Product Cost Flows and Business

Organizations

Product Cost Flows and Business

Organizations

C H A P T E R 3

Manufacturing overheadall costs incurred in the manufacturing process other than direct materials and direct labor.

Define the Three Manufacturing Product Costs

Direct laborwages paid to those who physically work on the direct materials to transform them to a finished product and are traceable to those products.

Direct materialsmaterials that become part of the product and are traceable to it.

Direct Labor Costs

Direct Labor Costs

Assignment of Product Costs

Product CostProduct Cost

Direct Materials

Costs

Direct Materials

Costs- Expenditure

and use usually match production.

- Expenditure and use usually match production.

Easily assigned to products.

Easily assigned to products.

Manufacturing Overhead

Costs

Manufacturing Overhead

Costs- Total costs not known

until the end of the period.

- Not usually assigned to specific products.

- “Lumped” costs don’t match production very well.

Difficult to assign to products.

Product Cost Systems

Why does management needs accurate product cost information?

Why does management needs accurate product cost information?

To plan for the future.

To control current operations.

To evaluate past performance.

To deliver high-quality products to customers at the lowest price and at the fastest speed.

Product Cost Systems

What does accurate information allow management to do?

What does accurate information allow management to do?

To determine the appropriate level at which to operate.

To assess the long-term profitability of various products.

To manage the costs of production activities.

Review the Time Line of Business

BUY

raw materials or goods for resale

COMPUTE

ADD

value

SELL

finished inventory

cost of goods soldending inventory

To accurately measure product costs, accountants must:

Determine which costs relate to manufacturing and which relate to administrative and selling functions.

Accurately identify and measure all costs associated with manufacturing.

Determine appropriate ways to assign costs incurred to products manufactured.

Measuring Cost

Outline the Flow of Cost in a Manufacturing Process

Raw Materials Inventory

Direct Labor

Factory Overhead

Work-In- Process

Inventory

Cost of Goods Sold

Finished Goods

Inventory

Determining Cost

Multiple products produced in same facility.

Changing prices and labor rates.

Multiple manufacturing locations (perhaps international).

Individuals performing multiple tasks.

What are some difficulties in determining costs of manufactured products?

Direct materials

Costs of Manufacturing ProductsDiscuss the Nature of Raw Materials.

Cost of raw materials used directly in the

manufacture of products.

Kept in raw materials warehouse until used.

Examples: Rubber to make tires, steel to make cars, wood to

make tables.

Example: Direct Materials Costs

Venus Vehicles purchased $2 million of steel for its new line of cars. What is the journal entry?

Raw Materials Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . 2,000,000Accounts Payable . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,000,000

Half the new steel is requested from the warehouse for production. What is the journal entry?

Work-in-Process Inventory. . . . . . . . . .1,000,000 Raw Materials Inventory . . . . . . . .1,000,000

Indirect materials ($250,000 of glue and bolts) are requisitioned from the storeroom. What is the journal entry?

Manufacturing Overhead. . . . . . . . . . . . 250,000Raw Materials Inventory . . . . . . . . 250,000

Direct labor

Costs of Manufacturing ProductsDiscuss the Nature of Direct Labor.

Wages/payroll-related expenses of factory

employees who work directly on products.

Does not include wages/benefits of those who do not work directly

on making products.

Cost of wages/benefits for assembly workers.

Direct Labor Costs and ExampleTime clocks, computer entries, time sheets—

- All allow production personnel to identify specific jobs worked on.

This information is revealed on the job cost sheet.Labor costs can be direct or indirect.Payroll records report direct labor of $50,000 and

indirect labor of $50,000. Record the direct labor.

Work-in Process Inventory. . .50,000Wages Payable. . . . . . . . 50,000

Manufacturing Overhead. . . . 50,000Wages Payable. . . . . . . . . 50,000

Record the indirect labor.

Manufacturing overhead

Costs of Manufacturing ProductsDiscuss the Nature of Factory Overhead.

All manufacturing costs not classified as

direct materials or direct labor.

Miscellaneous materials used in

production (such as glue or nails).

Costs such as utilities, depreciation,

insurance, and property taxes.

Describe Some of the Characteristics of Manufacturing Overhead Costs

Involves more complex accounting procedures and estimation problems.

Must often be estimated in advance of their occurrence.

Cannot be traced directly to individual items produced during the period.

Managers need current product cost information:

- for pricing similar jobs.

- for estimating costs for next period.

Therefore, each job is assigned a share of estimated overhead.

