to Professional Driving

Class1to4DriversLicenseRequirements

Section

1



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Applicantsforprofessionaldriverslicencesmusthold

avalidminimumClass5StageA(Authorized

Instruction)orI(IntermediateStage)driverslicence,

be18yearsofage,andmedicallyfitandabletooperate

vehiclessafelybymeetingthefollowingstandards:

Medical StandardsMedical Examinatin Reprt

ApplicantsneedtohaveaMedicalExaminationReport

formfilledinandsignedandapprovedbyMedical

Recordspriortotakingtheknowledgetest.Medical

ExaminationReportformsareavailablefromyour

Autopacagent,drivertestingcentreorManitobaPublic

InsuranceCustomerServiceCentre.

Peoplewithcertainmedicalconditionsmaybe

prohibitedfromholdingaClass1,2,3or4drivers

licence.However,mostpeoplewithmedicalconditions

orphysicaldisabilitiesmaybeconsideredforahigherlicenceclassprovidedspecificmedicalstandardsare

met.DriverswhoareprohibitedbytheRegistrarto

applyforahigherlicenceclassareinformedoftheir

righttoappealthedecisiontotheMedicalReview

Committeeoncecompletemedicalinformationisfiled.

Hearing

Driversmustmeetspecifichearingstandardsdepending

upontheclassoflicencedesiredandthetypeofgoods

transported.Ifahearingimpairmentexists,an

audiogramreportmayberequired.Hearingaidsmay

beusedtoachievethehearingstandards.

ContacttheMedicalRecordsSectionaslistedbelowfor

furtherinformation.

Visin

Class1,2,3and4(emergencyvehicles)driversmust

haveavisionacuitynolessthan6/9withbotheyesopen

andexaminedtogetherwiththeworseeyenolessthan6/30.Visualfieldsmustnotbelessthan150withboth

eyesopenandexaminedtogether.Class4drivers

restrictedtooperatingtaxicabsonlymusthaveavisual

acuityof6/12inbotheyesopenandexaminedtogether

withtheworseeyenolessthan6/60.Visualfields

mustnotbelessthan120withbotheyesopenandexaminedtogether.

DriverswhoareapplyingforaClass1,2,3or4drivers

licenceandwhorequirecorrectivelensestomeetthe

requiredvisualstandardsmaypasstheirvision

screeningwhilewearingglassesorcontactlenses.

Driverswearingcontactlensesareadvisedtocarry

glasseswiththematalltimeswhiledrivingsince

theremaybetimeswhencontactlenseshavetobe

removedbecauseofeyeirritation.

ForinformationregardingMedicalExamination

ReportFormsorquestionsaboutamedicalcondition

pleasecontact:

Manitoba Public Insurance

MedicalRecords

206-1075PortageAvenue

Box6300Winnipeg,ManitobaR3C4A4

Telephone:204-985-1900

TollFree:1-866-617-6676

Medical Re-Examinatins

Under The Drivers and Vehicles Act theRegistrarofMotor

Vehiclesrequirescertaindriverstobemedically

re-examinedtodeterminetheirfitnessandability

todrive.AllClass1,2,3and4driversmustsubmit

aMedicalExaminationReportform:

every5yearstoage45

every3yearstoage64 annuallyatage65andover

Driversmayalsoneedtoberetestedfortheirclassof

licencerelatedtoamedicalcondition.Thismayinclude

avisionscreening,aknowledgetestandaroadtestin

thetypeofvehiclefortheclassoflicenceheld.Apre-trip

inspectionandairbrakeinspectionmayalsoberequired.

Driversmaychangetoalowerdriverslicence

classificationiftheydonotwishtoholdthehigher

classification.Insuchcases,themedicalrequirements

ofthelowerlicenseclassificationmustbemet.

Knowledge TestTheknowledgetestsforClass1,2,3and4arebasedon

thismanual.Theknowledgetestisnotopenbook.

Authorized InstructionUponmeetingtheaboverequirementsthedriver

willbeissuedAuthorizedInstructionintheclassof

licencewanted.

HoldersofAuthorizedInstructionforClass1,2,3and4

mustbeaccompaniedbyapersonwhoholdsavalid

licenceandhasheldaminimumFullClass5driverslicenceforatleastthreeyears,ofwhichtwoyearsare

thesameclassoflicencewanted.Thesupervisingdriver

mustbeseatedbythedriver.


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Road Test Aroadtestmustbecompletedinavehicle

appropriatetotheclassoflicencesought.Ifyou

areuncertainpleasetelephoneyourclosestdriver

testingcentrebeforetheroadtesttobesureofthe

typeofvehicletobringforthetest.

Apre-tripinspectionofthevehicleispartof

thistestandisexplainedlaterinthismanual.

Roadtestchargesarenotrefundableifthetestis

cancelledbecausethevehiclefailstomeetvehicle

standardsunder The Highway Traffic Act andits

Regulations.Vehiclesmusthaveanadequate,

clean/dryseatandseatingareaforthedriver

examiner.

Aninspectionoftheairbrakesystemisrequiredif

thevehiclehasairbrakes;applicantsmustensure

theyhavethenecessarytoolsandequipmentto

doabrakeadjustmentonairbrake-equippedvehicles.TheAirBrakeManualgivesinformation

onairbrakesysteminspectionandadjustment.

Inadequatelycompletingthepre-tripand/orair

brakeinspectionswillresultinstoppingand

failureoftheroadtest.

Youmustproduceyourvalidvehicleregistration

beforeyourroadtest.Failuretodosowillresult

inanon-refundableroadtestcancellation.

Forinformationregardingdrivertestingcontact:

Driver Licensing and Testing

1006NairnAvenue

Winnipeg,Manitoba

Telephone:(204)985-7000

TollFree:1-800-665-2410

orcontactadrivertestingcentreormobiletestingunitinyourarea.

Commercial Drivers Licence(CDL-U.S.)AManitobaClass1,2,3or4driverslicenceisacceptabl

asaCommercialDriversLicence(CDL)intheUnited

States.ForoperationundertheU.S.FederalHighway

Administration(FHWA),youmustbe21yearsofageand

carryacompletedmedicalcard.

DriversoperatingintheU.S.willhavetoparticipate

inadrugandalcoholtestingprogramadministeredbytheiremployer.

FHWARegulationsapplytobusinessesthatoperate

commercialmotorvehiclesintheU.S.andtheirdrivers

arerequiredtohaveaCDL.

Formoreinformationcontact:

Manitoba Trucking Association

25BuntingStreet

Winnipeg,ManitobaR2X2P5



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Commercial Driver AbstractUndertheNationalSafetyCodeamotorcarrierssafety

fitnessratingisaffectedbythedrivingoffencesofits

employees.TheCommercialDriverAbstractincludes

moreinformationaboutanindividualsdrivingrecord

thananon-commercialdriverabstract.Thisinformationwillhelpamotorcarrierdecidehowanemployees,

orapotentialemployees,drivingrecordwillaffectits

safetyfitnessrating.

TheCommercialDriverAbstractincludesinformation

aboutconvictionsundervariouslegislationincluding:

The Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act (Canada)

The Dangerous Goods Handling and Transportation Act

andRegulation

The Anhydrous Ammonia Handling and

Transport Regulation

Generator Registration and Carrier Licencing Regulation

The Manifest Regulation

Drivers Hours of Service Regulation

Periodic Mandatory Vehicle Inspection regulation

Securement of Vehicle Loads Regulation

Vehicle Weights and Dimensions on Classes of

Highways Regulation

Commercial Motor Vehicle and Trailer Trip

Inspection Regulation

The Highway Traffic Act

The Criminal Code of Canada

The Drivers and Vehicles Act

Individualscangetacopyoftheirowndriverabstract,

eithercommercialornon-commercial,byapplyingand

payingtherequiredfee.Anemployermusthavewritten

permissionfromanindividualbeforeacopyofan

employees,orpotentialemployees,drivingrecord

willbereleasedtohimorher.Thefeeforthe

CommercialDriverAbstractisthesameasthefee

forthenon-commercialDriverAbstract.

