URBAN DEVELOPMENT

PLANNINGProf. Dr. S. Shabih-ul-Hassan Zaidi

Department of Architecture,

University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore

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DEFINITION OF URBAN AREA

“Any settlement with a population of more than 5,000 persons living close to each other (at a suitably high density) and having an economic base other than agriculture is called as an urban area.”

or

“Any settlement governed by a local body such as municipal committee or corporation or cantonment board may be called as an urban area.”

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URBAN RURAL DIFFERENCES

Population: Any settlement with a population of above 5000 persons is urban while those having less than 5000 population are rural

Administrative Unit: Any area administered by a local body such as municipal committee or corporation or cantonment board

Density: Urban areas are densely populated while in rural areas the density is low

Economy: The economic base of rural areas is Agriculture while in urban areas the economic base is industry, business and services

Culture: Rural society is more close knit and homogenous society while urban society is more heterogeneous and modern

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URBAN SECTORS:HOUSINGHOUSING ISSUES:

A) Quantitative Issue; i.e. the deficit of housing or housing shortage depicted in the form of street sleeping, tents and temporary structures or doubling up phenomena.

B) Qualitative Issue; i.e. the bad quality of existing housing stock in the form of slums and squatter settlements (Katchi Abadis).

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TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION ISSUES:

A) Poor transportation network; i.e. insufficient and bad condition of roads and railways network.

B) Inadequate or Poor public transport; i.e. insufficient and bad condition of public transport vehicles.

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INFRASTRUCTUREInfrastructure Issues:

A) Non-availability or poor condition of physical infrastructure or utility services such as water supply, sewerage and drainage system, solid waste management, gas, electricity, telephone etc.

B) Poor condition or Non-availability and/ or inadequate accessibility to social infrastructure such as education, health, shopping, community centers, religious buildings etc.

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COMMERCE AND INDUSTRYCommerce and Industry Issues:

A) Pollution and congestion in the commercial centers.

B) Lack of Parking areas or inadequate parking.

C) Lack of Industry, inadequate access to industrial area and pollution created by obnoxious industry.

D) Industrial development in residential areas.

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OPEN SPACES AND PARKSIssues of Open spaces and Parks:

A) Lack of open spaces and parks.B) Poor maintenance of parks.C) Inadequate parking facilities near

parks.

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ENVIRONMENTEnvironmental Issues:

A) High levels of air, noise, water and solid waste pollution.

B) Poor condition of utility services.C) Low percentage of green areas and

trees.D) Climate change causing floods,

earthquakes, cyclones, tsunamis, droughts etc.

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SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTIssues of Socio-economic Development:

A) Rapid population growth.B) Low level of incomes and poverty.C) Socio-economic disparities.D) General apathy to public issues.E) Stagnant economy of the cities.F) Lack of neighborliness and social

cohesion.

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LAND USE AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT

Land Use and Spatial Issues:

A) Mixed and incompatible land uses.B) High density and congestion in

residential and commercial areas.C) Unauthorized and unplanned

development.D) Poor accessibility to public facilities.

TOWN PLANNING AS A TOOL FOR URBAN GOVERNANCE

Town Planning works as a tool for effective Urban Governance

Town Planning is a profession of taking informed decisions, thus decisions regarding future development of urban and rural areas are taken on the basis of facts and figures and not on personal whims

Maintenance of law and order is more effective in a planned area

Public facilities and utility services must be provided in a planned manner

Environmental Health, Beauty and Convenience can be achieved through Town Planning

Town Planning saves Time, Space and Money

TOWN PLANNING DEFINED Town Planning can be defined as ‘the art

and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience and beauty’ (Keeble, Lewis, 1969)

TOWN PLANNING DEFINED Margrate Roberts (1974) defines

planning as ‘an activity of making choices from among various options that lie open for future and securing the implementation of the chosen option’

John Ratcliffe (1978) says that town planning is ‘concerned with providing the right site, at the right time, in the right place, for the right people’

URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

URBANIZATION DEFINED“Urbanization is defined as a process

or phenomenon by which urban fraction of population increases in a region or country.”

Thus urbanization phenomenon is represented by a change in the rural-urban divide of population in an area

URBANIZATION IN PAKISTAN Year Urban Rural

1951 17.8% 82.2% 1961 22.5% 77.5% 1972 25.4% 74.6% 1981 28.3% 71.7% 1998 32.5% 67.5% 2005 35% 65% Future Estimate: 2050 55% 45%

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TOWARDS URBANIZATION Natural Increase of Population

Rural-Urban Migration

Reclassification of Rural areas into Urban

PROBLEMS DUE TO URBANIZATION Housing deficit and sub-standard Housing

(Slums and Katchi Abadies) Pressure on Public Facilities such as Schools and

Hospitals Pressure on Utility Services such as Sewerage

and Water Supply Problems of Law and Order Crime and Juvenile Delinquency Traffic and Transportation Problems Encroachments on roads, open spaces and

parks Unemployment in urban areas Problems of social adjustment in urban areas for

rural migrants

HOW TO RESOLVE PROBLEMS DUE TO RAPID URBANIZATION

Introduce income generation programs Plan employment opportunities according to

growth of population Plan reception areas for incoming population Develop information and resource centers to

keep yourself informed Prepare Master Plans and Local Plans and

implement them Provide good governance

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