Describe the Two-Step Process to Apply Manufacturing Overhead to Products

Step One

Annual expected (budgeted)manufacturing overhead

Annual expected (budgeted) activity level(e.g., direct labor hours)

=Predeterminedoverhead rate

Step TwoPredeterminedoverhead rate

xActual activitylevel per job

=Allocated manufacturing

overhead assigned to job

Steel Works estimates annual variable manufacturing overhead costs of $10,000 and fixed manufacturing overhead of $20,000. What is the predetermined overhead rate if the company expects to use the machines 10,000 hours?

Example: Determining Manufacturing Overhead Rate

$30,000

10,000= $3.00 per machine

hour

Total estimated manufacturing overhead costs

Selected activity base (machine hours)=

Steel Works used 10 machine hours in the production of Job No. 12. Using the $3.00 predetermined overhead rate, what overhead costs will be applied to manufacturing overhead (MOH) for this job? What is the journal entry to apply this MOH to Job No. 12?

Work-in-Process Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . 30Manufacturing Overhead . . . . . . . . 30

OverheadRate

$3.00

Actual Activity

10 hoursx =

AppliedMOH

$30.00

Example: Determining Manufacturing Overhead Rate

Steel Works used $100 in direct materials in Job No. 12’s production as well as 10 hours of direct labor at $20 per hour. Using a job cost sheet, determine the job’s total cost. Now that the job is complete, prepare the entries for its transfer to Finished Goods and its sale.

Job Cost Sheet Job No. 12

Direct Materials $100

Direct Labor 200

MOH 30

Total $330

Example: Transferring Completed Products to Finished Goods Inventory and then Selling

the Products

Finished Goods Inventory . . 330Work-in Process. . . . . . . . . . . . 330

Cost of Goods Sold. . . . . . . 330 Finished Goods Inventory. . . 330

Actual versus Applied Manufacturing Overhead

Actual Overhead Actual annual manufacturing overhead costs. Needed for accurate determination of income. Recorded as debit to Manufacturing

Overhead.Applied Overhead

Amount of overhead applied to products using the predetermined overhead rate.

Recorded as credit to Manufacturing Overhead.

Disposition of Over- and Underapplied MOH

Overapplied Manufacturing Overhead:

The excess of applied overhead costs over actual overhead costs for a period.

Manufacturing Overhead

Actual

10

Applied

20

Underapplied Manufacturing Overhead:

The excess of actual overhead costs over applied overhead costs for a period.

(Cost of job is overstated)

Manufacturing Overhead

Actual

20

Applied

10

(Cost of job is understated)

Treating Applied Overhead

Two methods for treating over- and underapplied MOH:

- Allocate over- or underapplied manufacturing overhead to Work-in-Process Inventory, Finished Goods Inventory, and Cost of Goods Sold on the basis of the ending balances in these three accounts.

- More accurate; any difference is allocated proportionately.

- More complicated; requires detailed calculations.

- Close over- or underapplied overhead directly to Cost of Goods Sold.

- Easier and more commonly used, especially if amount is small.

- Debit MOH, Credit COGS.

The Distribution Channel

The process of wholesalers purchasing from manufacturers and supplying retailers who sell to final customers.

A Typical Channel of Distribution

Manufacturer Brand A

Manufacturer Brand B

Manufacturer Brand C

Manufacturer Brand D

Manufacturer Brand E

Manufacturer Brand F

Wholesaler

Wholesaler

Wholesaler

Retailer

Brand A Customers

Brand B Customers

Brand C Customers

Brand D Customers

Brand E Customers

Brand F Customers

Wholesalers Receive goods in bulk

shipments; break them down for smaller shipments to retailers.

Profit—the difference between price at which they buy goods and price at which they sell goods to retailers.

Quality and timelines are also important performance measures.

To be profitable, wholesalers must be sure the right goods are received and shipped in the right manner to the right retailer for the right price at the right time.

To be profitable, wholesalers must be sure the right goods are received and shipped in the right manner to the right retailer for the right price at the right time.

Retailers – Define Risk and Stockturns

Often work with many wholesalers (and some manufacturers) to obtain inventory mix.

Risk is having money tied up in inventory that is not selling (opportunity cost).

Stockturns—the faster stock (inventory) can be turned, the sooner the money is available to purchase more inventory.

Second-tier merchants who typically purchase products from wholesalers to distribute to customers. Many will often bypass wholesalers to purchase inventory directly from the original manufacturers.

Second-tier merchants who typically purchase products from wholesalers to distribute to customers. Many will often bypass wholesalers to purchase inventory directly from the original manufacturers.

