Emergency Response to South Asia Floods-Nepal Project

Evaluation Report

Submitted toActionaid Nepal

Lazimpat, Kathmandu

Submitted byDhruba Gautam

Independent Researcher and ConsultantPO Box 19532, Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone: 98510-95808Email-drgautam@wlink.com.np

Acknowledgements

This evaluation report has been possible because of the support of so many people personally and professionally. I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to all persons who contributed to this evaluation in many different ways: by sharing their experience, thoughts and opinions about the project, and by contributing time, advice and hospitality.

First, I would like to acknowledge the hard work that is being done by the multitude of active teams and committees organized under the project. Next, my particular thanks go to all project staff and people involved from partner NGOs that's excellently prepared the evaluation process and also arranged my field visit on the field sites. Their dedication, input and willingness to share about critical issues were extremely valuable.

I am grateful to Mr Shyam Sundar Jnavaly, Senior Theme leader of EDM of AAN for his feedback and suggestion in the methodology as well as coordination of the whole evaluation. Similarly, the PSOs of Western and Eastern Resource Centre’s assistance and support have been critical to undertake evaluation activities. I am indebted to DMC members of all project districts for their patience; co-operation and good understanding without their support it would not have been possible to complete this evaluation. I was encouraged when people accepted my presence, answered my queries passionately and made me internalize the practical difficulties of the people and area. Therefore, I remain obliged to them.

Last but not least, my thanks go to all senior personnel from AAN who entrusted me with the task of conducting this evaluation.

Thanks.

Dhruba GautamKathmandu

May 2008

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Acronyms

AAN Actionaid NepalBEE Group Bheri Environment Excellence GroupCBDP Community Based Disaster PreparednessCBO Community Based organizationCDP Community Development ProgramCFUG Community Forest Users GroupDAO District Administrative OfficeDDC District Development CommitteeDEO District Education OfficeDJKYC Dalit Jana Kalyan Yuba ClubDLA District Line AgencyDMC Disaster Management CommitteeDP Disaster PreparednessDPHO District Public Health OfficeDRR Disaster Risk Reduction DWIDP Department of Water Induced Disaster PreventionFAYA Nepal Forum for Awareness and Youth ActivitiesFGD Focus Group DiscussionGO Government OrganizationKII key Informant InterviewM&E Monitoring and EvaluationNGO Non-governmental OrganizationsNRCS Nepal Red Cross SocietyPVA Participatory Vulnerability AnalysisRHERI Rara Human and Environmental Resource Development InitiativeS/C Saving and CreditSCDF Saraswati Community Development ForumSHP Sub-health PostSMC School Management Committee (SMC)SODEP Social Development Path NepalSSI Semi-structured Interview (SSI) VDC Village Development committeeWEG Women Empowerment Group

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Executive Summary

1. Introduction This evaluation of 'Emergency Response to South Asia Floods-Nepal Project'

was implemented by Actionaid Nepal (AAN) with the grant support from Austcare. The evaluation was commissioned from last week of April to mid of May 2008. The project aims to ensure the right to human security in emergency through addressing the immediate needs of flood affected people and sustain the right to life with dignity of poor and vulnerable people through support of flood affected people of 7 districts (Kailali, Bardiya, Banke, Dhanusha, Mahottri, Siraha, and Saptari) of Nepal with relief to improve their socio-economic condition. The key objectives of the evaluation were to analyze overall project results on achievement, relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability; key success and constraints; and lesson learnt as well as to make recommendations for the future.

The evaluation methods involved different interactive, analytical tools and interview techniques found appropriate to accomplish evaluation objectives. Coordination meeting with Non-government Organisation (NGO) staff and project team members, review of secondary information and programme reports, field visits with checklist for different groups, focus group discussions, semi structured interviews and individual narrative interviews were key methodological tools.

2. Findings2.1 Achievements of key result The evaluation found that project had made significant progress in targeting,

putting needy families first in distribution process, managing food and nutritional materials as per the people's choice. Similarly, through the proper management of regular and winter clothes, affected people could manage cold and people's choices were due respected in this regard. Families were also benefited from health awareness campaigns, health care and medical services. Hence, the response of food and non-food items, shelter and medical and health-care to people affected by flood contributed to early recovery of these families.

The project undertook different livelihood activities as per the local need with group approach. As the process approach was very effective, even small supports were praiseworthy to recover the livelihood of target families. For the first time, it was shared that the livelihood supports reached to the unreached groups/families. The varieties of livelihood initiatives were instrumental to recover and enhance their livelihood.

It was also found that vulnerable houses were selected and need based supports were provided to repair and maintenance of houses. Schools, the common shelters, were improved in five districts. Co-financing was ensured for the maintenance of these schools. These initiatives at the ground confirmed that the project has contributed to disaster risk reduction (DRR) to build resilience and enhance the capacities of communities to plan for and mitigate the risk and impacts of humanitarian emergencies.

All these facts supported that the project activities were orientated towards fulfilling objectives. With the fulfilment of objectives, the project purpose 'support flood affected people of 7 districts of Nepal with relief to improve their socio economic condition' and goal 'ensure the right to human security in emergency through addressing the immediate needs of flood victims and

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sustain the right to life with dignity of poor and vulnerable people' were also fulfilled.

3. Relevance, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Impact and Sustainability There were several evidences like community focused program; reaching the

services to the unreached; and correlation between AAN mandate, national plan and the project demonstrated that the project was relevant to the needs and constraints of the flood affected communities.

The fulfilment of work plan-achievement, the level of social mobilization and community empowerment and flexibility in implementation confirmed the effectiveness of the project.

The input-output relation, the extent of resource sharing in construction activities, the cost-efficient approach, increasing participation of women, operational capacity of the partner and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) practice in place illustrated that the project was able to accomplish the project activities in efficient way.

The increase social harmony, attention of other stakeholders for transparency and accountability, poor and vulnerable were organized and they were able to claim rights, recover economic empowerment and reduce in human sufferings. These were listed as some of the preliminary impacts of the project.

Involvement of long-term partners of AAN for continuous guidance, the active role of civil societies and government organizations (GOs), and relief response linked with development issues were some evidences of the sustainability of the project. The level of capacity building of the local people and livelihood supports in the focus of the program also contributed the project to be more sustainable. It is expected that there will be notable benefits for the community in the future.

4. Successes and constraints The project had brought some of the key success such as: Disaster

preparedness (DP) initiatives were started at local level; right holders realized their rights, enhanced understanding of people on DRR, and building mutual trust and transparency among stakeholders. Similarly, adoption of transparent procurement policy, decentralization of project authority and work, good organizational culture and management style, functional coordination/linkages among the stakeholders and visibility in all activities were other key success of the project.

There were the some constraints that were taken as hindering factors for the progress of the project. Political unrest and ongoing agitation in the Terai, poor provision of transportation and logistic support in the proposal, inadequate understanding of the partners in community based disaster preparedness (CBDP), DRR issues, limited resource for higher needs were some notable constraints of the project.

5. Lessons Learned There were some of the lessons from this project. Capacity analysis of

partners and orientation is required in the beginning, while it is necessary to link humanitarian support with long term development work. It was learnt that sustainable livelihood approach is important to ensure sustainability. Similarly, it was leant that coordination among agencies for capacity building is essential, indigenous technology and knowledge is obligatory to cope from flood, and community should be given the central space. With practical

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examples, it was learnt that the role of community based organizations (CBOs) and clubs in families' selection is imperative.

6. RecommendationsThe project has brought about some significant changes in the quality of life of flood affected families to reduce their vulnerability to flood by increasing the capacity in responding effectively to flood. There is sufficient flexibility with regard to implementation of the planned activities to adjust to the specific field situation. However, there are still some areas where further works can be done, which are as follows:

There is a need to build the preparedness capacities of communities through life-saving preparedness skills e.g. first-aid, community contingency planning, early warning systems, etc. Mainstreaming DRR in long-term vision, policy-making and multi-stakeholder co-ordination is essential to tackle recurrent disasters.

Apart from basic services of food, non-food and health care facilities, large-scale investment is required for community-based preparedness infrastructure assets viz. flood shelters, raised homesteads, boats, increased plinth level of houses and raised hand pump and toilets to build resilience of local communities and district government.

There is necessity to provide training to NGO partners, activists, volunteers and local level government officials on participatory vulnerability analysis (PVA), role of DP, need and damage assessment, DRR, sphere standard and relief management though right based perspectives. Simple orientation on climate change adaptation is also required to inform the causes and basic preparedness in advance.

It is suggested that a separate logistic person is required for effective response and pre monsoon coordination meeting at district level can support timely and quality response. There is a need to establish separate disaster management cell in each district administration office. The uniformity in the distribution of relief materials is another key aspect to follow.

Before initiating livelihood interventions at local level, it is required to make quick feasibility study to know requirement of essential inputs like irrigation, technical know-how, markets etc to reap more income.

There is a need to promote flood resistant crops. Flood friendly agricultural practices are important to reduce the probable risk. Community insurance system is also recommended to be piloted in some places and scaled up later.

Due to flood related troubles, majority of the people along the river bank were found living with fear and trauma. The poor social networks, weak social insurance and solidarity during monsoon make them cheerlessness. To overcome fear and trauma, it is suggested to organise psycho-social trainings to the flood affected people.

In zest, the evaluation found that project as this are essential to respect the rights of the disaster affected people. But there are certain gaps where a joint action from government and nongovernmental agencies need to fill.