Formoreinformationcontact:

Manitoba Public Insurance

DriverRecords

1075PortageAvenue

Box6300

Winnipeg,ManitobaR3C4A4


TollFree:1-866-323-0544

Facsimile:204-954-5357

Vehicles with Air BrakesIfavehiclehasanairbrakesystem,theoperatormust

haveanairbrakeendorsementontheirdriverslicence.

TheendorsementisshownintheAirBrakesection

onthedriverslicencecertificate.

Toobtainanairbrakeendorsement,youmustpass

aknowledgetestandapracticaltestbasedonthe Air

Brake Manual.AirBrakeManualsareavailableatyour

Autopacagent,DriverTestingorDriverLicensing

locationthroughouttheprovinceatanominalcharge.

Thepracticaltestiscarriedoutonavehiclesuppliedby

theapplicantandincludes:

apracticaldemonstrationofapre-tripbrake

inspectionalongwithaverbalexplanationofthe

airbrakecomponentsandtheirfunctions;

forauthorizationinmanualslackadjustment

youmustshowthatyoucanadjustatleastonemanualslackadjusterandanythatare

outofadjustment.

Note:Ifadriverslicenceisairbrakeendorsedandthe

holderwishestoupgradetoaClass1,thecompleteair

brakepracticaltestforacombinationvehiclemustbe

successfullycompleted.


13/130


SafeVehicleOperationforallClassesofVehicles

Section

2



14/130


Driving While Impaired

Alchl

Impaireddriversaresomeofthemostdangerous,

unpredictablepeopleonourroadsandcauseabouthalf

ofalltrafficdeathsinthisprovince.Thisiswhy,in

Manitoba,thelawsfordrinkinganddrivingaresevere.

Ifyourabilitytodriveisimpaired,youmaybecharged

withimpaireddrivingregardlessofthelevelofalcohol

foundinyourblood.Thesafestruletofollowis:if

youdrinkdontdrive.Impaireddriversusuallyfail

torecognizetheyareimpaired.Alcoholordrug

impairmentdelaysreactiontimes,distortsvision

andimpairsjudgment.Nevermixdrugsandalcohol

eveninsmallquantities.

Remember,alcoholisadepressant,notastimulant.

Itreducesalertnessandslowsnormalreflexes.Ifyouve

hadtoomuchtodrink,blackcoffee,foodoracold

showerwontsoberyouuponlytimewilleliminate

alcoholfromyourbody.

Possessionofalcoholinacommercialvehicleisstrictly

prohibitedintheU.S.unlessitispartoftheloadand

ismanifested.InManitoba,alcoholmustbeoutofthe

reachofthedriverandthesealcannotbebroken.

Prescriptin Drugs

Tranquillizers,antidepressants,sleepingpillsand

similarprescriptiondrugscanaffectdrivingability

eveniftakenintheprescribeddosage.Accordingly,

ifyoucontinuetodrivewhileimpairedbymedication,

youcanbechargedwithdrivingwhileimpaired.This

willresultinthesameconsequencesasifyouwereimpairedbyalcohol.Discussthepossibleeffectsofany

medicationwithyourdoctororpharmacist.Always

carryprescriptiondrugsintheiroriginalcontainers.

Illegal Drugs

Illegaldrugsmaycausehallucinations,hostility,and

aggressivenessinadditiontodullingnormalthought

processesandslowingdowneye-handcoordination.


15/130


Safety Considerations

Carbn Mnxide Pisning

Carbonmonoxide(CO)poisoningisanever-present

dangerwhenyouoperateamotorvehicle.COis

odourless,colourless,tasteless,andhardtodetect.

Itisintheexhaustfumesofmostmotorvehicles.

Thismakesitessentialforyoutokeepaconstant

checkonyourexhaustsystemforleaks.

Neverrunyourengineinaclosedgarage.Dontfollow

anyvehicletooclosely,andmaintainasafedistance

betweenyourvehicleandtheoneinfrontofyouwhen

youarestoppedattrafficlightsorstopssigns.

Ifyougetdizzyordrowsywhiledriving,stop,getout

andgetplentyoffreshair.

Emtins

Someaccidentinvestigationshavetracedthecauseoftheaccidenttoanemotionaldisturbancethatdistracted

thedriversattentionfromthedrivingtask.

Safedrivingdemandsthefullattentionofthedriver

atalltimes.

Argumentsathomeoratwork,angerdirectedatother

drivers,illnessorfinancialproblemsaresomeofthe

thingsthatcanpreoccupyadriversmindanddistract

attentionfromtheimportantjobofdriving.

Safetydemandsadriverscompleteandconstant

attentiontodrivingsituations.

Drwsiness and FatigueMosttransportworkersexperiencefatigue-related

problems.Theseproblemsarenotuniqueto

truckdriving.

Itisestimatedthatdriverfatigueorextremetiredness

isafactorin30%to40%ofallheavytruckfatalities.

Driverswhoarefatiguedsufferfromimpairedmemory,

reducedalertness,concentrationandabilitytorespond.

Studiesindicatethatdriversareusuallyunawarethey

arebecomingfatiguedandmayexceedtheirown

personallimits,whichsignificantlyincreasestherisk

ofhavinganaccident.Itisimportantthatadrivermaintainaregularsleeppatternasmuchaspossible.

Aproperdietandexercisewillalsohelp.Exercisecanb

accumulatedduringtheday.Thiscanbeaccomplished

byexercisingthreetimesfor10minutesoverthecourse

oftheday.Thisisthesameasone30minuteexercise

period.Beforestartinganyexerciseprogramconsult

withyourphysician.

Circadianrhythmsthisistheinternalclockthattells

thebodywhentowakeorsleep.Themajorityofpeople

aremostalertduringthedayandrequirerestatnight.

Dependingonanindividualsmakeup,mostpeople

requirebetweensixandeighthoursofrestpernight.

Ifenoughsleepisnotobtainedoveranextendedperiod

thebodywillstarttoaccumulatesleepdebtthatmust

berepaid.Thesleepingtimethathasbeenmissedmus

bemadeupwithextendedperiodsofsleep.Mostpeopl

willnoticetheyneedarestandwillsleepmanymore

hoursthanusualwhentheyhavegoneforanextended

periodoftime(usuallyaftereightto10days)with

reducedsleep.Ifapersoncontinuallyrobstheirbodyof

sleepforlongperiods,itwillbegintoaffecttheirhealth.

Ifyouretired,getsomesleep!


16/130


Adrivermayexperienceaconditioncalledmicro

sleep.Thisisashortperiodoftime,usuallyjust

seconds,whenthebraintunesoutwhatisgoingon

aroundit.Adriverwillhavenoknowledgeofthelast

fewsecondsorsometimesminutes,cannotrecall

whathaspassedandmaymissahighwayexitordrive

byaweighstation.Fatigueddriversmayalsoexperiencehighway

hypnosis,wheretheybecomeinattentivebecauseof

uninterestingterrain.Whenthishappens,driversmay

notbeawareoftheirsurroundingsandwillnotbealert

tochangingtrafficconditions.Theycouldtailgatea

vehicleandnotbeawareofthepotentialdangeruntil

itistoolate.

Driverswhoareextremelyfatiguedmayfallasleep

whendrivingdownthehighway.Beforethishappens,

pullofftheroadandgetsomesleep.

Sleephygieneisthelengthandqualityofsleep

apersonreceivesdaily.Itisimportantfordrivers

toobtainasufficientamountofqualitysleep.

Theeffectsandonsetoffatiguearedifferentforeach

person.Itcannotberegulatedorcontrolledotherthan

byyou.Itisimportanttowatchforthewarningsigns,

anddowhatyourbodytellsyou.

TheCanadianTruckingAssociationproduced

apublicationcalledStraightTalkonFatigueand

Alertness.Itisavaluableguideandaudiotape

tohelpdriversidentifythefirstsignsandsymptoms

offatigue.Theyalsohaveotheraudiotapesonfatigue

thatcouldbebeneficialtoadriver.Contact:

Manitoba Trucking Association

25BuntingStreet

Winnipeg,ManitobaR2X2P5


Hurs f Service Regulatin

Thisregulationhasbeendevelopedtohelpdriversand

companiesmanagethedriverfatiguefactor,whichis

amajorcauseoftruckaccidents.Itisimportantthat

professionaldriversknowverywellaboutthehoursof

serviceregulations.