Describe Merchandise Cost Flows

Accounts Payable

xxx

xx

Merchandise Inventory

xxxx

x

xxCost of Goods

Sold

xx

xx x

Inventory is purchased

Inventory is sold

Costs incurred to

ship in inventory

Inventory is returned

Describe Accounting for InventoryIn merchandising, accounting is fairly straightforward:

no raw materials, inventory, manufacturing overhead, or work-in-process accounts.

Inventory costs are often expensed as a period cost, included in Selling and General Administrative Expenses.

Prepare journal entry for when $465 inventory is sold.

Jan. 1 Cost of Goods Sold. . . . . . . . . 475

Merchandise Inventory . . . . 475

Sold inventory to customers.

Define a Service Company

Important for service firms to develop useful management accounting systems that support managing costs, quality, and timeliness in creating and delivering their product.

An organization whose main economic activity involves producing a nonphysical product that provides value to a customer.

What are the Effects of Deregulation?

In service sector, deregulation has changed pricing and profitability.

Now the most efficient producers establish prices.

Service providers who don’t know their costs will: not be able to aggressively set prices. not be responsive to consumer demands. not make enough money to stay in business.

List Similarities Between Service and Manufacturing Firms

Both prepare product for sale and delivery.

Both involve direct labor and overhead.

Both create a high-quality product that must be delivered in a timely manner while keeping costs low.

Creative process requires highly paid skilled labor or expensive capital equipment and buildings.

Large overhead must be allocated to the direct product provided to the customer.

Differences Between Service and Manufacturing Firms

Distribution channel not as prevalent in service firms.

Most service firms deal directly with end-user.

More customization in service firms.

Most service firms use a job order approach rather than a process approach to cost accounting.

Raw material inventories are insignificant or nonexistent in service firms.

Difficult in service industry to store finished service in anticipation of later sale.

Work-in-Process Inventory

At period’s end, there may be situations where significant effort and resources have been invested in a service product that is not yet completed.

Revenue is not yet earned; therefore, costs should not be recognized yet as expenses. This work in process is an asset, referred to as Work-in-Process Services.

When service is completed and delivered, service costs (overhead costs and work-in-process services) are transferred to Cost of Services.

What Impact Has e-business Had on Product Costs?

1. Reduced cost of materials, since businesses can search for the best price.

2. Better management of direct labor costs.

3. In some cases, customers interact with technology instead of employees.

4. Significant changes in the structure of companies which greatly affects overhead costs.

Expanded MaterialLearning Objective 7

Use the FIFO method to do process costing.

Process Costing

Process costing is appropriate if what two general conditions are met?

The units produced as a result of passing through the process centers must be basically the same.

The activity performed in each process center must be identical for all units.

What are the 5 Steps in Process Costing?

Step 1 Identify units that went into the process and identify where those units are at the end of the processing time. Determine the amount of work done during the processing time period.

Step 2 Determine the amount of production costs that went into the process and compute the product costs per unit for the processing time period.

Step 3 Compute the total cost of units completed and transferred out during the processing time period.

Step 4 Compute the total cost of units remaining in process at the end of the processing time period.

Step 5 Prepare the production cost report.

Step 1: Compute Equivalent Units of Production

Physical Units (lbs) % Done

Equivalent Units % Done

Equivalent Units

Beginning work-in-process 4,000 0% - 80% 3,200 Started & completed 44,000 100% 44,000 100% 44,000

Ending work-in-process 2,000 100% 2,000 60% 1,200

Equivalent units of production 46,000 48,400

Transferred out 48,000

Direct Materials Costs Conversion Costs

Step 2: Compute Product Costs per Unit

Total Costs

Equivalent Units

Cost per Unit

Beginning work-in-process Direct materials costs 800$ 4,000 0.20$ Conversion costs 1,200 800 1.50

Total 2,000$ Total 1.70$ Current period Direct materials costs 9,660$ 46,000 0.21$ Conversion costs 70,180 48,400 1.45

Total 79,840$ Total 1.66$

Step 3: Compute the Costs Transferred Out

Cost per Unit

Equivalent Units

Beginning work-in-process Initial direct materials costs 800$ Initial conversions costs 1,200 Cost to complete materials 0.21$ - - Cost to complete conversion 1.45 3,200 4,640

Total 6,640$ Started and completed 1.66$ 44,000 73,040 Total costs transferred out 79,680$

Step 4: Compute Costs of Ending Work-in Process Inventory

Cost per Unit

Equivalent Units

Costs for direct materials 0.21$ 2,000 420$ Conversion costs 1.45 1,200 1,740

Cost of ending work-in-process 2,160$

Step 5: Prepare the Production Cost Report

The production cost report contains the information prepared and presented in steps 1 through 4.