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Table of Content

Acknowledgements 2Acronyms 3Executive Summary

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1. Preamble81.1 Introduction of the project 81.2 Project's Goal, Purpose, Objectives and Outputs

81.2.1 Goal 81.2.2 Purpose

81.2.3 Objectives 81.2.4 Project Outputs9

1.3 Objectives of the evaluation 91.4 Evaluation methodology

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2. Evaluation Findings 102.1 Fulfilments of goal, purpose, objectives and outputs

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3. Relevance, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Impact and Sustainability 20

3.1 Relevance 20

3.2 Effectiveness 213.3 Efficiency

213.4 Impact 223.5 Sustainability 23

4. Project success and constraints244.1 Successes

244.2 Constraints 25

5. Lessons Learned 26

6. Recommendations28

Annexes 30Annex-1: List of KIIs (staff of partner NGOs) 30

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Annex-2: Benefited HHs and population by caste and age group by districts 31

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Evaluation ReportEmergency Response to South Asia Floods-Nepal Project

1. Preamble

1.1 Introduction of the project

UN has referred that about fifty million people in South Asia are currently living with risks of worst floods. Millions of people are displaced every year and they are suffering from the effects of displacements including lack of food security, safe shelter and ensured income. Water borne diseases including diarrhoea as well as fear of Maleria are all contributing to create major health concerns during the time of floods. The plight of poor people, especially women and children, at this mid-way point to the monsoon season is increasingly desperate.

To address these crucial problems, 'Emergency Response to South Asia Floods-Nepal Project' was implemented by AAN with the grant support from Austcare. The duration of the project was for six months beginning from September 1, 2007 with total budget of Australian $ 149,800. The project was designed to provide relief to over 1,000 families from the seven flood affected districts viz. Siraha, Saptari, Dhanusa, Mahottari, Banke, Bardia and Kailali. The project covered critical flood affected clusters of 26 Village Development Committee (VDCs) and one Municipality (refer table 1). In each district, AAN coordinated and collaborated with its partner NGO to carry out project activities in an effective way. The main target groups were flood-affected poor, especially women and children, freed-kamaiya, dalit, Mushahar, Muslim and other minority ethnic groups and families.

1.2 Project's Goal, Purpose, Objectives and Outputs

The goal, purpose, objectives and outputs of the project were as follows:

1.2.1 GoalEnsure the right to human security in emergency through addressing the immediate needs of flood victims and sustain the right to life with dignity of poor and vulnerable people.

1.2.2 PurposeSupport flood affected people of 7 districts of Nepal with relief to improve their socio-economic condition.

1.2.3 Objectives

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Table 1: Project VDCs per districtsDistricts

VDC/Municipality

Kailali Thapapur and Joshipur Bardiya Neulapur, Thakurdyara,

Suryapatuwa, Shivapur Banke Fattepur and MathaiyaDhanusa

Dhanusha Govindapur

Siraha Bhadaiya, Dhodana, Taregana Govindapur, Sonmati Majhaura, Kalabanjar Bhawanipur, Brahman Gorchhari, and Lahan Municipality

Mahott Balawa, Sarapallo, Anakar,

The project aimed to pledge following objectives ensuring poor and marginalised communities receive relief support from the project, particularly in the following area.

Provide food and nutrition to the flood affected people, especially children and women including pregnant and lactating mothers, people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA), and elderly people who are left out in the general relief package (800 families).

Manage non-food items mostly regular and winter clothes to women, children and elderly people (800 families).

Repair community shelter building (i.e. school buildings) and house to ensure basic living standards (and dignity for women) and to protect from ensuing winter (400 families) through immediate repair, provision of basic furniture and cleaning up schools (5 schools).

Make available health care and medical services through mobile health clinics/ camps (1000 flood affected families).

Improve livelihood of the people through cash support for livestock or agro-inputs destroyed by flooding (500 families).

1.2.4 Project OutputsThe project had its three main outputs which are given below:

Response: Undertaken early recovery activities including the supply of food and non-food items, shelter and medical and health-care to people affected by natural disaster, mostly flood.

Recovery and livelihood development: Supported longer term development efforts focusing on sustainable livelihoods in communities affected by disaster and conflict.

Disaster Risk Reduction: Built resilience and enhanced the capacities of communities to plan for and mitigate against the risk and impacts of humanitarian emergencies.

1.3 Objectives of the evaluation The evaluation of the aforementioned project which AAN commissioned had the following main objectives

Assess whether project objectives and outputs have been achieved Find out the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability

of the project Identify the key success and constraints of the project, and Find the key lessons learned and make recommendations for the future

1.4 Evaluation methodologyThe following were the main methodological approach used to carry out the evaluation and the methodology represented a combination of different interactive, analytical tools and interview techniques found appropriate to accomplish the tasks within the given time frame:

Literature review: The project documents (proposal, progress reports) were studied to get familiarized with the goal, purpose, objective, outputs of the project.

Instruments design: Checklist was used in retrieving information from the focus group discussion (FGD) and key-informant interview (KII) with different stakeholders both at local and district level.

Meeting with partner NGOs staff: Sharing the methodology with project staff in a meeting helped in planning the number and location of the FGDs and KIIs. Overall data on the implementation status of the project was also obtained (please refer annex-1 for list of staff as KII).

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Semi Structured Interviews (SSI): Teachers, ex-VDC representatives, social elites, mother groups, local NGOs and CBOs representatives provided key information and shared their reflections about the project work and benefits as well as gaps.

Focus group discussion: FGDs conducted with disaster management committee (DMC) members helped to identify and present the impressions, expectations and lessons. Factual statements of the project stakeholders were recorded to justify the analysis.

Consultative meetings with direct beneficiaries: Meetings were organized with women, dalits/indigenous people and children separately. These meetings helped in understanding about the project and benefits achieved. Transects walks were also organised to familiarize with the area and the people that were mostly affected from the flood. The evaluation discussions were carried out in six districts except Saptari.

Exit meeting with project staff: After the completion of the fieldwork in respective district, exit meetings were organised and collected information was validated. These meetings were helpful to amplify and enrich information.

Analysis and reporting: A careful analysis planning was prepared to ensure right information is presented at right place to give meaning the importance of evaluation. All information recorded from different sources contributed in analyzing the complete findings and in making recommendations.

2. Evaluation Findings This is the prime section of the evaluation which presents the achievements; assess the fulfilments of project overall goal, purpose, objectives and outputs from the project.

2.1 Fulfilments of goal, purpose, objectives and outputsOutput 1: Response-Undertaken early recovery activities including the supply of food and non-food items, shelter and medical and health-care to people affected by natural disaster, mostly flood.

a. Appropriate targeting AAN's partners NGOs adopted participatory processes while selecting the target families. The partner included Forum for Awareness and Youth Activities Nepal (FAYA Nepal) in Kailali, Rara Human and Environmental Resource Development Initiative (RHERI) in Bardiya, Bheri Environment Excellence Group (BEE-Group) in Banke, Social Development Path Nepal (SODEP) in Dhanusha, Community Development Program (CDP) in Mahottari, Dalit Jana Kalyan Yuba Club (DJKYC) in Siraha and Saraswati Community Development Forum (SCDF) in Saptari. In many locations, the process was almost similar. The NGOs made household survey with the help of format/checklist in the beginning and then they analyzed the data to prepare the preliminary list of families. Women Empowerment Groups (WEGs) in Siraha and Women Right Forums in Dhanusha and Mahottari took the lead role in selecting the target families for response in respective districts. The list later was presented in the community consultation meeting. The pregnant women, lactating mother, children under 5 years of age, single women, women headed households (HHs), differently-abled people, elderly people and PLWHA were some of the basic indicators that were used during the family's selection for response. Once

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Box 1: We know better about our neighborsFor the first time, we were able to select the target families without disputes and conflicts. Once the process was systematic, the elites could not influence us like it used to be in the previous years. It was because the NGOs authorized us to select the families on extent of flood damage and level of poverty. Though some indicators were shared by the NGOs to ease the selection process, we made the final decision. It is because we know better position about our neighbors than outsiders.

the community agreed with the final list, the NGO helped to prepare coupons to ease the relief distribution process. This process resulted fair and transparent targeting and thus there were no major disputes (refer box 1).

Interestingly, formats and checklists for target families' selection that were adopted by different NGOs were different. It showed the use of innovative approaches rather than simply following the readymade instruction from AAN. In Banke and Siraha, BEE-Group and SODEP used the secondary information of Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) in the beginning which was found conflicting and later initiated their own process to select the families.

In Dhanusha, Saptari and Siraha, SODEP, SCDF and DJKYC could not involve local level GOs during the selection of target families as there was a need of selecting the families immediately to distribute the relief materials. However, these NGOs mobilized the district level stakeholders to generate more resources for the project initiatives.

b. Putting needy families first in distribution processDuring the distribution of relief materials (food and non-food items, medical services), needy families were put in the front to ensure their rights in the relief materials. These families included female headed HHs (widows and whose male counterparts were outside the village for more than one season) and children below five years, pregnant and lactating mothers. Food and nutrition supports were provided to majority of female. Out of 1354 people who received such support from 800 families, there were 652 male and 702 female.

Pregnant and lactating women, elderly, sick and children women were provided the relief materials avoiding the time required to queue in line. Relief materials were reportedly in good condition in terms of acceptance and use.