Forinformationonhoursofserviceregulationscontact:

Transportation Regulation

1550DublinAvenue

Winnipeg,ManitobaR3E0L4


Brder Crssings

Wheneveravehicleiscrossingtheborderbetween

CanadaandtheUnitedStates,thedrivermuststop

andreporttoacustomsofficer.Alldriversmustreport

eveniftheirloadisintransitorbonded.Thereare

noexceptions.

Forinformationonbordercrossing,pleasecontact:

Government of Canada

CustomsServices

Tollfree:1-800-461-9999


17/130


Seat Belts

Whenprovidedalldriversandpassengersmustwearthe

completeseatbeltassemblyinthecaborsleeperberth,

unlessexemptedbylaw.Itisthedriversresponsibility

toensurethateveryminorisproperlysecured.Children

whohavenotyetattainedtheageoffiveandare

under23kginweightmustbesecuredinachild

restraintdevice.

Nopersonshalloperateamotorvehicleiftheseat

beltassemblyhasbeenremovedormodifiedtoreduce

itseffectiveness.

Vehicleaccidentsaretheleadingcauseofheadinjuries

sufferedbythousandsofManitobanseveryyear.Seat

beltsplayasignificantroleinreducingheadinjuries.

Air bags

Manyvehiclesarenowequippedwithairbags.They

havebeenshowntoreduceinjuryinhigh-speed

collisions.Airbagsworkbecausetheyreducetheshock

ofthecollisionbydistributingtheimpactoveralarger

surfaceareaofthebody.

Airbagscanbemountedinfrontofandbesidethe

driverandfrontseatpassenger.Somevehiclesmayalso

havesidecurtainairbagswhichcoverthesidewindow

frontandback.Theareainfrontofairbagsmustbe

keptclear,donotplaceitemsonthedashwherethe

airbagislocated.Ifyourvehicleisequippedwithair

bags,youshouldpositionyourseattoapositionthatis

alsoatleast25cm(10inches)fromthesteeringwheel.

Thisallowsroomfortheairbagtoinflateandprotects

youfromfurtherinjury.

Consultyourownersmanualforsafetyprecautions.

Inafewinstances,youmayneedtodeactivateanair

bag.YoumusthaveapprovalfromTransportCanada

todothis.Formoreinformation,callTransportCanada

at1-800-333-0371.


18/130


Cellular Phne Use

Itisrecommendedthatyoudonotuseacellphone

whiledriving.Usingacellphonewhiledrivingcantake

thedriversattentionawayfromtheprimarytaskof

driving.Thisappliestohands-freetelephonesaswell.

Ifyouneedtomakeorreceiveacall,firstpullovertothe

sideoftheroadinasafeplaceandstop.


19/130


Safet Euipment

Allpublicservicevehiclesusedforcarryingpassengers,

vehiclesusedforcarryingflammablegoods(loadedor

not)andpilotvehiclesmustcarryfireextinguishers

approvedbytheMotorTransportBoard.Thefire

extinguishersmustbekeptingoodworkingorder.

Othervehiclesmayhavetocarryafireextinguisher

asspecifiedinapermit.However,itisrecommended

thatallvehiclescarryafireextinguisher.

Allpublicservicevehiclesortruckswitharegistered

grossvehicleweightexceeding3,700kgmustalways

carrytwoflares(lightsorlanterns)ortworeflectorized

devicesofatypeanddesignapprovedbytheHighway

TrafficBoard.Shouldavehiclebecomedisabled,it

shouldbemovedasfaroffthetravelledportionofthe

highwayaspossible.Warningdevicesmustbeplaced

about60maheadand60mbehindthedisabledvehicle.

Placereflectorssothattheywillbeilluminated

bylightsofanyapproachingvehicles.

Itisrecommendedthateveryvehiclealsocarry

afirst-aidkit,fireaxe,toolsforminorrepairsand

survivalgearwhenoperatingincoldweather

andsparselysettledareas.


20/130


Vehicle Fires

Fightingafireefficientlyrequiresquickthinkingand

fastactionbasedontraining.Alldriversshouldinspect

thefirefightingequipmentontheirvehicledaily.Know

thetypesoffiresthatcouldoccuronaparticularvehicle,

aswellaswiththeloadbeingcarried.

Thefollowingisageneralguidethatcouldpreventloss

oflifeorpersonalinjuryandreducepropertydamage:

1. Dontriskyourownlife.Fuelfirescanspread

quicklyorexplode.

2.Havethefirstpasser-bycallthefiredepartment.

Warnothersofthedangerofexplosionbyfuelor

flammableloads,orexposuretotoxicsubstances,

andtellthemtokeepbackasafedistance.

3.Ifafireoccursonacombinationunit,disconnect

thetractorfromthetrailerandseparatetheunits

toasafedistanceapart,butonlyifyouaresure

youcandososafely.

4. Wheneverpossible,fightfireswiththewindat

yourback.(Tolessenthechanceofsuffocation).

5.Foranelectricalfire,disconnectbatterycables

firstwheneverpossible.(Shuttingoffswitches

anddisconnectingbatterycablesofvehicles

involvedinaccidentscanpreventfiresfrom

leakingfuel,etc.).

6. Ifafirestartsunderthehood,dontthrowthe

hoodopen:raisethehoodveryslightlytofight

thefire.Ifthehoodcannotberaised,spraythe

fireextinguisherfromunderneaththevehicle

orthroughtheradiator.

7. Usethefireextinguisheronlyenoughtoknock

downtheflames;keepsomeinreservefor

flare-ups.

8.Waterspreadsfuel,oilandgreasefires.Usefire

extinguishers,sandordirttosmotherthefire.


21/130


Fire Extinguishers

Multi-purposedrychemicalfire

extinguishersmarked(B.C.)extinguish

grease,oil,fuelandelectricalfires.

IfthecylinderismarkedA.B.C.,itwill

alsoextinguishClassAfiressuchas

paper,cloth,etc.Theoperatorcansafelyusethisextinguisherwithout

fearofhealthhazardorbodilyinjury.

DontuseaCO2(carbondioxide)

extinguisherinanenclosedspace;

thereisdangerofsuffocation,and

itmaycauseblisteringoftheskin.

Fire Preventin

Firepreventioninandaroundavehicle

iseasierandcheaperthanavehicle

fire.Practicethefollowingrules:

Neverstartavehiclewithafuelleak.Repairtheleak,wipeupanyfuelspilledonthevehicleand

theground.

Shutoffengineswhenrefuellingvehicles.

Alwaysgroundthefuelhosenozzleagainst

thefillerpipeofthetrucktankwhenfuelling.

Dontsmokeingaragesornearfuellingareas.

Neverthrowcigarettebuttsoutof

vehiclewindows.

Checktirepressureoften.Softtiresbuild-upheat.

Tireswhichhavebeenrunwhensoftorflatshouldbelefttocoolbeforethevehicleismoved.

Ifyoumustmovethevehicle,thetireshouldbe

replacedfirst.

Ensureparkingbrakesarefullyreleasedand

servicebrakesareadjustedproperly.Dragging

brakesgenerateheatandcanignitegrease

inthewheelhubswhenthevehiclestops.

Makefrequentchecksofhubsandbrakedrums

foroverheating.

Neverstartpropaneheaterswiththetrailer

vandoorsclosed.

Keepfireextinguishersingood

workingcondition.

Lighting, Reflectorsand MarkersImportant note:Everylamp,reflexreflector,and

conspicuitytreatmentmustbepermanentlyattached

inthelocationspecifiedbelowandmustcomply

withallapplicablerequirementsprescribedforit

byFMVSS/CMVSS108.Thefaceofanydeviceon

thefront/rearandsidesshouldbe,respectively

perpendicularandparalleltothevehiclescenterline,

unlessitisphotometricallycertifiedatinstallation

angle.Nopartofthevehicleshallpreventanydevice

frommeetingitsprescribedrequirementsunless

anauxiliarydevicemeetingallprescribed

requirementsisinstalled.

In Canada:Manufacturersandimportersofvehicles

musthavethepropercertificationtestrecords

demonstratingcomplianceoflightingcomponents

withallprescribedrequirements.

