Productivity and sustainability aspects in olive oil ... · PDF fileProductivity and...
29
GEA Mechanical Equipment Dr Steffen Hruschka, Technology Manager Productivity and sustainability aspects in olive oil processing
Transcript of Productivity and sustainability aspects in olive oil ... · PDF fileProductivity and...
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Dr Steffen Hruschka, Technology Manager
Productivity and sustainability aspects in olive oilprocessing
GEA Mechanical Equipment
• Thesis:
A high productivity and the best sustainability gives the highest profit
1. Planting and Harvesting
2. Processing and Oil Quality
3. By Products
Introduction
OFI 2014 05 132
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Market
Extensive Plantation
6 years Average
Country VOOProd.1000 t
∑Total
%
Spain 1,200 40
Italy 450 58
Greece 400 73
Syria 170 79
Tunesia 170 85
Turkey 170 90
Marocco 80 93
Source: FAO
In the traditional producer areas about 85% of the world olive oilis produced, in total about 2.8 million t olive oil; there is a demandfor: intensification, modernization, pomace processing
1,8-2,2 Mio t
OFI 2014 05 133
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Method Olive harvestt/ha
Tree life cyclein years
First harvestafter
Traditional 15 60 Appr.15 years
Intensive 21 40 Appr. 8 years
Superintensive 18 12-25 Appr. 3 years
Planting
There are 11 million of hectares cultivated by olive trees throughout morethan 30 countries:
• 8 milllions hectares (73%) in traditional growing system• 2,9 millions hectares, (26%) in intensive growing system• 0,09 millions hectares (1%) in intensive growing system
OFI 2014 05 134
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Cultivation System
8 milllions hectares (73%) in traditional growing system
Typical for:Spain, Italy, Syria, Tunisia,Morocco, Turkey, Algeria, etc.
OFI 2014 05 135
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Cultivation System
2,9 millions hectares (26%) in intensive growing system
Typical for:Spain, Italy, Portugal, Chile,
Australia, Argentina, USA, etc.
Since about 1960improve harvesting costs and thefarmers net profit.
OFI 2014 05 136
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Cultivation System
0,09 millions hectares (1%) in superintensive growing system
Typical for:Portugal, Chile, Australia, Argentina,USA, Morocco,Also in some areas of Spain or Italy.
Since about 1990the net profit of the farmer is the bestone.
OFI 2014 05 137
GEA Mechanical Equipment
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FAO max 1500 l/haC.Year
1500 l/haSept-April
no irrig
Yie
ldin
t/h
a
irrigation
Olive La Loma t/ha
Oil la Loma t/ha
Irrigation
An optimized irrigation increases the efficiency of planting
Source Victorino Vega et al.
2009
Example
La Loma
OFI 2014 05 138
GEA Mechanical Equipment
• 1. soil management- cleaning from other plant, soil ventilation, open for fertilizer…
• 2. Fertilization- Nitrogen, 15 kg/t, P2O5 5 kg/t K2O 15 kg/t based on production
• 3. Pruningto equalize the harvest per year,
• 4. diseases protectionmosquito, pesticide, herbicide or biological planting
• 5. variety selection
• Has to correspond with the clima
• Surce José Humanes Guillen, Maria.-D- Humanes Martin
Field sustanaibility
OFI 2014 05 139
GEA Mechanical Equipment
• 7 different levels
Ripeness
OFI 2014 05 1310
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Harvesting
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
24-Oct 12-Nov 26-Nov 10-Dec 26-Dec 07-Jan 21-Jan 04-Feb 18-Feb 04-Mar
Oil
tota
lin
gO
il/O
live
Pa
rto
fa
llo
live
s%
date
Picual
green
change color
black
cg oil/olive
According to Uceda et all.OFI 2014 05 1311
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Phenols vs. ripeness
Source Uceda et all.OFI 2014 05 1312
GEA Mechanical Equipment
• From yield point of view
• Starting with the correct ripeness level from 3,0 to 3,5 but not laterthen 5
• But
• From quality point of view
• Taste is influences- depending on Polyphenol content in total and in composition
• Therefor the taste and the flavor change with the ripenessright point depends on PP level e.g. Arbequina early, Picual late
Processing
OFI 2014 05 1313
GEA Mechanical Equipment
The waste restults mainly from decanter, separator and cleaning steps
Process steps
Malaxerreceiptionreceiption
cleaning crushercrusher
waterskidwaterskid
DecanterSeparatorSeparator
Control
OFI 2014 05 1314
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Storage
10 cleaning00 reception 20 crusher 30 malaxer 40 decanter 50 separator
There are some different processes: Continuous and Batch, Industrialor Private Style
OFI 2014 05 1315
GEA Mechanical Equipment
reception
Short time and cool storage
OFI 2014 05 1316
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Cleaning washing
Clean Wash water for Healthy fruits
Influences the losses and tasteand the oil shelf life
OFI 2014 05 1317
GEA Mechanical Equipment
20 Mühle
Risk:
Emulsion or not crushed parts
OFI 2014 05 1318
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Malaxing
OFI 2014 05 1319
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Malaxing
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Tem
p.in
°C
Time in min
Malax Temp. dep. on heating system
WS ECO
old
Process improvements leads deliver best quility at highest yields
Time Energy Quality
As shorter the process time is,
As less oxidation takes place
OFI 2014 05 1320
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Decanter
OFI 2014 05 1321
GEA Mechanical Equipment
The by-products are: “Dry” pomace, (old or fresh) and black water,the waste water has to be cleaned e.g. with bacterial treatment
Pomace
2 Phase weak point:
Repasso deoiling is difficult
Diff. Pit separation
3 Phase weak point:
30-50% more effluent vs. 2Ph
The black water composition
OFI 2014 05 1322
GEA Mechanical Equipment
The by products are: “Wet” pomace, (old or fresh) and --------
2 Phase Pomace By products
Week point:
Difficult to transport
Wet sludge
Advantage
Same in - same out by volume
Easy pit separation
Week point:
Fruit water is part of the
pomace
Advantage
No waste water
2 Ph Pomace %
Moisture 60-65
Sugar 2-4
Fat 2-6
OFI 2014 05 1323
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Decanter pomace
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 20 40 60O
illo
sses
%O
DM
Days of the Season
Oil losses Vs. Harvesting Days
Normal Dekanter
CETEC Decanter
To early harvesting
Optimized process
The oil content in the pomace can be influenced by olive varietyharvesting, machines and process technology
OFI 2014 05 1324
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Aktuell - Zentrifugen
10 % water based on oil is needed : as more water is added aslower is the Polyphenol content in oil; that influences the quality.
OFI 2014 05 1325
GEA Mechanical Equipment
2 Phase Pomace Pit Separation
Pit separation reduces the volume of waste and the pits serve as fuel
High value in energy approx. 3500 kCal/kg (coal)
Moisture approx. 20%
Volume approx. 15%
OFI 2014 05 1326
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Improvement and Developments 3
Aim:
Topics: :
Dewatering of two phase pomace and Polyphenol extraction
20%
80%w/w
20% 60%
63% DM 44% DM 5% DM
raw material+ additives
cake solids liquid
Animal feed orcombistible
Organicwaste
Polyphenolconcentrate
85% of all PP
OFI 2014 05 1327
GEA Mechanical Equipment
Summary
28 OFI 2014 05 13
Productivity and sustainability aspects in olive oil processing
The kind of farming decides about yield, constant volume, oil content
Harvesting and storage of the olives influences the quality of the oil
During processing the energy and water consumption and the keyfactors and a clean production Facility too
Then pomace is not only waste
