Prof. Daniel Gottlieb*kshalem.xpmltd.info/uploads/Poverty Employment of... · Thanks for great help...
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Prof. Daniel Gottlieb* Deputy Director General of Research and Planning at the
National Insurance Institute of Israel
Poverty & Disability
National & International Perspectives
12.12.2016
Thanks for great help to Ofir Pinto, Miri Endeweld , Oren Heller, Natalia Gitelson and Rivka Prior
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Population: about 8.5 million
Working-age population: about 5 million
Rate of people with disabilities at working-age: 24.7%
Rate of disability allowances recipients at working-age : 5.5%
Israel in Numbers
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Poverty Measures Poverty line (z):
Half median net cash household income,
adjusted for family size
Poverty rate (Headcount):
H = 𝑞
𝑁 , q = # of households living in poverty, N = total # of Hh’s
Poverty severity (FGT):
q
FGT (yi, z, δ) = (1/N ) ∑giδ
i=1
gi=income gap of Hhi = (z-yi)/z, yi = net income of Hhi = earnings + benefits + pensions, δ = inequality aversion (of social planner)
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Poverty Rate: General households vs. Households with disabilities
Source: Analysis of Household Expenditure Survey, 2014
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
All households Household with PWD
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People with Disabilities by Impairments
Source: Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
Mental 34%
Intellectual 10%
Visual 5%
Hearing 2%
Motor 8%
Neurological 13%
Internal 27%
Other 1%
235,000 recipients
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Deviation from Poverty Rate by Impairment
Source: Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
-
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
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Deviation from Poverty Rate by Impairment (2 income definitions)
-40.0
-30.0
-20.0
-10.0
-
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
Total Income
Income without Long-Term Care Allowances
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Poverty Severity: General households vs. Households with Disabilities
Source: Analysis of Household Expenditure Survey, 2014
-
0.0050
0.0100
0.0150
0.0200
0.0250
0.0300
0.0350
0.0400
0.0450
0.0500
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
All households Household with PWD
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Household Structure?
Size of Disability Allowances?
Employment?
Salary size?
Education?
Causes of Poverty
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Live Alone: General Households vs Households with Disabilities
Source: Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
44.1%
52.9%
40.0%
43.0%
46.0%
49.0%
52.0%
55.0%
Alone
All Households Household with PWD
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Poverty Rate: Live Alone vs. Not Alone
Source: Analysis of Household Expenditure Survey, 2014
17.3%
22.0% 22.6%
32.0%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
Not alone Alone
All Households Household with PWD
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Deviation from Poverty Rate by Severity of Disability
Source: Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
-80.0
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
-
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Deviation from Poverty Rate
Severity of Disability
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Amount of Monthly Disability Allowances
Source: Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
4,863
3,829
3,326 3,174 3,110 3,027 2,815 2,743
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
3,364
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Employment Rate: Population vs. Disability Allowance Recipients
59.8 60.3 60.6 61.0 61.7 62.0 62.1 62.6 62.6 63.6 63.7 64.2
12.7 13.0 14.0 14.5 15.7 16.5 16.8 18.2 19.2 20.1 20.6 21.4
-
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Population Disability Alowance Recipients
Sources: (1) Labor Force Analysis; (2) Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
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% Change in Employment Rates: Population vs. Disability
Allowance Recipients
Sources: (1) Labor Force Analysis; (2) Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
107%
100%
169%
100%
120%
140%
160%
180%
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Population Disability Alowance Recipients
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Employment Rate by Impairments
Source: Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
29.8
23.5 21.5
20.3 19.8 18.7
16.4 16.3
-
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
21.4
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Employment Rate by Impairments: 2003-2014
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Average Mental Intellectual Visual Hearing
Motor Neurological Internal Other
Laron's Law
Source: Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
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Average Salaries by Impairments
3,523 3,444 3,360 3,321 3,227 2,904
2,618 2,291
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2,990
Source: Analysis of Administrative Data, 2014
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Correlation between relative poverty ratio and income
-
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
-40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 - 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
allowances
salary
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Without Matriculation Certificate: Population vs. Disability
Allowance Recipients
36%
61%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
All Population Disability Allowance Recipients
Source: Naon et al (2012). People with Disabilities in Israel's Working-age Population: Prevalence, Characteristics and Employment Status.
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Without Matriculation Certificate by Impairments
Source: Naon et al (2012). People with Disabilities in Israel's Working-age Population: Prevalence, Characteristics and Employment Status.
61%
72%
64% 61% 60%
56%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Intellectual Mental Visual Other Hearing
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Poverty incidence of PWD is higher than for the general poor, but poverty severity
tends to be less for them.
PWD are more likely to live alone and lonely people have higher poverty rate than others.
The poverty rates vary, based on the type of impairment. They are highest for the intellectually impaired and lowest for the neurologically impaired.
If we exclude ‘functioning-benefits’ (fb, no substitution) in the PWD’s income definition then ranking changes, but if fb are really cost refunds then ranking changes.
The more severe the disability, the greater is the amount of benefits and the lower is the likelihood of being poor.
PWD work less and are less educated, but their employment ratio increases faster.
The Laron reform seems to have improved earnings for the Hearing-impaired.
Conclusion