During the evaluation, it was found that though FAYA Nepal, CDP, and BEE-Group organised the orientation meetings simultaneously with the distribution of nutritional materials for the proper use, but in other districts, people were confused in the appropriate use of nutritional materials.

c. Food and nutritional materials were distributed as per the people's choice Food and nutritional choices were made as per the need of target families (is this the conclusion of the evaluation. how many target families? does the conclusion adequately reflect those target families? not clear) . Quick consultation meetings were organized to identify the interest of food items to ensure that materials

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Table 2: Distribution of food and nutritional itemsDistrict

Families

Food items

Kailali 200 Honey, oil, soybean, pulses, wheat flour

Bardia 150 Honey, ghee, oil, flour, soybean, and pulses

Banke 50 Honey, ghee, flour, soybean, and pulses

Dhanusa

155 Horlicks, rice, maize, soyabean, gram, sugar, pulse, salt

Siraha 245 Gram, wheat flour, bean, salt,

Box 2: The food/nutritional items were impressiveSeeing my situation ruined by the flood, I was selected as one of the persons to get rahat (response materials). Like other families, I got, 20 kg rice, 2 packets mustard oil and 2 kg dal (pulses). These materials were sufficient to run my three-member family for more than 20 days. Apart from these rahat, I got honey and ghee to feed my kid. For the first time, my kid took honey. This snastha (RHERI) is very good as it was serious about our situation. Once we got these materials, our day to day need was fulfilled for the time

will be rightly used. Different choices were provided and people were asked to rank the food items as their choice. The concerns of local health workers and the nutritional chart of Safer Motherhood Project were taken as reference. The culture and food habits were also kept in mind while selecting the food items. This is the reason that food items were found different in different districts (refer table 2).

In Dhanusha, SODEP provided nutritional food along with NRs 150 cash to manage other immediate materials as per the request of families. It was found that in an average NRs 2000 (Aus $ 38) was spent per family for the distribution of the food and nutritional items. The responses taken during the fieldwork revealed that adequate nutritional requirements were met by the food items distributed by the project (refer box 2).

It was found that among the food items, rice, salt, oil and pulses were more useful than others. Wheat flour was not much beneficial during the emergency because additional utensils were required to cook the flour.

d. Reduce the malnutrition in the childrenDuring the fieldwork it was shared that the nutritional foods were provided to those families who were not able to buy such foods for their children (how many household is targeted and whether box 3 represents adequately to those target families are the key questions here which need to be addressed) . Especially in Banke, Bardiya and Dhanusha, it was reported that families got the benefits of nutritional food to reduce the 7 cases of malnutrition (refer box 3) but it is still a matter of validation.

e. Regular and winter clothes were beneficial to manage coldIt was found that the project distributed regular and winter clothes to 800 flood affected families particularly women, children and elderly people in the priority basis. Hundred families were benefited from each district while 200 families got this service in Bardiya. Mostly woollen clothes, blankets, woollen shawls, and regular clothes were distributed amounting NRs 600 (Aust $ 11).

f. People's choices were due respected for the management of regular and winter clothes The variation in the items of regular and winter clothes showed that people's needs and choices were honoured and respected within the given project resources. For instance, shirt, pant, and woollen shawl were provided in Banke; sweater, woollen shawl and cap in Dhanusha and Mahottari; woollen blankets and sweater in Siraha; shawl, sari and sweater in Kailali and Bardiya were distributed after the short consultation meeting with the concerned communities.

g. Families were benefited from health care and medical services Evaluation found that the project provided basic health care facilities to 1,000 vulnerable flood affected families (refer table 4) through mobile health clinics/camps. Either health camps were

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Box 3: Thanks for supporting in crisis In the first time in my life, I got the response materials to this extent. So far, in the name of rahat materials, I only got chauchau (noodles) and chiura (bitten rice). But this year, I got horlicks, cerelac, powder milk, iodine salt, wheat flour, and seeds of off seasonal vegetable like bitter gourd, lady's finger, cucumber, pumpkin and beans. I am very much happy that I got 4m woollen cloths for shirt, 2m for pant, and woollen shawl for every

Table 4: Families provided health facilities

Districts FamiliesKailali 200Bardia 150Banke 50Dhanusha 155Mahotari 0Saptari 200Siraha 295Total 1000

Source: NGO's records

organised or home visits were made on each clusters depending upon the need. Medicines were distributed to the families after the check-up. It was reported that people who were suffered from cold, cough, fever, Typhoid, diarrhoea, skin diseases, eye and ear infection, Pneumonia, ring worm, allergy, worm, anaemia, dysentery, and respiratory track infection benefited from the health facilities. Specific care was provided to pregnant and lactating mothers, people with disability, children and elderly people during health campaigns and camps. Health services were provided from two modalities: through health camp and through door to door campaigns. In Banke and Siraha, health camps were provided whereas door to door campaigns were organised to provide basic health facilities in other districts. District Public Health Office (DPHO) norms and guidelines were followed during the distribution of medicine. In Kailali, the NGO managed logistic while DPHO provided the technical assistance for the health campaigns. The local sub-health Post (SHP) In-charges were the focal person during the campaigns and camps. Health camps were reportedly been effective than door to door campaigns (refer box 4).

The critical cases found during the health check up/camps were referred to the district hospitals and DPHO. In Dhanusha, 9 TB patients were referred to the district hospital.

It was also shared that health services were beneficial to reduce the effects of epidemics in the flood affected areas. In sum, camps and health campaigns were only concentrated to address flood induced diseases.

h. Health awareness campaigns were effective to benefit the people The NGOs adopted various approaches and methodologies to sensitize the people towards the importance of health care facilities immediately after the flood. Among many, the use of poster and pamphlets before the health camps and use of hand mike to disseminate the message were found very effective in creating mass awareness. In illiterate communities, communication through hand mike was more practical. People commented that mikes helped to notify people from the surrounding VDCs to provide health facilities.

In Dhanusha, for the first time, importance of vaccination was realised by Mushahar communities. As a result, 11 women were engaged in permanent family planning when they knew the importance of family planning through health campaigns.

The project made significant support to link people with relevant health agencies with rights. For instance, in Dhanusha, Mr Gulma Sada who suffered from Kal-azar was later treated. It was possible when he was in the contact of SODEP, the partner NGO. Basic medicine facilities in the beginning were provided from district hospital in the initiatives of SODEP. Later, once he knew the medicine was his right, he was able to secure required medicine from the DPHO. It was reported that four patients of Kal-azar are under treatment through the SODEP assistance.

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Box 4: Health Camps are more advantageous.In Banke, 161 people were benefited from 1 day health camp. There were two benefits from the camp. First, the camp helped to reduce flood induced epidemics in large extent and second, we could build the good working relation with health personnel of SHP. I my opinion, health camps were more advantageous than door to door campaigns. It is because no one was in

In Bardiya, the RHERI allocated some budget to address the very critical health hazards cases (refer box 5) from the humanitarian perspectives.

Box 5: Small health supports were useful to safe life In Bardiya, RHERI provided Rs 5000 to support the safe delivery of Ms Uma

Bhandari. The total estimated cost for the operation was Rs 25000 as the case was highly complicated declared by the doctors. This initiative was valuable to save both mother and child.

When Ms Sarita Chaudhari suffered from Rabies diseases, RHERI managed 2 injections from local SHP and contributed Rs 1500 for rabies vaccines. Now she is cured. But before the support neither she had money to treat nor she had idea to get vaccine from the SHP.

The NGO managed milk for 3 days baby for 3 months when her mother died after delivery.

Rs 4000 was supported to Ms Chechya Chaudhary for operation when her backbone was cracked by slippery in the flood.

In Siraha, the NGO in coordination with Dalit Sewa Samaj organised health camp to support 2000 people. For this purpose, Kumar Sarada Uma Prasad Muraraka Memorial Hospital managed 3 doctors along with Paediatrician.

In sum, the response of food and non-food items, shelter and medical and health-care to people affected by flood contributed early recovery of these families. This showed that output one is achieved by the project.

Output 2: Recovery and livelihood development (Supported longer term development efforts focusing on sustainable livelihoods in communities affected by disaster and conflict)

a. Livelihood means are different in different districtsThe livelihood support contributed to 500 vulnerable families (particularly women headed households) in the flood affected area. Hundred families each from Kailali, Bardiya, Banke, Dhanusha, and Siraha were selected to provide basic livelihood support so that they can recover their livelihood as before.

Livelihood initiatives were taken as main activities to recover the living of the flood affected families. Livelihood supports were different in different districts. In sum, they were ranging from animal husbandry (goat, sheep, pig, and buffalo) to agriculture tools; off-seasonal vegetable farming to fertilizer, seed and seed bin support. Land in

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Box 6: I am happy with goatI am very much happy with the goat provided by the project. Before last year, I had three goats all of which died from the diseases after the flood. I could not treat them due to continuous flood and inundation. When the project selected me to support goat again, I was really impressed. With the 1 goat supported by project, now I have three goats. The initial investment was Rs 3000 but now I have the capital of Rs 8000. I choose goat instead of pig because of the food habits of goat as it can survive with grass but pig needs grain. Even my family has not sufficient grain, how can I

Box 7: Small is beautifulI have never thought that I can even run retail shop like right now. After the flood of 2007, the FAYA Nepal came in our village to support us through different livelihood options. I choose the retail shop as some women encouraged me to do so. I started the shop from Rs 1620 supported by the project. Now, I have the materials of almost Rs 8000. This is the result of my hard work and careful support of the project.

