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Transcript of Product Carbon Footprinting International Standards - ICTSD · PDF fileGHG protocol, PAS 2050...
Product Carbon Footprinting
International Standards
Dr. Barbara Nebel, PE INTERNATIONAL
1. Introduction
2. Overview of standards
3. Examples
4. Conclusions
Introduction
3 14.12.2011
4 14.12.2011
Standards
Guidelines
Protocols
Specifications
Regulations
5 14.12.2011
International
National
Governments
NGOs
Industry groups
Dimension Life Cycle
Planning Raw
materials
Production Construction Operation Waste Recycling
6 14.12.2011
Unilever
7 14.12.2011
Levi Strauss & Co
8 14.12.2011
Reasons for undertaking Carbon Footprinting studies
Internal benchmark
Development of new products
Improvement of existing products
Purchase/investment decisions
Raw material selection
Transport decisions
Contribute to overall sustainability strategy
Policy development
Marketing
Ecolable
Engagement with suppliers
9 14.12.2011
1. Introduction
2. Overview of standards
3. Examples
4. Conclusions
International standards and
guidelines
Overview of standards
11
ISO 14040/44
Industry specific
guidelines
GHG protocol
Carbon
ISO DIS 14067.1
Carbon
PAS 2050:2011
Carbon
ISO 14025
ISO DIS 14046.1
Water
Product category
rules
Product category
rules
Supplementary requirements
12 12
ISO 14040 and 14044
Published in 2006
(Initial standards published in 1996)
Framework for LCA
Goal and Scope definition
Inventory Analysis
Impact Assessment
Interpretation
Environmental impacts
PAS 2050:2011
13 14.12.2011
British Standards Institute
First published in 2008
Revised version 2011
Reference to ISO 14040 and 14044
“PAS 2050 builds on existing life cycle
assessment methods established
through BS EN ISO 14040 and BS EN
ISO 14044 by specifying requirements
for the assessment of the life cycle GHG
emissions of goods and services.”
Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative
Product Accounting & Reporting Standard
The Product Standard was published in
September 2011
Road tested in over 70 companies
Reference to ISO 14040 and 14044
“The Product Standard builds on the
framework and requirements established
in the ISO LCA standards (14040:2006,
Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and
Framework and 14044:2006, Life Cycle
Assessment: Requirements and
Guidelines) and PAS 2050, with the
intent of providing additional
specifications and guidance to facilitate
the consistent quantification and public
reporting of product life cycle GHG
inventories.”
14 14.12.2011
Product Carbon Footprinting ISO standard
DRAFT ISO CD 14067.3
ISO CD 14067.3
Committee Draft 3
DIS in December
Expected to be released late 2012
Reference to ISO 14040 and 14044
“This International Standard specifies
principles and requirements for studies
to quantify and communicate the carbon
footprint of a product (CFP), based on
existing life cycle assessment (ISO
14040 series) and environmental labels
and declaration (ISO 14020 series)
standards.”
15 14.12.2011
ISO 14025
ISO 14025 Environmental labels and
declarations -- Type III environmental
declarations -- Principles and
procedures
Type III environmental declarations
present quantified environmental
information on the life cycle of a product
to enable comparisons between
products fulfilling the same function.
Such declarations ... are based on
independently verified life cycle
assessment (LCA) data, life cycle
inventory analysis (LCI) data or
information modules in accordance
with the ISO 14040 series of
standards and, where relevant,
additional environmental information.
Product category rules for product
groups
16 14.12.2011
Sector Specific Guideline
International Dairy Federation
Bulletin of the International Dairy
Federation 445/2010
Guideline prepared at request of 56
IDF member countries
Sector specific guidance
“Calculation of the carbon footprint of
a product using LCA methodology
should be based on the ISO 14000
series, specifically ISO 14040, ISO
14044, and in future ISO 14067; the
recommendations of PAS 2050
should also be taken into account
where advised in this document.”
IDF closely liaised with WBCSG
(GHG protocol)
17 14.12.2011
GHG protocol, PAS 2050, ISO 14067
Difference to ISO 14040/44
ISO 14040/44 provides methodological framework
GHG protocol, PAS 2050 and ISO 14067 (in future) establish additional principles and
techniques that
address essential aspects of GHG assessment, including:
scope of greenhouse gases to be included;
treatment of emissions from land use change, soil carbon change, and biogenic
and fossil carbon sources;
treatment of the impact of carbon storage in products, and offsetting;
requirements for the treatment of GHG emissions arising from specific processes,
e.g. green electricity;
data requirements and accounting for emissions from renewable energy
generation;
18 14.12.2011
What standard to choose?
Do you want to
... Get started understanding your Carbon Footprint?
... Use results for internal work only?
... Communicate results to third parties?
19 14.12.2011
Horses for courses...