Source:TransportCanada


22/130

Trucks and Buses

Basic Equipment required on all trucks and buses

Descriptin Mandatr Reuirements




SAE Lens Functional Height mm (in.)Area Equipment Coding Purpose Quantity Colour Location from the ground

Headlamps Lower Beam (H, HR) Forward road illuminat ion Minimum White On the front symmetrical 5601370US requires DOT lettering on lens 2 as far apart as practicable (2254)US & Canada light source code required on lens If 4 lamp system outboard or above upper beams

HeadlampsUpper Beam (H, HR) Forward road illumin ation Minimum White On the front symmetrical 5601370US requires DOT lettering on lens 2 If 4 lamp system (22-54)US & Canada light source code required on lens inboard or below lower beams

Parking Lamps (P) Indicate parked vehicle Minimum White or On the front symmetrical 3801530Vehicles less than 2032 mm wide 2 Yellow as far apart as practicable (1560)

Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) (Y2) Indicate in use vehicle Minimum White or On the front symmetrical 380 (15) min.Canada required / US option 2 Yellow as far apart as practicable Max. dependsUS requires DRL lettering on lens if not headlamp on type of DRL

Front Turn Signal/ (I) Indicate direction of turn/ Minimum Yellow On the front symmetrical 3802110Hazard Warning Lamps identify disabled vehicle 2 as far apart as practicable (1583)

Front Clearance Lamps (P2, PC* or Show vehicles width Minimum Yellow At widest point symmetrical on the As high asVehicles 2032 mm wide or wider P3, PC2*) 2 front or near the front facing forward practicable

* photometrically certified at installation angle

Front Identificati on Lamps (ID) (P2 or P3) Indicate presence of Exactly Yellow On the front center As high asVehicles 2032 mm wide or wider a wide vehicle 3 horizontally spaced 150 mm (6 in.) practicable or

to 300 mm (12 in.) apart on top of the cab

Front Side Marker Lamps (P2, PC* P3, PC2*) Minimum Yellow Each side at front as far 380 (15)*photometrically certified at installation angle 2 forward as practicable minimum

Front Side (A) Minimum Yellow At front symmetrical as far 3801530Reflex Reflectors 2 forward as practicable facing sideward (1560)

Rear Side Marker Lamps ** (P2, PC* or Minimum Red Each side at rear 380 (15)

*photometrically certified P3, PC2*) 2 as far back as practicable minimumat installation angle

Rear Side (A) Minimum Red Each side at rear as far back 3801530Reflex Reflectors ** 2 as practicable facing sideward (1560)

**not required on Truck Tractors

Rear Clearance Lamps (P2, PC* or Show vehicles width Minimum Red At widest pointsymmetr ical As high asVehicles 2032 mm wide or wider P3, PC2*) MAY NOT be combined 2 on the rear or near the rear practicable may

Not required on Truck Tractors with tail lamps facing rearward be lower only if* photometrically certified at installation angle rear ID lamps

are at the top

Rear Identificati on (ID) Lamps (P2 or P3) Indicate presence Exactly Red On the rear center In Canada:Vehicles 2032 mm wide or wider of a wide vehicle 3 horizontally spaced 150 mm at the top lowerNot required on Truck Tractors (6 in.) to 300 mm (12 in.) apart if door header

facing rearward narrower than25 mm. In USA:

as high aspracticable

Tail Lamps (T) Indicate vehicles Minimum Red On the rear symmetrical 3801830presence and width 2 as far apart as practicable (1572)

Stop Lamps (S) Indicate braking Minimum Red On the rear symmetrical 38018302 as far apart as practicable (1572)

Rear Turn Signal/ (I) Indicate direction of turn/ Minimum Red On the rear symmetrical 3802110Hazard Warning Lamps identify disabled vehicle 2 or yellow as far apart as practicable (1583)

Rear Reflex Reflectors (A) Show vehicles Minimum Red On the rear symmetrical 3801530presence and width 2 as far apart as practicable (1560)

Backup Lamp (R) Illumin ates ground behind the Minimum White Rear No requirementvehicle and alert road users 1

Licence Plate Lamp(s) (L) Illumin ates licence plate Minimum White On the rear above or at the No requirement1 sides of licence plate

Center High Mounted (U3) Indicates braking 1 Red On the rear centerlin e of the vehicle 860 (34)Stop Lamp minimumVehicles less than 2032 mm wide and 4536 kg

Additional equipment for Specific Vehicles Vehicles 9.1m (30 ft.) long or longer (except truck tractors)


Intermediate Side (P2 or P3) Indicate presence Minimum Yellow Each side near center 380 (15)Marker Lamps of a long vehicle 2 minimum

Intermediate Side (A) Indicate presence Minimum Yellow Each side near center 3801530Reflex Reflectors of a long vehicle 2 facing sideward (1560)

Truck Tractors

Area Conspicuity Treatment DOT Coding Quantity Colour Location Height Options

Rear Upper Exactly 2 pairs of White Rear upper corners As high as practicableBody Markings 300 mm long strips of cab facing rearward excluding fairings

Rear Marking Exactly 2 sections of Red/ Rear facing rearward As horizontal as If mud flaps notmin. 600 mm each White on fenders, on mud practicable and not used on the cab

flaps brackets, or within higher than 1525 mm or frame mounted300 mm below the from the ground brackets

top of mud flaps

a

b

a

b

1

2

3

4

a

b

12

13

14

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

DOT-CDOT-C2DOT-C3DOT-C4

Front and rear sidemarker lamps /side

reflex reflectorindicate vehicles

presence and length


23/130


8

10

13

14 14 8

13

9

1

3

2

4ab

4a

108 8

6

76

12ab

1

3

24a5a

5ab

9

8 8

6 6

7 910

12a

12ab

1

2

5a

5ab

4ab

3 * on boxoR on cab

12a

4ab


24/130


Basic equipment required on all trailers

DESCRIPTIoN MANDAToRy REqUIREMENTS


Tail Lamps (T) Indicate vehicles Minimum Red On the rear - symmetrical 380-1830presence and width 2 as far apart as practicable (15-72)

Stop Lamps (S) Indicate braking Minimum Red On the rear - symmetrical 380-18302 as far apart as practicable (15-72)

Rear (I) Indicate direction of turn Minimum Red or On the rear - symmetrical 380-2110Turn Signal Lamps 2 Yellow as far apart as practicable (15-83)

Rear (A) Indicate vehicles Minimum Red On the rear - symmetrical 380-1530Reflex Reflectors presence and width 2 as far apart as practicable (15-60)

facing rearward

Licence Plate Lamp(s) (L) Illuminates licence plate Minimum White On the rear - above or at No requirement1 the sides of licence plate

Rear Side (P2, PC* or) Minimum Red Each side at rear 380-1530 (15-60)Marker Lamps P3, PC2*) 2 as far back as practicable no max. for veh.*photometrically certified at installation angle under 2032 mm (80) wide

Rear Side (A) Minimum Red Each side at rear 380-1530Reflex Reflectors 2 as far back as practicable (15-60)

facing sideward

Front Side (P2, PC* or Minimum Yellow Each side at front 380 (15)Marker Lamps P3, PC2*) 2 as far forward as practicable minimum*photometrically certified at installation angle

Front Side (A) Minimum Yellow Each side at front 380-1530Reflex Reflectors 2 as far forward as practicable (15-60)

facing sideward

Additional equipment for trailers exceeding the following parameters Length 9.1 m (30 ft.) or longer



Intermediate Side (P2 or P3) Indicate presence Minimum Yellow Each side near center 380 (15)Marker Lamps of a long vehicle 2 facing sideward minimum

Intermediate Side (A) Indicate presence Minimum Yellow Each side near center 380-1530Reflex Reflectors of a long vehicle 2 facing sideward (15-60)

Width 2032mm (80 in.) or wider


SAE Lens FunctionalArea Equipment Coding Purpose Quantity Colour Location Height

Rear (P2, PC* or Show vehicles width Minimum Red At widest point - symmetrical As high as practicableClearance Lamps P3, PC2*) MAY NOT be combined 2 on the rear or near the rear may be lower only if*photometrically certified at installation angle with tail lamps facing rearward ID lamps are at the top