I used to procure materials for retail shop from India in cheaper rate. In an average, I am earning Rs 150-200 per day. From these earnings, I am supporting my children's education and family expenses. Some amount is being used to procure chemical fertilizer for the wheat and I hope that the yield of this year will certainly increase. I just paid fees for rural electrification as a part of my family's contribution. I am proud like other women from this community that there is no need to take loan from private

mortgage basis was also managed to boost up the livelihood in group basis. Tools for one blacksmith family and support for retail shops were also provided as means of livelihood. Support in cereal crops like wheat, cycle repair, and hand pump installation equipment were provided as part of livelihood enhancement. The variation in the alternative livelihood options means the project duly acknowledged that ideas and different needs of flood affected families.

The families consulted during the fieldwork opined that the livelihood supports were helpful to cope with the difficult time and to move forward to recover the livelihood damaged from flood. Among many, the supports provided in animal husbandry and retail shops were much gainful than others (refer box 6 and 7 above).

b. Livelihood support through group formation was effectiveIn order to systematize the livelihood support, groups were formed and their capacities were enhanced. The rationale behind the formation of groups was to provide technical assistance, know-how and link those groups with relevant GOs for resource mobilization. Among the livelihood initiatives, group farming in Siraha was very instrumental to yield benefits to the vulnerable families. Group farming itself was a new and innovative approach and it was a symbol of community solidarity. It was shared that group farming was also useful to build social harmony and to establish the rights. The DJKYC made a good arrangement to take land in mortgage basis for certain period of years from landowner. For instance, in Basahajodi of Bhadaiya, Siraha, 8 katha (20 katha equals 1 bigha, 1 bigha equal 0.67ha) of land was managed in mortgage basis for three years in Rs 32000. After three years, the group will get the same amount as Rs 32000 from the landowner. The land was now owned by the group with legal paper and agreement. There are 22 members in the group. They have planned to convert the group into cooperative later for the sustainable operation of the group farming. In order to reap the benefits, it was shared during the discussion that the group has planned to transplant winter paddy immediately. With two times paddy, one time wheat and off seasonal vegetable plus maize, they have estimated to earn Rs 26000 per year, which is impressive predication itself.

But unfortunately their plans were not easy what they assumed right now. There was no irrigation facility (then above 26000 per year considerd this fact of no having irrigation? ). Yes, there was private dip boring from which the group had to buy water in hourly basis (Rs 50 per hour). This was the reason that they were demanding ( to whom, landlord ? How likely land lord to invest money for dip boring for the land which is only for 3 years lease??) artesian boring to ensure irrigation facilities. The land arrangement task was already delayed due to long legal process. It was reported that right after the wheat harvesting, the process will take momentum.

c. Small supports were meaningful to recover the livelihood The project managed some support to recover the livelihood of flood affected families that was damaged by the flood of last monsoon. It was because the markets were closed for several days and scope of wage labour within and outside the village was almost nil due to several days flooding and inundation. Even small support was also useful for some families to revive their livelihood. Following were some of the cases (refer box 8-10) documented during the fieldwork that also demonstrated that how even small livelihood supports were meaningful.

Box 8: Project goat was the means to revive livelihood

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In Sotaiya, Bardiya Ms Nakche Biswakarma run her house during the monsoon after selling one goat provided by the project. In fact, her livelihood was threatened by many factors. First, her husband was in India for two years but he has no ideas where he was then. There was no communication between them. She had to manage the family of 5 children all were of less than 14 years in age. When there were no grains in her house, she decided to sale one goat to purchase rice. Until last years, she used to run the family from borrowing rice from neighbors and later compensate through wage labour. Second, due to continuous flood and inundation, all wage labour worked was closed in the village and she had nothing to run her family. With the cash of goat, she run the house for 3 months. It showed that even a small support was instrumental for her to escape from the vicious circle of poverty during the period of crises.

Box 9: Livelihood support was instrumental for women headed HHsMigrated from Sindhipalchok, I have been living in this village for eight years with 2 daughters and 2 sons. The reason for the migration was conflict. My life was more vulnerable once my husband married second time. Since then we lived alone and I have no idea where he is now. We have only 5 katha aailani land to survive five people. The flood of last year was very terrible. We could not save even grain and clothes. The project provided some goats to us for alternative income generation. I am continuously caring those goats like our kid in a hope that goats will be sources of income to run my family. Once one goat died from unknown diseases, I felt very sad (just similar to death of my mother). Anyway, I have confidence that other goats are in good condition. Within 3 months, we will expect to have 5 goats. I never thought that even NGO would provide goat for flood affected families like us. We will more be benefited if the project invested some amount for the installation of treadle pump for the purpose of irrigation. Machan is equally important to protect from wild elephants. Ms Ganga Joshi, Thakurdwara-4, Sotaiya.

Box 10: Small Support made us to minimize the riskWe have no words to give thanks to Bee-Group of Banke for the support it provided during last monsoon. Do you believe, the Rapti River that you crossed today is very dangerous during monsoon?. We have to cross the river via boat in alternative days. In fact unless selling firewood in the Indian Market, we would not survive. We used to sale firewood in Rs 40-60 depending upon the packet and come back with rice, salt and oil. This is our way of life. The wage earned by our husband is not sufficient to run our family. In many times, to cross the river by boat is always risky. Last year, 40 people died when boat was overturned. In many instances, we have to suffer from the sexual harassment of Indian Police in the boarder. Once we got support from the Bee-group, we hardly sold firewood for 10 days in the last monsoon. We hope that if we will be able to improve our livelihood, we totally stoped to sale firewood in the Indian market. Ms Ram Kumari Chaudhary and Ms Chuliha Chaudhary, Phattepur, Banke.

d. Community based feasible livelihood options are in placeIt was found that several round consultation meetings were made before finalizing the types and nature of livelihood supports to the vulnerable families. The meetings pinpointed some of the indicators/characteristics for the best options of livelihood like market assessment, risk analysis, proven experience and interest of people, basic facilities available like fodder, irrigation; and the level of technical know-how (diseases, inputs, etc) before finalizing the livelihood options.

Despite of participatory assessment process, some livelihood initiatives were not much successful. In Banke, the investment of livelihood support in off-seasonal vegetable farming was not much beneficial due to inadequate irrigation facilities (refer box 11). With the delay in livelihood support, people could not invest it in winter crops (procurement of chemical fertiliser, insecticides and other inputs). In Dhanusha, the SODEP, the partner NGO managed to initiate the animal husbandry in 'Passing the gift' modality (one has to transfer one kid to other families who did not get this support). In principle, this approach was sound for the sustainable

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approach but observing the vulnerability of the families and short nature of the project, some people were not in the favour of this approach.

Box 11: Thorough assessment is needed before the selection of livelihood options

We have failed to choose the right livelihood options in some places. The NGO asked several times with use to select the best livelihood option so that some income could be generated within the short period of time. That's why we tended to carry out off-seasonal vegetable farming with a hope that small chuck of land could be irrigated through hand pump. As throughout the winter, there was no rain, the hand pumps were dried up completely and there was a problem of even drinking water. The vegetables had no fruit only flower. And the vegetables suffered from the diseases. We could not be able to consult Junior Technical Assistant as the Agriculture centre was in Narayanapur, very far from here. What we learnt was that unless irrigation facilities, technical support and market assurance, we could not be able to reap the benefits from off-seasonal vegetable. It is very easy to say for off-seasonal vegetable but we have realized that there are many complexities within this farming system.-Mr Arjun Pokherl, Phattepur, Banke e. Reaching the livelihood support to unreached peopleDue to careful analysis during the selection process ( can it provide some of the major criteria applied during the slection process; this would add the quality of report, if possible) of vulnerable families, the project was successful to reach the resource to the unreached. As a result, many people and families from deprived and marginalised section of the society were benefited. For instance, Rajhi, Sonaha and dalit families in Kailali; Tharu, landless and freed-kamaiya in Bardiya, dalit and Muslim in Banke; Mushahar, Sudi, Tatma, Chamar, Dhobi in Mahottari and Dhanusha and Siraha were largely covered within the project clusters. Families from these castes were given high priority during the distribution of materials and support. It was reported by some of the beneficiaries that their voices were heard for the first time (refer box 12). The details breakdown of the dalit, Janajati and others Hhs and population is given in annex 2.

Hence in totality, all these initiatives were instrumental to contribute to recovery and to enhance their livelihood. The evaluation therefore finds that output two was also achieved.

Output 3: Disaster Risk Reduction (Built resilience and enhanced the capacities of communities to plan for and mitigate against the risk and impacts of humanitarian emergencies)

a. Vulnerable houses were selected to repair and maintenance The project selected 400 families for the purpose of house repair and maintenance. No disputes during the selection process revealed that the process was transparent and participatory. Agreed indicators were prepared through participatory consultation process while selecting the families. Some of the

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Box 12: Our voices were heardIn my life, I have seen many floods in this river. Many scenes are still alive in my eyes. Many people used to come to gather data about ourselves, our damaged properties and so on, but nothing was provided to us. Those who were able to influence the outsider could get Chiura and chauchau. But the situation after the flood of 2007 is something new. Initially, I had no interest to provide information but they (DJKYC) came differently. The selection process was very impressive (additional information on the selection process from Ms.raghani would have been much better). At the first time, we decided the families eligible for the support. This was the

indicators of eligible houses were: thatched houses damaged by flood, damage of wall completely, collapse of roofs, and ultra poor families that could not be able to repair and maintain their house immediately. The single women, women headed HHs, families with differently-abled people and elderly people, families with no income sources were given first preferences. In other words, these families were mainly from vulnerable groups affected by the flood and have poor capacity to rebuild their homes.

b. Need based supports were provided to repair and maintain the housesInterestingly, the types and nature of repair and maintenance of the houses were different in different districts. This was also the indication of need based interventions. In majority of the locations, the support was used to raise the plinth level of house (to save from flooding and inundation). Seed vessels were raised by preparing small machan whereas in other location project resources were used to repair wall and roof of thatched house. In Siraha, bamboo, hay, plastic rope, labour and transportation cost were provided as a part of housing support. The project was found to have given high emphasis on easily available local materials (bamboo, khar) for house repairing rather than using high-tech practice, which was also acknowledgeable.