20 14.12.2011
Examples
1. Introduction
2. Overview of standards
3. Examples
4. Conclusions
Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry – New Zealand
GHG strategy for the land-based primary sector
The strategy seeks to position New Zealand‟s land-based primary sectors to respond to
significant and increasing pressure by key export markets for information on the GHG-
intensity for primary products
Pilot studies include:
Forestry
Apples
Lamb
Venison
Dairy
Berryfruit
Onions
Kiwifruit
Wine
Etc.
Further information: http://www.maf.govt.nz/environment-natural-resources/climate-
change/greenhouse-gas-footprinting-strategy
Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the Forestry Sector in
New Zealand
Greenhouse Gas emissions of the Forestry Sector in
New Zealand
Julie Sandilands, Barbara Nebel, Carolyn Hodgson,
Peter Hall
Methodology report
Forestry GHG emissions
Pulp and Paper Carbon Footprint Guidelines
Sawmill Carbon Footprint Guidelines
Engineered Wood Products Carbon Footprint
Guidelines
Forestry Carbon Footprint Guidelines
23 14.12.2011
Goal and Scope
Goals of the study
To evaluate the carbon footprint of log production from New Zealand‟s radiata
pine plantation forests;
To identify the global warming potential of harvested wood, to allow for
carbon footprint calculations of wood based products.
To provide an example and benchmark for a GHG footprint of forestry
operations
Functional Unit
1 m3 of radiata pine in log form under bark
= 1 tonne green logs
= 450 kg oven dried wood
System boundary
Included: Transport of Workers; Forest Roading;
Excluded: Capital Goods; Soil Carbon.
Scion 2011
Sandilands, J.; Nebel, B.; Hodgson, C.; Hall, P.
Goal and Scope
Forestry
Sector
Nursery
Cuttings
Seedlings
Land
Preparation
Forest
Establishment
Forest
Tending Harvesting Cartage
Chemical Land
Preparation
Mechanical
Land
Preparation
Road
Building
Planting
Fertilising
Releasing
Pruning
Thinning
Dothistroma
Control
Infrastructure
Felling
Skidding
Hauling
Log-making
Loading/
Stacking
Transport to
Sawmill
Scion 2011
Sandilands, J.; Nebel, B.; Hodgson, C.; Hall, P.
Data Sources
Data sources
Ecological Footprint Plus (EF+) project
2005 base year
Upstream databases
Professional Judgement
Assumptions – verified by industry
Production rates
Diesel in Machinery
Man hours
Production rates
Tending regimes
Harvesting systems
Fuel use in Cartage
Industry Verification
Scion 2011
Sandilands, J.; Nebel, B.; Hodgson, C.; Hall, P.
Harvesting systems
Ground-based Manual Ground-based Mechanical
Process Machinery Process Machinery
Manual Felling 2 chainsaws Mechanised Felling 1 feller buncher/
delimber (excavator)
Skidding 1 skidder Skidding 2 skidders
Log Making 2 chainsaws Log Making 1 processor
1 chainsaw
Loading/Stacking 2 loaders (excavators) Loading/Stacking 2 loaders (excavators)
Crew size 8 Crew size 8
Hauler Manual Hauler Mechanical
Process Machinery Process Machinery
Manual Felling 2 chainsaws Manual Felling 2 chainsaws
Hauling 1 hauler Hauling 1 hauler
Log Making 2 chainsaws Log Making 1 processor
Loading/Stacking 2 loaders (excavators) Loading/Stacking 2 loaders (excavators)
Crew size 10 Crew size 8
Scion 2011
Sandilands, J.; Nebel, B.; Hodgson, C.; Hall, P.
Inventory – Releasing per hectare
Process Input Quantity Unit Comments
Transport of
workers
Diesel 0.76 l
Oil 0.006 l
Aviation
Kerosene 1.58 l
Oil 0.002 l
Chemicals
Hexazinone 0.408 kg Modelled as
Hexamethylenediamine
Terbuthylazine 2.31 kg Modelled as Methyl-
isobutylketone.
Water 72.3 l
Scion 2011
Sandilands, J.; Nebel, B.; Hodgson, C.; Hall, P.
Harvest
50.2%
Cartage
42.0%
Forest Establishment
3.1%
Forest Tending
3.5%
Nursery
0.1%
Land Preparation
1.1%
Global warming potential of forestry by stage
(1m3 harvested wood)
Forestry stage Nursery
Land
preparation
Forest
establishment
Forest
tending Harvest Cartage Total
GWP (kg CO2-Equiv.) 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.6 8.6 7.2 17.2
Scion 2011
Sandilands, J.; Nebel, B.; Hodgson, C.; Hall, P.
Hauling
22%Skidding
12%
Loading/Stacking
27%
Logmaking
11%
Felling (Manual)
2%
Felling (Mechanised)
2%
Infrastructure
20%
Transport of Workers
4%
Percentage contribution of harvesting processes
to the global warming potential of harvesting
Scion 2011
Sandilands, J.; Nebel, B.; Hodgson, C.; Hall, P.
Domestic and Exported Logs
Scion 2011
Sandilands, J.; Nebel, B.; Hodgson, C.; Hall, P.