Rear (P2 or P3) Indicate presence Exactly Red On the rear - center In Canada: at theIdentification (ID) Lamps of a wide vehicle 3 horizontally spaced 150 mm top - may be lower

(6 in.) if door header narrowerto 300 mm (12 in.) apart than 25 mm In USA:

facing rearward as high as practicable

Front (P2, PC* or Show vehicles width Minimum Yellow At widest point - symmetrical As high as practicableClearance Lamps P3, PC2*) 2 on the front or near the front*photometrically certified at installation angle facing forward

Width 2032 mm (80 in.) or wider AND GVWR 4536 kg (10,000 lb.) or more


Area Conspicu ity Treatment DOT Coding Quantity Colour Location Height Options

Rear Upper Exactly 2 pairs of White On the rear upper corners At the topBody Markings 300 mm long strips facing rearward

Bumper Bar Continuous Red/White On the rear bumper bars No requirementMarking horizontal element

full width - facing rearward

Rear Lower Continuous Red/White On the rear As horizontal as practicableBody Marking (see options) full width of and as close as practicable to

the vehicle the range of 375 to 1525 mmfacing rearward from the ground

Side Marking (see location) Red/White Each side - facing As horizontal as practicable(see options) sideward continuous, and as close as practicable

or evenly spaced over to the range ofminimum of 50% of length 375 to 1525 mm

starts and ends as close from the groundto the front and rear of

the vehicle as practicable

DOT-CDOT-C2DOT-C3DOT-C4

Reflex reflectors

may not berequired if they are

replaced in theirrequired locationwith conspicuity

treatment.

Optional in Canada:Rear lower body

and side conspicuitytreatment may

also be solid white,solid yellow, or

white and yellow.

Trailers

1

2

3

4

5

a

b

a

b

NOTE:Theedgeofredconspicuitytapeshallnotbecloserthan75mmtotheedgeofanyamberlightandtheedgeofwhiteconspicuitytapeshallnotbecloserthan75mmtotheedgeofanylamp.

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Front and rearside marker lamps /side reflex reflectors

indicate vehiclespresence and length


25/130


26/130


Headlights

Whiledrivingamotorvehicle,itisrequiredbylaw

thatheadlightsareonahalfhourbeforesunset,until

halfanhouraftersunrise,andwhenvisibilityis

reducedto60morless.However,itisrecommended

thatheadlightsorrunninglightsbeonatalltimes.

Usingheadlightsduringthedaycansignificantly

reducethechancesofanaccidentasyourvehicleis

mucheasiertosee.

Night Driving

Neverdrivesofastthatyoucantstopwithinthe

distanceyoucanseeaheadwithyourheadlights.That

meansdrivingslowerthanusual,sinceunderideal

nightdrivingconditionsyoucanseeonly30mahead

withlowbeamsand110maheadwithhighbeams.

Toreduceglaredonotlookdirectlyattheheadlightsof

oncomingtraffic,instead,looktotherightedgeofthe

roadway.Tocutglarefromtherear,adjustyourmirror

oruseaday-nightmirror.

Reduceyourspeeduntilyoureyeshaverecoveredfrom

theglare.

Someadditionalpointstominimizethehazardsof

nightdrivingare:

Checkyourheadlightsregularlysothelowbeams

revealobjectsatleast30maheadwithout

blindingoncomingdrivers.

Dimyourlightsatleast450mfromoncoming

vehicles,and60mwhenfollowingvehicles.

Keepheadlightsclean.

Keeptheinteriorlightsoffsothatyoureyeswill

remainadaptedtothedark.

Slowdownwhenmeetinganothervehicleor

whennearingacurve.

Watchforpedestriansandvehiclesstoppedatthe

edgeoftheroad.

Ifyoumuststop,pulloffontotheshoulderand

useyouremergencyflashinglightsorother

approvedwarningdevicessuchasflares.

Watchforhighwaysignstheyremoredifficult

toseeandreadatnight.

Keepboththeinsideandoutsideofthe

windshieldclean.

Dim your lights at least 450 mfrom oncoming vehicles.

Daytime Night - Low Beams Night - High Beams


27/130

Professional Drivers Manual 2

Vehicle Operation

Steering - Hand Psitin

Advanceddrivingskillsareneededtodriveaheavy

vehicle,whetheritbeabus,astraight-bodytruck

oratractorandtrailer.Sincethesevehiclesarevery

large,adrivermustgainexperiencehandlingthem.

Whenturningalargevehicleyoumayhavetoturnthe

steeringwheelseveraltimes(sometimesasmanyas

eighttimes)tocompletealeftorrightturn.Most

vehiclesareequippedwithpowersteeringand

adjustablesteeringwheelsthatmakeoperatingthe

vehicleeasierandmorecomfortableforthedriver.

Itisrecommendedthatthesteeringwheelbeheld

withyourhandsatthe9oclockand3oclockposition.

Thiswillallowforgoodcontroland,intheeventofan

accidentandthevehicleisequippedwithanairbag,

itwillinflatewithoutinjuringorbeingobstructedby

thedriversarms.Thedriverofavehicleshouldneverturnthesteeringwheelwithonehand(palmingthe

wheel)orwithonefingerastheymaynothavefull

controlofthevehicle.

Always use low beams when approaching othercars. High beams will blind the other driver.

Use high beams only when driving in opencountry without other cars nearby.

Use low beams when driving by street lights, infog and when following another vehicle closely.


28/130


Acceleratr

Tosetavehicleinmotion,youhavetoaccelerate(start)

smoothlyandgraduallytoavoidjerkingthevehicle.

Thedriversfootshouldlieflatontheaccelerator

withtheheelonthefloor.Foroptimalengine

performance,thedrivershouldavoidabruptly

applyingandreleasingtheaccelerator.

Driversshouldaccelerateslowlyandsteadilywhen

startingfromastoppedposition.Drivershavemore

controloverthevehicle.Ifthevehicleisoveraccelerated

particularlyonpoororslipperyroadsurfaces,thedrive

wheelscanlosetractionandcouldcauselossofcontrol.

Clutch

Theclutchmakesitpossibletodisengagethe

transmissionandtheengine.Bypressingtheclutch

pedal,theconnectionisbrokenbetweenthesetwo

components,allowingthedrivertochangegears.

Theclutchpedalmustbepressedwiththeleftfootandheldtomovethegearlever.Avoidreleasingtheclutch

tooquickly.Thiscandamagecomponentsleavingthe

vehicleunoperable.Also,donotlettheclutchouttoo

slowlyorreleaseitonlyenoughtoholdthevehiclefrom

rollingonahillwhenstopped.Thiswillcausethe

clutchtoheatexcessivelyandwearoutprematurely.

Somevehiclesareequippedwithaclutchbraketostop

therotationofthemainshaftgearsinthetransmission

whentheclutchpedalispressedallthewaytothefloor.

Youmustnotpresstheclutchallthewaytothefloor

whenchanginggearswhenthevehicleisinmotion.

Theclutchbrakeshouldbeengagedonlywhenthevehiclehascometoacompletestop.

Duble-Clutching

Mostheavyvehicleswithmanualtransmissionsrequire

double-clutchingtomakechanginggearseasier.

Double-clutchingissimplydepressingtheclutchfor

eachmovementofthegearshiftlever.Themovements

needtooccuratthesametime(synchronized)soyou

willneedtopractisebeforethisskillcanbemastered.Thistechniquemustbeusedforshiftingbothupand

down.Evenwithsynchromeshgears,shiftingcanbe

fasterandsmootherwiththedouble-clutchingmethod.

Itshouldbenotedthattherearemanualtransmissions

thatdonotrequiredouble-clutching.Consultthe

operatorsmanualfortheequipmentbeingdriven.

Todouble-clutch:

Releasetheacceleratorandatthesametime

pressdowntheclutchpedal.

Shiftintoneutral.

Releasetheclutch.

Increaseordecreasetheenginerevolutions

perminute(rpm)requiredforthenextgear.

Theenginespeedmustbematchedtothegear

beingselected,presslightlyontheaccelerator

(toincreaseenginespeedfordownshifting)or

releaseitslightly(todecreaseenginerpmfor

shiftingintoahighergear).Thisskillwillcome

withpractice.