In Sonaphata of Kailali, out of 100 houses, 90 houses were provided tile support whereas 10 houses got wall support as per the need of the families. The request for coronate galvanized sheet (CGI) was not possible due to its high cost (Rs 8000 per house). In each house, the family contribution for the house repair and maintenance ranged from Rs 1500-3500.

One of the interesting aspects of the initiatives for house repair and maintenance was that it reduced the number of days for the displacement. Ms Anjana Chaudhary, staff of CDP in Mahottari opined that from next year, the number of days in the shelter will be reduced by 30%. She also stressed that this change will contribute in reducing the cases of women sexual violence that are often documented when people are displaced.

Despite of many positive aspects of home repair and maintenance, some grievances were recorded during the evaluation discussion. For instance, it was reported that the project allocated the resources on the basis of equality approach and it was hard for some poor people to maintain the cost for while the amount was not required as that given.

c. Adopt alternative means to address root causesThe people from Nankapur, Phattepur, Banke have invested some of the resources allocated to house repair and maintenance in river training. That decision was made when they identified flood of torrent from the Churia was the root cause of the damage of houses. The meeting of DMC decided to allocate Rs 500 per family from the support received for house repair and maintenance (refer box 13). With a total of Rs 50000, river training work and road improvement work was initiated.

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Box 13: More emphasis is to deal root causes

Once we identified the root cause of damage of our house, we decided to control the flood through river training. Accordingly, Rs 500 was allocated from house repair budget and accumulated Rs 50000. In the beginning, we decided to upgrade village road and river training work in two different locations. We have also plan for plantation work in the lap of Churia. With the project resources, we were able to fill soil to raise the plinth level of house. Now our houses are 2 feet high than earlier. Apart from soil filling, nail, rope and labor

d. Schools, the common shelters, were improved In order to minimize the effects of flood, common shelters were improved in five districts through the improvements of five schools, one each except in Mohattori and Saptari. These schools were chosen from the flood affected areas, physically poor and where there was dominance of dalit and marginalized students in the schools. Several round consultations were made with school management committee (SMC) and communities to identify the appropriate schools.

In Dhanusha, Shree Lower Secondary School, Dhanusha-Govindapur-9, Mungraha was chosen because of the dominance of Mushahar, Sudi, Tatma, Chamar, Dhobi students. Raji, Sonaha and Tharu students were in majority in Kalika Primary School, Sonaphata, Kailali. The dominance of Mushahar and Paswan students was in Janata Lower Secondary School, Bairiya, Gudigoan and Tharu students were in Janajyoti Secondary School, Bardiya. The construction process was also found transparent. School construction management committees have formed to oversee the reconstruction work.

As a part of school improvements, project resources were invested in roofing and plastering works, raising plinth level of school, and wall supports. Now with the physical improvement of these schools, the students were out of risks (refer box 14). Apart from the improvement in physical facilities, it was found that the resources were also used for the purpose of increasing the education of the students. Black boards, basic furniture and stationary supports were also provided. In Dhanusha, as part of educational materials support, 52 students each got bag-1 piece, copy-15 pieces, pen-1 piece, ink-1 box.

Box 14: We were benefited from the stationary supportWe are very happy with the educational materials provided by the project. This is the first time that even Mushahar students were benefited from the stationary support. It was possible once we got information about our rights. The project was helpful in disseminating the new information for us, organizing us and advocate for our rights. In my opinion, project has made significant achievement in improving community sanitation, realized the importance of birth registration and citizenship certificate and formation of many groups at local level. The management of relief materials was in the forefront.. -Mr. Basanta Sada, Vice-chairperson of Youth Club, Bhadaiya, Siraha

It was found that after the improvements of schools, SMC and guardian were thinking of upgrading the classes. In Kailali, discussions and consultations were in progress regarding the upgrading of classes in Kalika Primary School, Sonaphata. The same situation was also shared in Dhanusha (refer box 15).

Box 15: Now students are out of risksWe can not compare the situation before and after the construction of schools. Before the SODEP Dhanusha support, our students were compelled to sit in the ground due to limited rooms. Now the building is completed. We assumed that this new building will not only serve our students but also support to displaced people for shelters. There are no risks of roof collapse, falling of buildings and free movements of livestock in the ground.-Mr. Ram Chandra Singh, Headmaster

However, it was identified that the improved schools were not safe from the effects of earthquake.

e. Co-financing was ensured for the maintenance of schools

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The partner NGOs made significant work for the purpose of generating co-financing for the physical and educational improvements in the schools. Design, estimate and layout work for school repair/rehabilitation/construction were prepared and shared with SMC before their finalization. It supported for co-financing in construction work.

For instance, during the construction/repair of Shree Lower Secondary School, Dhanusha-Govindapur-9, Mungraha, Rs 110,000 was invested from the project. School Improvement Project contributed Rs 40,000 whereas community made their contribution equivalent to Rs 22, 500. With these resources, 4-blackborads, 13-windows, 2-doors, soil filling in each room and gate construction was possible. Similarly, the construction of Kalika Primary School, Thapapur-9, Sonaphata, Kailali was possible through the support of project (Rs 11,0000) and co-financing for two rooms from BASE, a local NGO. Furniture were also provided to the school. The role of Golden Era Youth Club and Yuba Jag Aran Youth Club was commendable in managing the co-financing for these maintenance tasks. .

In Matehiya-4, Motipur, during the construction of Namuna Primary School, apart from project resources (Rs 110,000), local people contributed Rs 67,000. It was leant that Care Nepal supported Rs 112,000 for the construction of 4 toilet rooms. Similarly, with the contribution of Rural reconstruction Nepal (RRN)/District Education Office (DEO) Rs 430,000, SMC Rs 10,000 and project Rs 110,000, the construction of Janata Lower Secondary School, Bairiya, Gudigoan was possible. The construction work was just initiated in this school. Likewise, two room building of Janajyoti Secondary School was possible when SMC was ready for contribution of Rs 7,000. The project invested Rs 110,000. This building supported to run child care centre in the morning and to run extra class for deaf students.

In all schools, prior to construction, agreements between SMC and NGO was made to systematize the construction work. In order to carry out work in a more effective way, construction committees were formed. Materials were procured following all logistic policies. Close coordination with community forest users groups (CFUGs) were made to manage the timber in nominal price.

But according to Mr Uttimlal Paswan, Chairperson of School Construction Committee, Janata Lower Secondary School, Bairiya, Gudigoan, there was some problem in transparency in the resources collected from RRN/DEO. The issue was disclosed when the amount was not deposited in the school's account (new account was opened in the joint account of DEO and Headmaster). But the SMC was totally against with that decision. It was decided not to accept the money unless there was transfer of this amount in the school's account. They were thinking of mobilising the local resources if the fund was not transparent and the youths were ready to do so.

All these facts supported that the project activities were orientated towards fulfilling objective. With the fulfilment of objectives, the project purpose 'support flood affected people of 7 districts of Nepal with relief to improve their socio economic condition' and goal 'ensure the right to human security in emergency through addressing the immediate needs of flood victims and sustain the right to life with dignity of poor and vulnerable people' were also fulfilled.

3. Relevance, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Impact and Sustainability

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Following sections provide general overview on the level of relevancy of the project, the effectiveness within the project and resulting efficiency of the resources, the impacts related with the key changes observed as a result of the project and the sustainability of the initiatives in the long run.

3.1 Relevance Community focused: The project targeted its resources to flood affected

families particularly pregnant and lactating women, single women; women headed HHs, elderly people and disabled. Community empowerment and resilience, social inclusion and capacity building of DMCs were the key progresses of the project. Thus, the project was found to have addressed the gaps of inclusion through a community focused approach. The location of the project was hazardous flood prone area. The project addressed the major issues and concerns of flood affected communities, who have become more vulnerable due to multiple effects of social, economic and political factors. The project was particularly relevant in terms of awareness raising and group capacity building The approach and methodologies used in assessing root cause of problems and determining design and considering possible approaches were also relevant.

Reaching the unreached: The project was successful to address the key issues of flood affected families adequately and qualitatively. There was some delay in reaching the relief materials at local level. The project was relevant in terms of reaching out to sections of the society who so far had less benefited from similar humanitarian initiatives or even have been excluded. The project was successful to reach the services to rights-holders (women, children, dalits, ex-bonded labourers, conflict victims, land tenants, the disabled and PLWHA). In Damhimadai and Gonarpura of Mahottari, two PLWHA were also benefited from the relief support.

Correlation between AAN mandate, national plan and the project: The project was set within essentially enabling national policy context that emphasizes the role of people and their participation in community preparedness. The Tenth Plan of government of Nepal also stressed the active role of community in flood preparedness for DRR. The objectives of the project were consistent with AAN's programmatic objectives and key themes. The project contributed the Right to Human Security in Conflict and Emergencies theme to reduce poor people’s vulnerability by empowering them and building their resilience and developing their capacity to cope. The main thrust of the project was also consistent with the Million Development Goals (MDGs) and Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA). The project also ensured that the rights and dignity of the children are respected in all stages of the project, that no child is physically or emotionally harmed in any way or at risk of abuse.