IT’S YOUR TURN
Process Input/Output Quantity
/ year Unit
Quantity/
hectare
Default
Quantity
/ hectare
Emission
Factor
(kg CO2
equiv./„Unit‟)
Emissions/
hectare
(quantity/
hectare*
emission factor)
Total area released ha - - - -
Transport of
workers
(spot
releasing)
Diesel l 0.76 2.99
Oil l 6.4E-3 2.38
Aviation
(aerial
releasing)
Kerosene l 1.6 2.52
Oil l 1.5E-3 2.38
Chemicals
Hexazinone kg 0.41 *
Terbuthylazine
Valzine 500 kg 2.3 *
Other Inputs As required
Total Emissions
Scion 2011
Sandilands, J.; Nebel, B.; Hodgson, C.; Hall, P.
Greenhouse Gas Footprint Study for
Exported New Zealand Lamb
AgResearch March 2010
Ledgard, S.F., Lieffering, M., McDevitt,
J., Boyes, M. and Kemp, R.
33 14.12.2011
Carbon Footprint of NZ Lamb
Objectives:
To provide a unique, unprecedented benchmark from which all in the industry can
understand the carbon footprint for New Zealand lamb consumed in the European
market, specifically the United Kingdom.
To enable every participant in the New Zealand lamb industry supply chain to better
understand and improve their emissions performance.
To provide simple tools for members of the supply chain to understand the impact that
different operational decisions (effort and investment) would have on the carbon
footprint of lamb.
Methodology:
This study has used the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach and is consistent with
the PAS2050 published standard for greenhouse gas footprinting. Life cycle
assessment seeks to examine the impacts of a product from production to
consumption.
AgResearch March 2010
Ledgard, S.F., Lieffering, M., McDevitt, J., Boyes, M. and Kemp, R.
34 14.12.2011
Methodological aspects
Functional unit:
100 gram portion of raw, purchased meat as the functional unit under consideration
Allocation:
In this study we have used biophysical allocation between different animal types on
farm, based on the amount of feed they consumed. Economic allocation was used
between lamb meat, mutton and wool and also at the meat processing stage between
meat and non-meat products.
AgResearch March 2010
Ledgard, S.F., Lieffering, M., McDevitt, J., Boyes, M. and Kemp, R.
35 14.12.2011
Carbon sequestration
Carbon stores can be accumulated in sheep and beef farming in the growing of shelter
belts, the reversion of marginal land into native bush or the planting of steeper land with
trees for erosion prevention
There is also a significant amount of research underway aimed at understanding the
performance and potential of pastoral soils in accumulating soil carbon. Soil carbon
sequestration is not thoroughly understood by scientists at this time.
In the present study, the net emissions from sheep and beef farms were estimated in a
manner consistent with the New Zealand GHG Inventory as reported to the UNFCCC.
This approach does not consider sequestration, either through growth of trees on farms
or accumulation of carbon in soils.
AgResearch March 2010
Ledgard, S.F., Lieffering, M., McDevitt, J., Boyes, M. and Kemp, R.
36 14.12.2011
Results
AgResearch March 2010
Ledgard, S.F., Lieffering, M., McDevitt, J., Boyes, M. and Kemp, R.
37 14.12.2011
Results – On Farm
On farm, the largest specific contributors to emissions are natural processes associated
with sheep utilising pasture as a feed source. These natural processes include methane
from rumen digestion of pasture (via belching – 57% of total footprint) and nitrous oxide
from animal excreta on soil (15% of total footprint).
Oceanic shipping of meat from New Zealand to Europe in refrigerated containers, at
nearly 5% of total, is over 90% of the overall commercial transportation contribution to
the total GHG footprint.
The consumer-related components of the footprint are estimated to account for 12% of
the total GHG footprint (increasing to 19% if travel to and from the supermarket is
included).
AgResearch March 2010
Ledgard, S.F., Lieffering, M., McDevitt, J., Boyes, M. and Kemp, R.
38 14.12.2011
Conclusions
1. Introduction
2. Overview of standards
3. Examples
4. Conclusions
Conclusion
Different standards and guidelines are available
All based on principles of ISO 14040/44
Slight methodological differences, but will in most cases not results in
significantly different results
Additional guidance for carbon related topics in
PAS 2050:2008
GHG protocol standard for products
ISO DIS 14067.1
IDF methodology
Not only choice of standard will influence credibility and robustness of results
Background data
Assumptions
External review
40 14.12.2011
Application of standards for Carbon Footprinting
Provide a level playing field for quantification of GHG emissions
Support correct and comparable communication of Carbon Footprints in the
market place
Enhance credibility, consistency and transparency of the quantification of
Carbon Footprints
Offers organizations a method to deliver improved understanding of the GHG
emissions arising from their supply chains
Enable meaningful GHG emission reduction programmes
Facilitate the development and implementation of GHG management
strategies
41 14.12.2011
42 14.12.2011
Dr Barbara Nebel
www.pe-international.com
Acknowledgement
Thank you to SIS for
organising and SECO
for funding this
session.