Pressdownontheclutchagain.

Shiftintothedesiredgear.

Releasetheclutchpedalandpressdownon

theacceleratoratthesametime.Ifthe

transmissionremainsdisengagedfortoo

longwhendouble-clutching,itmaybehard

toengagethegears.

Ifthishappens:

Shiftbackintoneutral.

Releasetheclutchpedal.

Increaseenginerpm.

Pressdownontheclutch.

Tryshiftingintoalowergearasthevehicle

speedhasmostlikelyslowed.


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When t Change Gears

Therearetwowaysofknowingwhentochangegears:

1.Accordingtotheenginespeedcalculatedin

revolutionsperminute(rpm):

Enginespeedisdeterminedbythegear

selectedandbytheamountofpressureontheaccelerator.Tomakeefficientuseofthe

enginespower,theenginespeedandvehicle

speedmustbecoordinated.Generallythe

highertheenginespeed,themorepower

therewillbeinagivengear.

Toknowwhenthegearsshouldbechanged,

glanceatthetachometerandwhenthedesired

rpmisreached,changegears.Refertothe

operatorsmanualfortheproperrpmranges

foreachgearonthevehiclebeingoperated.

2. Accordingtothevehiclespeedmeasuredin

kmperhour:

Ifdrivingavehiclethatisnotequippedwith

atachometer,thegearswillhavetobechanged

inreferencetothevehiclesspeed.Theoperators

manualforthevehiclebeingdrivenwillindicate

thespeed(km/h)rangeforeachgear.

Engine RPM

Anenginethatdoesnotturnoverfastenoughtends

tojerkorlurchandcandamagethevehicle.Anengine

thatturnsovertoofast,ontheotherhand,consumes

morefuelthanisnecessaryanddoesnotprovideany

morepowerthanitwouldatalowerrpm.

Motorvehicleengineshaveaspeedrangewithin

whichtheyoperateefficiently.Itisoftenbetween

1,200and1,800rpm,althoughtherearesomeengines

thatoperateatlowerspeeds.

Consulttheoperatorsmanualfortheequipmentbeing

drivenfortherecommendedrpmrangesforeachgear.

Thetachometershouldbeusedtoknowwhento

changegearsasitismoreprecisethanusingthesound

oftheengineorvehiclespeed.

Autmatic Transmissin

Manyvehicleshavetransmissionsthatchangegears

automaticallyinresponsetospeedandacceleration,b

meansofmechanical,electricalorhydrauliccontrols.

Driversofsuchvehiclescanalsoshiftdowntoalower

gearforincreasedbrakingpowerwhendescendingahill.Downshiftingpreventsthetransmissionfrom

automaticallychangingintoahighergear,keeping

thevehiclespeedslower.Thiscanbeveryhelpfulin

keepingthevehiclesbrakescoolerastheywillnot

havetobeusedasoftenwhendescendingasteephill.

Thisisanexampleofhowthegearsonanautomatic

transmissioncouldbeused:

N (neutral):forstartingtheengine,stopping

foranextendedlengthoftimeandparking.

R (reverse):forbackingup(bringthevehicle

toacompletestopbeforechangingfrom

aforwardgeartoreverseandviceversa).

D (drive) or 2-5:fornormalforwarddriving

conditions.

2-3/2-4:lowergearsfordrivingwithheavyloads

2:fordrivingonslipperysurfacesorupordown

steepinclines.

1:fordrivingveryslowlywhenoffthehighway.

Consultyourvehiclesoperatorsmanualfor

informationonthecorrectoperationofthe

transmission.

Gear positions vary from one vehicle to the next


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Manual Transmissin

Thegearshiftleverisusedtochangegears.Thegear

youchooseaffectsengineperformance.Theright

geardependsonthetransmission,theengineitis

attachedto,theloadthevehicleiscarryingandthe

highwaybeingdrivenon.

Operatingamanualtransmissionandengagingthe

rightgearattherighttimerequiresalotofpractice

andskill.Sincetherearemanydifferenttypesof

transmissions,consulttheoperatorsmanualforthe

vehiclebeingdriven.

Shift Befre Starting Dwn a Hill

Beforestartingdownahill,selectagearandslowdown

toaspeedthatcanbecontrolledwithouthardbraking

orthebrakesmayoverheatandlosetheirbrakingpower.

Shift Befre Entering a Curve

Slowdowntoasafespeedanddownshifttothecorrect

gearbeforeenteringacurve.Thecorrectgearwillallow

theenginepowertobeusedtokeepthevehiclestable

whiledrivingthroughthecurveandprovidegood

accelerationoutofthecurve.Drivingthroughcurves

isexplainedindepthlaterinthismanual.

Shift Befre r After Railwa Crssings

Thedrivershouldnotshiftgearswhencrossingrailway

tracks.Whenapproachingarailwaycrossing,the

vehicleshouldbeplacedinanadequategearthatwill

allowthevehicletocompletelycrossthetrack.Bynot

shiftinggearswhencrossingrailwaytracksyouavoid

thechanceofmissingashift,stallingthevehicle

and/orblockingtherailwaytracks.

Visibility and SafetyLargervehiclesusuallyofferabetterviewoftheroad

aheadandtothesidesthanpassengercars.Larger

windshieldsandahigherseatingpositionprovide

agoodviewtothefront,whilelargesideviewmirrors

giveaclearviewoftheroadbehindthevehicle.

However,theremaybeblindspotstothesideand

rightbehindthevehicle.


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Sometimesconvexorspotmirrorsmayreducetheblind

spotstothesideofthevehicle.Also,somemirrors

makethingslooksmallerandfartherawaythanthey

actuallyare.

Inacity,aprofessionaldrivermusttrytodrivein

thecurborrightlaneonamulti-laneroad,aslarger

vehiclesdonotusuallyspeedupasfastortravelasquicklyaspassengercars.Themedianorleftlane

isusuallyforfast-movingvehicles.

Onamulti-lanehighwaytheleftlaneisnormallyused

asapassinglaneforfastermovingtraffic.Thelaw

requiresslowermovingvehiclestotravelintheright

lane.Thiswillhavefastervehiclesovertakingand

passingontheleftsideofthevehicle,whichissafer

thanbeingovertakenandpassedontherightside.

Agooddriverconstantlyscansthetrafficahead,

behindandtothesides.Bylookingwellaheadthe

drivercanpickupcluesthatwillindicatespeed

changesandstopsthatmaydevelopinthetraffic

pattern.Byfrequentglancesintherearandsideview

mirrors,thedriverisalertedtovehiclesthatmaybe

gettingreadytopass,orfollowingvehiclesthatwill

needplentyofwarningofastop,achangeofdirection

oralanechange.

Driversshouldalwaysmaintainasafefollowing

distancefromthevehiclesaheadsothatasmooth,gradualstopwillbepossibleevenifthevehicleahead

makesapanicstop.Agradualstopwillalsodecrease

thechancesofbeingrear-endedbyatailgaterasthe

driverwhoisfollowingtoocloselywillhavelotsof

noticethatastoporspeedreductionistakingplace.


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Driversshouldlookwellaheadfortraffic

controlsignallights,laneuseandturn

signals.Trytoanticipatetrafficcontrol

signallightchangesbeforereachingan

intersection.Whenatrafficcontrolsignal

lighthasbeengreenforsometimeitis

knownasastalelightandwillprobablychangebeforetheintersectionisreached.

Manystreetshavesynchronizedtraffic

controlsignallightsanddriverscanadjust

thespeedoftheirvehicletotakeadvantage

ofthis.

Danger Zne

Thedangerzoneofanyvehiclecanbe

describedastheareadirectlyinfrontof

thevehicleinwhichthevehiclecannotbe

stopped.Inthediagramthedangerzone

isshownastheredshadedarea.

Asspeedincreases,thedangerzoneincreases.Ifthe

roadconditionislessthanidealbecauseofrain,snow,

iceorgravel,etc.,thedangerzoneisfurtherincreased.

Ifthedriverfailstoreducethevehiclesspeedtosuit

theseroadconditions,thedangerzoneincreases.