These significant evidences made evaluation to infer that the project was relevant to the needs and constraints of the flood affected communities.

3.2 Effectiveness Work plan-achievement status: Despite of poor security situation in the

program VDCs, continuous bandh (strikes) and road blockage by different conflicting parties, the work plan was maintained and thus the level of achievements was satisfactory. Because the relief distribution was planned from NGO partners with good image and social acceptance, the relief distribution was accomplished with quality standard.

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Social mobilization and community empowerment: The field based staffs of the partner NGOs remained with the communities, understood their problems, local context, culture and other community's issues and concerns which helped in overall planning and accomplishing the activities. Larger role was given to the community, which made them empowered and self-owned over the activities being performed. Inclusiveness and participation resulted noteworthy resource sharing for similar tasks.

Flexibility: The project was found to have given enough space to communities and NGO partners to change or modifications in the project original design, plans and program. This flexibility in the plans and program generated the innovation. Thus the project produced new good practices.

All these approaches, methods, and strategies that were undertaken by the project were systematic and process oriented. Thus, the project deliverables were achieved in effective manner with full community ownership and recognition.

3.3 Efficiency Input-output relation: Looking at the input output relation, this project which

was operated with a comparatively small budget was found working in an efficient manner making full use of the resources invested. Income and expenditures were well recorded by the partner NGOs.

Resource sharing: The project was able to contribute to maintain functional linkage with government agencies (especially DPHOs, district hospitals, DEOs, etc), NGOs (like RRN), and CBOs (like CFUGs), etc for the sustainability of the initiatives through technical backstopping and resource sharing. Efficiency of the project was visible in generating the resources for the interventions from resources other than the core funds. In some cases, communities raised significant contributions (around 55%) especially for school construction (such as in Namuna Primary School of Motipur, Matehiya, Banke), which indicated their ownership over the program.

Cost-efficient: This project was found to be cost-efficient using the locally available resources especially in house and school repair and maintenance was promoted. Scope of school construction activities were increased due to management of co-financing from different stakeholders like DEOs, SMCs and NGOs.

Increasing participation of women: Despite prevailing unfavourable security situation, climatic hardships, and their involvement in agriculture and domestic affairs, the project recognized active involvement of women in regular meetings efficiently delivering their concerns and issues in DMCs. Even during the evaluation discussions, the number of women was high, which indicated the motivation and ownership of women in project activities.

Operational capacity of the partner NGOs: For some of the partner NGOs like FAYA Nepal and RHERI, the nature of the project activities (managing relief materials) was new. But they were involved in other development activities to manage large fund with successful manner. Despite new experience for these NGOs, the operational capacity for the present work was really commendable. All plans and programs were executed through systematic process and procedures.

M&E practice is in place and functional: The project produced M&E practice and overview presentation of progress. The monitoring mechanism from centre to district and community was functional as the plan which was strictly followed by the project, partner's staff and local level stakeholders. In order to add the values in M&E, board members of the partner NGOs were also

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involved, which was considered a good practice. There were written suggestions from the monitoring team which the project team incorporated.

With the analysis of the resource use, inputs, outputs and efficiency increasing mechanisms, it was found that the project was able to be accomplished in efficient way with resource sharing from various agencies.

3.4 ImpactBeing a project of a short duration, many longer term impacts could not be identified by this time of evaluation. However, there were positive signs for the same and people’s expressions revealed that the project in the long run would bring substantial changes. Most of the results of the interventions were of effect scale, which were as follows:

Social harmony: While in the past, community did not believe in each other and there prevailed mistrust among them, after the project, people were carrying out flood response activities in collective efforts and making collective voices with belief and trust on each other. The cases of solving the previous disputes and agreeing on common goal brought them good hope of being safe from upcoming flood. It was learnt that the social harmony was increased in the recent period due to combination of project efforts and other external factors.

Attention of other stakeholders for transparency and accountability: Communities were gradually organized to raise their voice for their security and for drawing attention of other stakeholders for transparency and accountability. The communities' reflection during the evaluation discussion suggested that they did not have such kind of support before for their life recovery in the extent in which this project provided.

Poor and vulnerable were organized and were able to claim rights: The poor and vulnerable families were organized through the formation of DMCs. Their access to GOs was continuously increasing. Vulnerable families were now aware on their right to security and information. It was possible through the continuous advocacy for right based approach and various discussion/interactions and consultations.

Economic empowerment: Income generating activities (IGAs) activities (goat and pig raising, poultry, vegetables, etc) to various degrees resulted in increased income for flood affected families. In some cases, IGA activities were less successful, mostly due to adverse external actors or factors like marketing, availability of agro-inputs on time, poor technical inputs like irrigation and technical know-how. The initiatives for group savings resulted in lessening dependency on loans at high-interest rates of formerly up to 60% per month from local moneylenders; instead, group members could get loans from the group more easily and at a lower interest rate of between 12 to 18% per month.

Reduced rate of displacement: With the basic repair and maintenance of houses and schools, people were in hope of no further displacement to the rate and extent of last years during flooding and inundations.

Reduced human sufferings: The evaluation found that the project contributed in the reduction of human sufferings through the appropriate management of food and non-food items, basic health services, and improvement of individual houses and schools to ensure good shelters in case of need. Local capacity building initiatives were useful particularly to improve the resilience capacities of flood affected vulnerable families.

3.5 Sustainability

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At this stage, as the nature of project, it is quicker to claim that the project was sustainable. There were some constraints (they were discussed in the following section) that had affected the sustainability of the project. Despites of these facts, the project had made some of the following initiatives that certainly contribute for the sustainability of the project.

Involvement of long-term partner of AAN for continuous guidance: One of the good aspects of this project was that AAN involved long-term partners NGOs to carry out this project. As these partner NGOs were contentiously working in the same areas in various development themes, it is likely that they shall continue the activities through even minimal guidance and technical backstopping.

Involvement of civil societies and GOs: Throughout the project cycle, the project had consulted and involved all civil societies viz. local clubs, schools, CFUGs, and GOs viz. DEO, DPHO, Department of Water Induced Disaster Preparedness (DWIDP), etc in the community selection, families' selection, program implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The involvement of these agencies from the beginning has contributed for resource allocation and sharing.

Relief response linked with development issues: Throughout the project period, efforts were made to link relief response with emerging development issues for their sustainability. It was shared that the inundation problem of Kailali and Bardiya was as a result of Kailashpuri Barrage of India. In other areas, the fragile Churia was the main cause of flood in the project districts. These issues were taken seriously in various forums and discussions. Though single effort was not sufficient to deal with these problems but the issues that were already flagged were sufficient to draw the attention of relevant duty bearers towards the welfare of flood affected people.

Capacity building of the local people: The project was not only involved in the distribution of relief materials but also it invested its time and energy in the capacity building initiatives. The DMC members expressed that they were much benefited from the CBDP and PVA trainings which were instrumental to understand the disaster issues further depth.

Livelihood support is the focus of the program: The partner NGOs had focused the livelihood activities among many. Some initiatives were undertaken to coordinate with relevant agencies for resource sharing. 'Saving and Credit' program was initiated from the beginning which was liked by many women especially to get easy loan. Flood affected families opined that the livelihood related activities were helpful to fight against the various forms of vulnerabilities and to build the capacity for response.

Though there were areas for improvement, whatever approaches, methods, and strategies were taken, all have contributed to make the project relevant, effective, efficient, yield some impacts and sustainable. It is expected that there will be notable benefits for the community in the future.

4. Project success and constraintsEven within the short period of time, the project demonstrated some of the following success that target families' perceived.

4.1 Successes DP initiatives were started at local level: The project was able to

disseminate basic information for flood response and disaster preparedness. DMCs represented by flood affected families were formed at the local level with full motivation, participation and commitment. This helped people to

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think forward and take necessary steps towards DRR initiatives. The flood affected people began to understand the importance of being prepared and organized for flood response and preparedness.

Translate the disaster preparedness knowledge into action: Though there were no activities within the scope of project to raise the hand pumps and toilets above the flood level, but through the series wise discussion and consultation process made people to initiate these activities with their own efforts. Such initiatives were undertaken especially in Dhanusha and Mahottari. People had realized the importance of increasing plinth level of house to secure during the inundation.

Initiate to realize the rights: The project initiated disseminating further information on rights to disaster affected people. Prior to project, people assumed that receiving relief materials was the mercy of institutions. They were unknown about their roles, rights and responsibilities. Now that scene has completely changed. During the evaluation, even women from the Mushahar, Paswan and Rajhi communities clearly put their agendas, issues and concerns on why they need more support then others. The logic they put during discussion clearly indicated that they were not only familiar with rights but also started to claim their rights with duty bearers. According to Ms Shantidevi Sada, Treasurer of WEG, Bhadaiya, Siraha, as they were unknown about the rights and process so they were deprived from the basic resources. But now they had understood the process and also realized the rights.

Enhanced understanding on disaster risk reduction: The community consultation meetings were effective to share issues and concerns, needs and aspirations related to disaster. The increase in understanding on DRR was possible through the series of capacity-building measures, skills and knowledge sharing.

Building mutual trust and transparency: The political climate of armed conflict and absence of rule of law in project areas were not conducive during project implementation. These conditions created a climate of distrust, trauma and fear amongst people, according to the beneficiaries and the project staff. Despite of such situations, the project works were continued because the project won the trust of communities. Because of the selection modality-participatory, inclusiveness, and dispute-less, the feeling of stakeholders towards the project was positive from the beginning. One of the reasons of winning trust was that DMCs were given full authority for procuring livelihood supported materials and key role in all decision making process. The sharing of plans and programmes, record keeping system, periodic meeting with local stakeholders and social auditing helped in maintaining transparency in the project. It was learnt that transparency had created the environment for co-financing in cash, kind and materials especially for school building construction. Transparency boards were put in all completed school buildings to demonstrate the details of the budget spent.

Adopted transparent procurement policy: The project has specific policies for the purchase of all capital items. All materials procured from outside were found of good quality. All materials were procured with three competitive quotations which showed the fair trading.

Decentralisation of project authority and work: The decision making structure of the project was found to be based on a clear division of responsibility. The project team in the districts was found to carry out day to day activities related to the planning, monitoring and supervision. Division of tasks and responsibilities among the staffs was clear and understood by all staff. Partner NGOs were happy with the supports and assistance received from AAN.

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Good organisational culture and management style: It was observed that financial and administrative procedures were well established and adhered by the project. Throughout the evaluation process, the project partners displayed a professional conduct and respectful behaviour in their interactions with members of target families irrespective of social status and ethnic/caste backgrounds, which indicated that they were nurtured by the good organisational culture and values. The senior staffs from AAN were also attending various functions in the field to monitor the progress of the project.

Functional coordination/linkages among the stakeholders: The project had shared all project information with District Natural Disaster Relief Committee (DNDRC), local government authorities as well as the civil society members, youth clubs, women groups, etc. As a result, there was no dispute in the area and target families' selection. In Banke, NGO was successful to coordinate with DDC, District Administration Office (DAO), DWIDP, BASE, RRN and DEO. The DEO assisted to manage a school teacher for Namuna Primary School, Matehiya and DWIDP provided 30 gabion wire and 500 jute sacks for river training work in Phattepur. In Bardiya, in coordination with DWIDP, DDC, RRN, Department for International Development, Japan International Cooperation Agency, river training and spur construction were initiated. The NGO was able to collect Rs 20,000 to establish emergency fund in a full support of Youth clubs. In Mahottari, Federation of Nepal Commerce and Cottage Industry, NRCS, Poverty Alleviation Fund, DPHO had contributed for the flood response program through resource and knowledge sharing.

Visibility in all activities: The project was found to have made significant contribution for the visibility to acknowledge Austcare and Australian government's support in all activities. The project had ensured Austcare logo in all packets of distribution of food, clothes and medicines. Transparency boards were found in all schools displaying the support details provided by Austcare log and acknowledgement of Austcare. During group meetings, orientations and inductions, banners were mandatory with logo of Austcare to explain the Austcare support. All formal documents and agreements included the Austcare logo. Its logo was visible in all publication, newsletters and publicity materials. It was also found during the evaluation discussion that target families had knowledge about the contribution made by Austcare and Australian government for the project activities.

4.2 Constraints The followings were the major constraints that hindered the progress of the project.

Political unrest and ongoing agitation in the Terai: Due to the current political situation there had been a restricted mobility within the project sites as all program districts are in the Terai region. Due to this reason, there was a problem in the procurement, transportation and distribution of relief items. The materials whatever available in the local market were procured and communities were mobilized to cross these obstacles.

No provision of transportation and logistic support in the proposal: There were some confusions at the beginning among the partner NGOs on how to manage expenses of transportation and logistic support as it was not provisioned in the proposal. However, these costs were adjusted from the 'community sharing' and 'community inputs' budget line, which was logical. The long processes and delay in budget disbursement were other constraint to operationalize the activities at the field level. Right after the agreement,

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people were busy in Dashain, the greatest festival of Nepal that also hindered to start up the project activities.

Inadequate understanding of the partners NGOs in DRR, CBDP and PVA: It had also been felt that there were limited capacities of partners in DRR, CBDP and PVA though they were familiar with the relief distribution practices. As a result, more time was allocated in the beginning to build the capacity of the partners along with implementation of the project. The intension was to implement the project through process approach (but not event-wise). A separate field officer managed by AAN for this project had supported to provide guidance, inductions, short trainings coaching and facilitation as per the requirement of the partner NGOs.

Less resource more demands: The relief package was not enough to cover target families. As a result, partner NGOs had selected most vulnerable families. It was particularly difficult during the distribution of food and non-food items as well and medicine support due to more demands. Selection of schools was equally difficult. Though the selection process was systematic with community's agreed indicators, but not all vulnerable families were covered as the resources were less and demands were high. In such cases, clear indicators for benefiting families are required.

Poor coordination among the different organizations: Different organizations have their own norms and policies for the relief distribution. It sometimes depends upon the resources available and the extent of vulnerability at the ground. If different organizations work in the same communities without proper coordination with different relief packages then it will certainly create a problem. The same situation was also observed particularly in Kailali and Banke. For instance, Care Nepal provided CGI sheets equivalent to Rs 8000 per family in Bhajani VDC (neighbouring VDC of Thapapur, Kailali where FAYA Nepal works, FAYA Nepal only provided Rs 3500 due to resource constraint). In Phattepur, Banke, Caritas Nepal had invested Rs 35000-40000 per family for house repair and maintenance whereas BEE-Group support was only Rs 3500 per family. These disparities in the response have created disputes among the families and sometimes it had created the issue of transparency of partner NGOs. Instead of working in the same VDC like in Phattepur, Banke, and creating the disputes among the families by two organizations, it is better not to duplicate the resources in the same community. If proper coordination was made earlier between BEE-Group and Caritas Nepal, Caritas Nepal could have worked in Lalpur, which was equally vulnerable from last year monsoon.

More demands as people were suffering from multiple forms of vulnerabilities: Along with the flood disaster, people were suffering from multiple forms of vulnerabilities. For instance, in Kailali and Bardiya, flood affected families were also victimized by wildlife. In Banke, the physical hardship was other vulnerability. The people from eastern districts like Dhanusha, Mahottarai, Siraha and Saptari were suffering from extreme poverty and new form of conflicts. These factors were taken as constraints as more time was required to listen various need and grievances of the flood affected families.

5. Lessons Learned The following are the some of the lessons that were learned from the project.

Capacity analysis of partners and orientation is required: It was learned that the capacity analysis of partners and proper orientation is important before the project implementation. Orientations for activists/staff, DMC members and other social elites was particularly important on the preparation of

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emergency response plan, CBDP, PVA, DRR and sphere standard. These could ensure uniformity in relief kits and to influence everybody for a quality response.

Link humanitarian support with long term development work: It was realized that if humanitarian support was linked with long term development work then sustainability of the humanitarian support can be ensured. During the evaluation discussion, it was found that basic guidance and follow-up actions would be possible even after the life of the project because these partner NGOs have been working in the same area with same people in long term development work. It was learnt that linking emergency response with development work leads to effective mobilization of the communities towards DRR, community empowerment, and establishing the rights.

Sustainable livelihood approach is important to ensure sustainability: The sustainable livelihood approach entails five capitals like social, human, financial, physical and natural. If the project is inclined towards the achievement in these five capitals from the beginning, it was realized that the project would be more sustainable. This can also bring visible results to the affected families.

Coordination among agencies for capacity building: State and NGOs role is very important for DRR. If proper coordination is ensured among the relevant organizations from the beginning, it is possible to strengthen capacity of vulnerable families through Safety Net Campaigns.

Indigenous technology and knowledge is important: Only physical improvement induced from outside may not be feasible to minimize the effects of flood. Therefore, indigenous knowledge, skills and experience of the local people in disaster risk reduction could be instrumental to reduce the effects of flood and other disasters. At local level, people have much knowledge about disaster preparedness and community based flood management. It is therefore realized that more investment in disaster preparedness is needed than just engaging in response. According to Mr. Punit Shah, chairperson of RHERI, Bardiya, if one has invested Rs 200,000 in disaster preparedness, then it is possible to work of response equivalent to Rs 600,000.

Giving community the central space: Community knows its own risks/vulnerability and the emerging challenges more than the outsiders, so it needs to be kept in the front while analyzing different forms of vulnerabilities. They know the risks they live with and their possible coping strategies. A simple but systematic facilitation is needed to systematise people's knowledge to translate the plan into action.

Role of CBOs and clubs in families' selection is vital: It was found that where there was involvement of CBOs and clubs, there were fewer disputes despite of political influence in relief distribution. Explaining the criteria for response and delineating the responsibilities to these community groups increase effectiveness and efficiency of response with timely accomplishment of the response project. The role of WEG and Women Rights Forums were very effective in families' selection. Similarly, separate group discussions with women and dalits are necessary to explore critical need and issues. Local clubs can act as change agents to disseminate the right message in right form at once in the communities.

Delay response is no response: It was shared by many families during evaluation discussion that delay response is no response. In time social response is even effective than materials support. For instance, in Kailali, when FAYA Nepal reached in the communities immediately after big flood to know 'where about' of the communities situation, they were more happy than

29

the response they received later. Communities symbolized FAYA Nepal as god as it was serious about their issues and concerns in the when even helicopter was unable to land in the village. It was learnt that the immediate response after the flood had created the interest and ownership of flood affected families in the program. There is equal need of emergency fund for immediate response.