Whenconditionsbecomelessthanideal,vehicles,can

reducetheirstoppingdistancesbyreducingtheirspeed.

Ifanothervehicleorapedestrianshouldenterthe

dangerzone,itisnotphysicallypossibleforadriver

tostopintimetoavoidacollision.

Brakingdistanceinthedangerzonewillvaryaccording

totheweightofthevehicle,conditionofthebrakesand

theconditionoftheroadsurface.

Example:Thetrucksareapproximatelytwoand

one-halfvehiclelengthsfromthecrosswalkwhentheir

driversseethepedestrian.Underidealconditions,the

drivertravellingat30km/hmaybeabletostopjustin

time.However,evenunderidealconditions,thedriver

ofthetrucktravellingat50km/hcannotstopintime.


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Shrinking the Danger Zne

Thedangerzonecanbereducedifthevehiclesspeed

isreduced.Thedangerzonecanalsobereducedbythe

driverwhoformsthehabitof coveringthebrake,

anytimeapotentialdangerisdeveloping.

Intheexamplegiven,byremovingthefootfromthe

acceleratorandputtingitlightlyonthebrakepedalat

thetimethatthepedestrianisfirstseen,thedrivers

reactiontimeisreduced.Speedhasbeengradually

reduced,withthefootofftheaccelerator,sothevehicle

hasabetterchanceofstoppingaheadofthecrosswalk,

ratherthanacrosstheintersection.

Remember,itiseasiertokeepoutoftroublethanitis

togetoutoftrouble.

Speed-Weight-Distance

Thedistancerequiredtostopavehicledependson

itsspeedandweight,inadditiontoenergy,heatand

friction.Thebrakingforcerequiredtostopavehicle

variesdirectlywithitsweightandspeed.Forexample,

iftheweightisdoubled,thebrakingforcemustbe

doubledtobeabletostopinthesamedistance.Ifthe

speedisdoubled,thebrakingforcemustbeincreased

fourtimestobeabletostopinthesamedistance.Whenweightandspeedarebothdoubled,thebraking

forcemustbeincreasedeighttimestobeabletostop

inthesamedistance.

Forexample,avehiclecarryingaloadof14,000kg

at16km/hisbroughttoastopin30mwithanormal

applicationofthebrakes.Ifthesamevehiclecarried

28,000kgat32km/h,itwouldrequireeighttimesthe

brakingforcetostopthevehiclein30m.Thiswould

bemorebrakingforcethanthebrakescouldprovide.

If brake had not

been covered

Able to stop here

Brake(From 50km/h

or less)

CoverBrake

here


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Timed-IntervalFollowing Distance

Fur-Secnd Rule when Driving a Taxi,

Ambulance r Van

Usetheminimumfour-secondruletomakesurethatthecorrectfollowingdistanceismaintained.Staying

foursecondsbehindthevehicleinfrontwillgivethe

correctfollowingdistanceatanyspeed.

Howtousethefour-secondrule:

1.Tosetafour-seconddistancewatch

vehicleBaheadofyou,whenitpasses

acheckpointon theroadwaysuchas

anoverpass,signpostortarstrip,

thenstarttocount.

2.WhentherearofvehicleBpasses

theobject,countouttheseconds

likethis:One-thousand-and-one,

one-thousand-and-two,

one-thousand-and-three,

one-thousand-and-four,

thatsfourseconds.

3.Ifyoureachtheobjectafterthecorrect

numberofseconds,youarefollowing

attherightdistanceforidealdriving

conditions.

4.If,ontheotherhand,youreachthe

objectbeforeyouhavefinishedcounting

thecorrectnumberofseconds,youaretooclose.Dropback,pickanew

checkpointandcountagain.


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If yu Drive a Bus, Truck r Truck and Trailer

Roundoutthelengthofyourvehicletothenearest

metreanddividebythreetodetermineyourcount.

Thecountmustneverbelessthanfourseconds,

evenifthenumberarrivedatusingthisformula

islessthanfour.

Example:Ifyourtruckandtrailerare14.4m,

roundto15m.

153=5-secondcount

Whenroadconditionschangebecauseofrain,snow

orice,lengthenthecounttosuitthechanging

conditions.

Aquicklookathowthevehicleaheadofyouisbeing

drivenmaytellyouwhattoexpect.Ifthevehicleahead

isatailgater,frequentpanicstopscanbeexpected.

Neverassumetheotherdriverknowswhattheyare

doing.

Agooddrivermaintainsasafefollowingdistanceand

hasalonger,lighterbrakeapplicationwhenstopping.

Thisgivesthedriverbehindplentyofnoticethatspeed

isdecreasing.

Truckandtrailercombinationunitsneedalonger

stoppingdistancethanmostothervehiclesbecauseof

theweightofthevehicle.

Brakeadjustments,tireconditionandinflation

alongwithloadbalanceandweightarecriticalfor

safestopping.

Traffic Temp

Thespeedatwhichavehicletravelsshoulddepend

uponroadandtrafficconditions,butthedriver

mustalsotrytomatchthistravellingspeedwith

thesurroundingtraffic(traffictempo)whilestaying

withinthespeedlimit.Thedriverwhotravelsfasterthanthetrafficflow

increasesthechanceofanaccident.Thiscouldbe

fromnotmaintainingasafefollowingdistancewith

trafficaheadandnotleavinganyspaceinfrontfor

afaststop.Italsoincreaseslanechangesthatare

necessarytothreadpastslowervehicles,alongwith

moredecisionsthathavetobemadeasmoreproblems

arecreated.Thisincreasesthechanceofmakinga

wrongdecision.Also,pushingthroughtrafficalong

withfasterdrivingmayresultinmentalfatigue.

Asteadysafespeedcansavemoneyandhelpthe

environmentbynotburningasmuchfuel.Thedriverwhotravelsslowerthanthetraffictempo

mayincreasethechanceofanaccidentfrombehind

orthesides.Otherdriversmaybecomeimpatient

andfollowtoocloselyortrytoovertakewhenitis

notsafetodoso.Theymaycutinafterpassing,

leavingtheslow-movingdriverwithlittleornoroom

foraquickstop.


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Tailgaters

Driversoflargevehiclessuchasbuses,trucksand

tractor-trailersmustrelyonoutsidemirrorsfortheir

rearvision.Tailgatersoftensitintheblindspot

directlybehindlargevehiclesandmaynotbevisible

tothedriver.

Tailgatersusuallyarepersonswholackpatienceaswell

asforesight.Thislossofpatiencecouldbecausedby

anothervehiclesspeedandhandling.Byobserving

trafficintherearviewmirrors,driversoflargevehicles

canprotectthemselvesagainsttailgatersbymakingit

easierforthemtopass.Thetailgateriseasiertodeal

withiftheyareaheadratherthanbehind.Itmaynotalwaysbepossibleforthedrivertoprevent

arearendcollisionbytheseirresponsibledrivers,

butifstopsaregradual,thespeedofimpactwill

beconsiderablyless.

Itisillegalforpublicservicevehicles,trucks,highway

busesormotorvehiclesthatarepullinganotherpiece

ofequipmentonaroadwayoutsideofarestrictedspeed

areatofollowwithin90mofeachother.

Whennearinganupgradewithapassinglaneprovided,

thedriverofavehiclethatistravellingslowerthan

normaltrafficspeedmustusetherightlane.When

suchlanesarenotprovided,thedriverofaslower

vehicleshouldallowthetrafficthathasbuiltupbehind

toovertakeatthesoonestsafeopportunity.

Theexperienceddriversetsapaceinaccordancewith

existingconditionsandtraffictempo,maintainsasafe

stoppingdistanceaheadandbehind,andmaintains

adrivingspaceallaroundthevehicle.Theyhavetime

toreadthetrafficpatternandcontinuouslyplanan

escaperouteshouldthedangerzonesbecomeoccupied.


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Slw-Mving Vehicles

TheSlow-movingVehiclesignmaybedisplayed

onlyonavehicle,combinationofvehiclesorother

machinerythatistravellingataspeedof40km/h

orless.

BrakingBringingavehicletoastoponalevelroadwayusually

requiresonlyasingleapplicationofthebrakingsystem.