6. RecommendationsDefinitely, the project has brought about some significant changes in the quality of life of participating group members and their families to reduce their vulnerability to flood disasters by increasing the capacity in responding effectively to flood. There is sufficient flexibility with regard to implementation of the planned activities to adjust to the specific field situation. However, there are still some areas where further works can be done:

Disaster preparedness is the only long-term solution. Disaster preparedness at community level needs to be further supplemented with preparedness measures at individual and family levels because the impacts from the disasters depend also on family preparedness in addition to community preparedness. Community based institutions can help to lead these initiatives at family and individual levels. There is a need to build the preparedness capacities of communities through life-saving preparedness skills e.g. first-aid, community contingency planning, early warning systems, etc. Mainstreaming DRR in long-term vision, policy-making and multi-stakeholder co-ordination is needed to tackle recurrent disasters.

More investment is needed for community assets: Apart from basic services of food, non-food and health care facilities, large-scale investment is required for community-based preparedness infrastructure assets viz. flood shelters, raised homesteads, boats, increased plinth level of houses and raised hand pump and toilets. More resources are needed to build resilience of local communities and district government to cope with the after effects of flood. Activities like food and cash for work can be implemented to establish such types of infrastructures.

Capacity building initiatives should be in fore-front: There is need to provide training to NGO partners, activists, volunteers and local level government officials on PVA, role of DP, need and damage assessment, DRR, sphere standard, relief management though right lenses. Simple orientation on climate change and adaptation is also required to know the causes and basic preparedness in advance. Local youths reported that they should be trained on the disaster need assessment trainings with forms at hand to ensure quick dissemination of the information on the impacts and to access the response timely and in quality.

Separate logistic person for effective response: Logistics person is required from day 1 to ensure smoother distribution and timely delivery. There should be one dedicated focal point for logistics and be responsible for all coordination, logistic issues, information, reporting both in AAN and partner level. This shall help to make track of the situation at local level including needs, transportations. The focal person also needs to prepare the list of suppliers so that there shall be no obstacles at the time of response.

Pre monsoon coordination meeting and action: It is required to organize pre monsoon coordination meeting before the monsoons to ensure coordination during disaster. It should be organized by District Natural Disaster Relief Committee including the relevant stakeholders. There is a need to establish separate disaster management cell in each district administration office. Timely and continuous co-ordination among district level stakeholders is

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essential for effective response and not to bring issues of supplication and varying relief kits. It means, these initiatives will support to establish the uniformity in the distribution of relief materials.

Develop human resources: Human resource development within the organization should be enhanced to ensure the quality of work. The outside resource persons may not always understand the local context and may therefore not be appropriate to the standards of the community they seek to share their skills and knowledge to. Community volunteer's trainings can support to take similar actions effectively in the future years.

Ensure basic inputs for livelihood interventions: The livelihood interventions are the key aspects for the sustainability of the humanitarian initiatives at local level. But it is required to make quick feasibility study to know management, the needed inputs for the operation of livelihood intervention in reaping more income. Activities like food for work or cash for work can be piloted in similar situation of response.

Promote the flood resistant crops: There is a need to cultivate either those crops which are harvested before the flooding season starts or plant those crops that can withstand a certain degree of flooding. Promotions of flood friendly agricultural practices are equally important to reduce the risk. Hence, it is necessary to adopt appropriate variety of crops depending on the timing, water level and type of soil. As part of the recovery practices, knowledge of livestock insurance can be promoted so that there shall be community –led insurance to reduce the risks people face during disasters.

Organize psycho-social training: Due to flood related troubles, majority of the people along the river bank were found living with fear and trauma. As a result, poor social networks and weak social insurance and solidarity made them cheerlessness always. To improve the situation, there is a need of organising psycho-social training to the flood affected people to raise the rays of hope in difficult times.

With these recommendations, the independent evaluations clearly indicate that the project was a huge success with good lessons for the partner organizations, AAN and the beneficiaries. These lessons if properly internalized can bring tangible changes and positive results in the years ahead.

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Annexes

Annex-1: List of KIIs (staff of partner NGOs)

FAYA Nepal, Kailali1. Dhanapati Dhungel2. Bishnu Chand3. Damber Shah4. Shekhar Ghimire5. Dil Bahadur Kunwar6. Dharma Raj Pathak

RHERI, Bardiya1. Kripal Chaudhary2. Santaram Chaudhari3. Punit Shah

BEE-Group1. Rajaram Kathayat2. Niraj Tharu3. Dol Bahadur Bhandari

CDP, Mahottri1. Sadhana Verma2. Kamalesh Kumar Singh3. Anjana Chaudhary

SODEP, Dhanusha1. Deependra Mahato2. Satya Narayan Sah

DJKYC, Siraha1. Sunil Kumar Sah2. Umesh Kumar Bisunkhee3. Binod Kumar Bisunkhee4. Sanat Lal Sada

AAN1. Suresh Thapa, PSO, Biratnager2. Jatasawal, PSO, Nepalgunj

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Annex-2: Benefited HHs and population by caste and age group by districts

SODEP Nepal, Dhanusha

S.N.

PROGRAM

TARGETED HH

DALIT HH

DALITJANJATI HH

JANJATI

OTHER HH

OTHER TOTAL

F M F M F M F M

1NFI+ Food item

155 154

445

480 1 2 3 44

7483

2House repairing

5050 13

7145

137

145

3 Livelihood

100 55 129

152 11 2

736 34 81 97 23

7285

4Free Health Campaign

20038 29 3

119 50 33 11

9 81

5Clothes distribution

10051 79 11

1 79 111

6 School support

NA NA NA

NA

NA NA

NA

NA NA

NA

NA NA

Total 310

828

917 12 6

058 34 13

1130

1019

1105

SODEP Nepal

S.N. PROGRAM > 15 YRS 15-60 YRS >60

YRS TOTALF M F M F M F M

1 NFI+ Food item 227 255 217 224 3 4 447 4832 House repairing 64 67 72 76 1 2 137 145

3 Livelihood 97 129 123 135 17 21 237 285

4 Free Health campaign 16 32 95 39 8 10 119 81

5 Clothes distribution 29 49 44 53 6 9 79 111

6 School support

Total 433 532 551 527 35 46 1019

1105

Faya Nepal, Kailali

S.N. Program

Dailet HH

Dailet Janjati HH

JanjatiOther HH

Other Total

F M F M F M F M

1NFI + Food items 45 147

135 92

315 280 63 242

246

704

661

2House repairing 25 93 81 52

208 254 23 69

55

370

390

33

3 Livelihood 42 125123 98

332 312 60 185

194

642

629

4School support   22 12   21 15   25

25 68 52

  Total 112 387351

242

876 861

146 521

520

1784

1732

Faya Nepal, Kailali

S.N. Program

< 15 years

15 –60 years

>60 years Total

F M F M F M F M

1NFI + Food items 282 243 389 392 33 26 704 661

2House repairing 159 158 190 218 21 14 370 390

3 Livelihood 298 255 316 353 28 21 642 629

4 School support 22 12 21 15 25 25 68 52

  Total 761 668 916 978 107 86178

4173

2

BEE-Group, Banke

S.N. Program

Dailet HH

Dailet Janjati HH

JanjatiOther HH

Other Total

F M F M F M F M

1NFI + Food items 15 7 8 65 8 57 20 5

23 20 80

2House repairing 5 4 1 46 9 37 49 16

33 29 71

3 Livelihood 8 3 5 47 5 44 43 1725 25 75

4School support 2 1 2 13 5 8 82 56

62 62 36

5Health Support 16 9 7 45 21 24 38 24 4 54 45

  Total 46 24 23216 48 170

232 118

190

190

307

BEE-Group, Banke

S.N. Program

< 15 years

15 –60 years

>60 years Total

F M F M F M F M

34

1NFI + Food items 79 94 34 49 21 15 134 158

2House repairing 155 164 184 202 18 16 357 382

3 Livelihood 302 256 312 367 21 24 635 647

4 School support 27 15 27 18 24 32 78 65

  Total 563 529 557 636 84 87120

4125

2

RHERI, Bardiya

ProgramDalit HHs

Dalit  

Janjati

Janjati  

Other

Other  

Total  

Remarks

    M F   M F   M F M F  NFI+Food item 25 42 58 138 290 398 43 82 113 414 414House repairing 6 11 12 25 115 138 19 81 98 207 207Livelihoods 16 35 42 62 140 156 22 45 56 220 220School Support  NA

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 

Total 47 8811

2 225 545692 84 208

267 841

841

RHERI, BardiyaS.N. Program

< 15 years  

15-60 Yrs  

> 60 Yrs  

Total  

Remarks

    F M F M M F M F  

1NFI+Food item 245 335 166 230 3 4 414 569  

2House repairing 120 143 80 93 7 12 207 248  

3 Livelihoods 130 148 85 95 5 11 220 254  

4School Support

NA NA NA NA NA NA

NA NA 

  Total 49562

6 331418 15

27 841

1071  

DJKYC, Siraha

S.N. Program

< 15 years

15 –60 years

>60 years Total

F M F M F M F M

1NFI + Food items

1252 649 887 32 188 170 2327 851

2House repairing 27 30 27 30

3 Livelihood NANA NA NA NA NA NA NA

4 School supportNA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

35

  Total 56352

9 557 636 84 87120

4125

2

DJKYC, Siraha

ProgramDalit HHs Dalit  

Janjati HHs Janjati  

Other HHS Other   Total  

    M F   M F   M F M FNFI+Food itemHouse repairingLivelihoodsSchool SupportTotal 3197 4 13

NB: Breakdown is not available

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