Thedegreeofapplicationwillbedeterminedbythe

speed,weightanddegreeofemergency.

Whenthespeedofthevehiclehasbeendecreased

sufficiently,thedrivereasesofftheamountofbrake

applicationandtheactualstopwillbegradual.The

professionaldrivercanperfectstopsbypractisingtheamountofbrakeapplicationreleaserequiredtoprevent

ajerkbackattheactualstop.Thisbrakingskillcoupled

withthefactorsof:

lookingaheadtoanticipatestops;

maintainingsafefollowingdistances;and

settingtravellingspeedinrelationtoseeing

distance;ensuresasmoothstopeverytime.

Thisisoneofthewayspassengersjudgethe

driversskill.

Stoppingavehiclewithoutanti-lockbrakesonanicyroadsurfacewillrequirethedrivertolightlyreleaseor

pumpthebrakestopreventthewheelsfromlockingup.

Aslowlyrevolvingwheelonanicysurfacewillbemore

effectivethanalockedwheelskiddingonanicysurface.

Driversgoingdownsteepgradessuchasahillwith

aloadedvehicleshouldselectalowergearbefore

startingdownhill.Thiswillallowthevehicletooperate

atthecontrolspeed.Controlspeedisthespeedatwhich

thevehiclewilltraveldownhillwiththerpmjustbefor

governedspeedormaximumrpm.Thisisachievedby

selectingthepropergearforthegradeoftheroadandtheengineinthevehicle.Vehiclesshouldbekeptin

gearthroughoutthedescentasthevehicleshouldbe

slowingtodownshift.Thiswouldnotbethecaseif

ashiftisattemptedonasteepdowngrade.

Toproceeddownagrade,thedrivercontrolsthespeed

ofthevehiclebysnubbingthebrakes.Snubbingis

whenabrakeapplicationismadeatintervalstoreduce

thevehiclesspeedandthenthebrakesarereleased.

Thisbrakeapplicationshouldslowthevehicleby

8km/hinthreeseconds.Thiscanberememberedas

the8in3rule.Thedrivershouldnotallowthevehicl

speedtoincrease8km/hoverthecontrolspeedbefore

snubbingthebrakes.Snubbingwillhelptoprevent

over-heatingofthebrakes.Ifthebrakeswereallowed

tooverheat,itwouldcausethebrakedrumstoexpand,

whichcouldleadtobrakefadeorcompletebrakeloss.

Stoppingonaslightdowngradeisdoneinthesamewa

asalevelstop.

Youmuststopandcheckthebrakeswhensignsare

posted.Insomeprovincesandstatesthereisafine

fornotdoingso.Thisstopmustalsoberecordedin

thelogbook.


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Anti-Lck Braking Sstem (ABS)

Ananti-lockbrakesystemisanelectronicsystemthat

monitorsandcontrolswheelspeedduringbraking.

Thesystemmonitorsthewheelspeedatalltimes.Ifit

detectsawheellockingupduringabrakeapplication,

thesystemreleasesbrakepressuretothatwheelonly.

Thispreventsthewheelfromskiddingandincreasesthevehiclestabilityandcontroleveninthemost

adversesituations,suchasbrakingonwetorice-slicked

roads,throughcurvesorduringlanechanges.When

drivingavehiclewithABS,applythebrakesasnormal

tostopintime.WhentheABSstartsworking,donot

releasethepressureyouhaveappliedtothebrakepedal.

Avoidpumpingthebrakesasthesystemautomatically

appliesandreleasesthebrakesuptofivetimesasecond,

muchfasterthanyoucanpumpthebrakepedal.When

usinganenginebrakeandyouencounteraslippery

roadsurface,theABSwilldetectthewheellock-upand

automaticallyturnofftheenginebrakeuntiltraction

isregained,thenresumeenginebraking.

Forinformationspecifictoyourvehicle,refertothe

operatorsmanual.

Cmbinatin Braking

Oncombinationvehicles(suchasatruckandtrailer,

ortractortrailer)equippedwithanairbrakesystem,

thetrailerbrakesareappliedalongwiththetractor

brakesbyuseofthefootvalve.Thisisoftenreferredto

asbalancedbraking.Theapplicationpressureofthe

trailerbrakesisequaltotheapplicationpressureofthetractorbrakes.Thetrailerbrakesmaybeapplied

independentlyofthetractorbrakesbyuseofthehand

controlvalve.Ifthedriverwishes,theamountof

applicationonthetrailerbrakesmaybeincreased

duringafootvalveapplicationbyusingahigher

applicationwiththehandvalve.Trailersequipped

withelectricorvacuumbrakesareoperatedin

asimilarmanner.

Cautionmustbeexercisedinmakingbrakeapplications

whenthevehicleisnegotiatingacurveortravelling

onwetoricysurfaces.Over-brakingonvehicles

withoutanti-lockbrakescouldresultinjackknifing(seepage55fordefinition)orskidding.


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Runawa Lanes

Runawaylanesarefoundinmountainousareas.

Theselanesaredesignedasemergencyareasforthe

purposeofstoppingtrucksthatexperiencebrakefailure

whentravellingdownaverysteephighway.These

lanesareconstructedofsoftmaterialssuchasgravel,

ashesandwoodchips,forthesolepurposeofstoppingarunawaytruck.Asanout-of-controlvehicleentersthis

lane,thesoftmaterialswillactasdragonthevehicle,

slowingforwardmotion.Thelanesarestrategically

placedsodriverscanusethelaneandstopsafely

withoutharmingthemselvesorotherdrivers.

Properprocedureforadriverenteringarunawaylane

istoremovethefootfromtheaccelerator,hangon

tighttothesteeringwheel,andsteerstraightupthe

lane.Followingthesesimplestepswillhelpkeepthe

truckuprightandnotjackknifeorrollover.

Knowingwhentousearunawaylaneisveryimportant.

Ifadriverisonasteepgrade,brakefademaystartto

benoticed,followedbybrakefailure.Thiswouldbe

noticedbytheamountofapplicationairpressurethat

isbeingusedduringthesnubbingofthebrake.

Whendescendingalonggradesnubbingthebrakes,

theywillbeappliedandreleasedmanytimes.

Ifthevehiclesusualapplicationairpressureis9psi

onafullbrakeapplication,then,whendescending

asteepgradeiftheapplicationairpressureincreases

witheachapplicationofthebrake,there is a problem

Forexample,theapplicationairpressurecouldincrease

witheachuseofthebrakefrom9psito15psito20psi

to30psito55psi,beforethebrakeswouldfail.Manydrivershesitatewhentheyfirstnoticebrakefade,

thinkingtheycanmakeittothebottomofthegrade

safely.This is not always the case.Theinstant

aproblemisrecognizedadrivershouldtakeimmediate

action.Ifactionisnottaken,thespeedofthevehicle

willcontinuetoincrease.Bythebottomofthegrade

itwillbeatmaximumspeedandthevehiclewillnot

haveanybrakes.

Theseinstancesrequirerapiddecision-makingand

reactionfromthedriver.Ifunsure,pulloverwhere

itissafeandinspectthebrakesystem.


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Engine Retarders

Somevehicleshaveengineretarderstohelpslowthe

vehicleandassistinbraking.Therearemanytypes

ofretarders;forexample,exhaust,hydraulicand

electricretarders.

Engineretardersshouldbeusedinadditiontosnubbingthebrakestoensurethevehicleiskeptatthecontrol

speedandtheenginestaysbelowthegovernedrpm.

Enginedamagecouldoccurifthespeedofthevehicle

isallowedtopushanengineoverthegovernedengine

speed.Theprofessionaldrivercontrolsthespeedof

avehiclesoastopcanbemadeanytime.Vehiclesmay

havetobestoppedonthewaydownahilltoprevent

anaccidentorforanemergency.

Allretarderscanbeturnedonoroffbythedriver,and

someretardersareadjustable.Engineretardersproduce

extranoise;thereforedriversofvehiclesequippedwith

engineretardersshouldavoidunnecessaryuseofthese

systemsincitiesandresidentialareas.Gearselectionis

importantbecauseengineretardersaremostefficientat

higherenginerpm.Gearselectionmustbemadebefore

goingdownthegra

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