Processor Technology and Architecture By Bandhit Panchitkaew.

Processor Technology and Processor Technology and ArchitectureArchitecture

By Bandhit PanchitkaewBy Bandhit Panchitkaew

What is processor ?What is processor ?

• It is a device that performs data It is a device that performs data manipulation, executes all manipulation, executes all instructions within the computer instructions within the computer system and other function such as:system and other function such as:

•ComputationComputation

•ComparisonComparison

•Data movement among storage devicesData movement among storage devices

•Etc.Etc.

How it works ?How it works ?

• An instruction is a signal or An instruction is a signal or command to a processor to perform command to a processor to perform its functions such as:its functions such as:

•To compute the division of two numbersTo compute the division of two numbers

•To compute the multiplication of ten To compute the multiplication of ten numbersnumbers

•To move the data to primary storage device, To move the data to primary storage device, etcetc

Types of ProcessorTypes of Processor

1.1. General-Purpose ProcessorGeneral-Purpose Processor• It can execute many different It can execute many different

instructions in many different instructions in many different sequences.sequences.

• It is designed to do many different It is designed to do many different tasks such as calculation, comparison, tasks such as calculation, comparison, etc.etc.

• A good example of processor is what A good example of processor is what we have in computer. we have in computer.

Types of ProcessorTypes of Processor

2.2. Special-Purpose processorSpecial-Purpose processor• It is designed to perform only one specific It is designed to perform only one specific

task.task.

• It is a processor with single internal It is a processor with single internal program.program.

• For example:For example:– Microwave OvenMicrowave Oven– Compact Disc PlayerCompact Disc Player– Computer PrinterComputer Printer

Three main Components in Three main Components in CPUCPU

1.1. Arithmetic Logic Unit:Arithmetic Logic Unit:• Responsible of executing math or logic Responsible of executing math or logic

instruction.instruction.• It computes both the simple arithmetic It computes both the simple arithmetic

such as addition, subtraction, etc and such as addition, subtraction, etc and complex arithmeticcomplex arithmetic such as logarithm.such as logarithm.

• It also uses in comparison the It also uses in comparison the numbers.numbers.


2.2. Registers: Registers: • Small number of internal storage Small number of internal storage

locations. locations. • It holds instruction of data that needed It holds instruction of data that needed

frequently or immediately by the ALU.frequently or immediately by the ALU.• ALU gets the input from the registers ALU gets the input from the registers

and also store the result in registers and also store the result in registers after the computation.after the computation.


3.3. Control Unit:Control Unit:• It controls the movement of data to and It controls the movement of data to and

from CPU registers to other hardware.from CPU registers to other hardware.• It gets the instruction from the registers It gets the instruction from the registers

and makes decision about the instruction.and makes decision about the instruction.• If the instruction is the computation and If the instruction is the computation and

logic, it will send to ALU, but if it is the logic, it will send to ALU, but if it is the data movement instruction, it then will do data movement instruction, it then will do by itself. by itself.

First Processor ArchitectureFirst Processor Architecture

• John von Neumann made a report of processor John von Neumann made a report of processor architecture on EDVAC in 1945.architecture on EDVAC in 1945.

• The report organized computer into four main The report organized computer into four main parts:parts:– ALUALU– Control UnitsControl Units– MemoryMemory– Input\Output devicesInput\Output devices– And the processor today follow Neumann’s And the processor today follow Neumann’s

architecturearchitecture

Principles of ProcessorPrinciples of Processor

1.1. It takes the signals in the form of It takes the signals in the form of binary signals( 0 and 1).binary signals( 0 and 1).

2.2. It manipulates according to the set It manipulates according to the set of instructions.of instructions.

3.3. It then produces the output It then produces the output according to binary number.according to binary number.

Depth of ProcessorDepth of Processor

1.1. The processor produces the output The processor produces the output according to the decision making, which according to the decision making, which is done by is done by logic gatelogic gate..

2.2. The logic gate requires one transistorThe logic gate requires one transistor• Transistor is a device composed of Transistor is a device composed of

semiconductor material that amplifies a semiconductor material that amplifies a signal or opens or closes a circuit.signal or opens or closes a circuit.

Depth of ProcessorDepth of Processor

1.1. The processor's logic gates work together to The processor's logic gates work together to make decisions using Boolean logic such as make decisions using Boolean logic such as AND, OR, NOT NAND, which is based on the AND, OR, NOT NAND, which is based on the algebraic system established by algebraic system established by mathematician George Boole. mathematician George Boole.

2.2. The processor uses the gates in combination The processor uses the gates in combination to perform arithmetic operations.to perform arithmetic operations.

More on Logic GateMore on Logic Gate

1.1. Logic Gates operate though hardware Logic Gates operate though hardware known as switchknown as switch

2.2. The most common type of switch in today's The most common type of switch in today's computers is a transistor known as a MOSFET computers is a transistor known as a MOSFET metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor). transistor).

3.3. When voltage is applied to it, it reacts by When voltage is applied to it, it reacts by turning the circuit either on or off. Most PC turning the circuit either on or off. Most PC microprocessors today operate at 3.3Vmicroprocessors today operate at 3.3V

More on Logic GateMore on Logic Gate

1.1. The flow of electricity through each gate is The flow of electricity through each gate is controlled by that gate's transistor.controlled by that gate's transistor.

2.2. The large numbers of gates are manufactured The large numbers of gates are manufactured from a single piece of silicon and linked from a single piece of silicon and linked together without wires or other external together without wires or other external materials.materials.

3.3. These units are called integrated circuits These units are called integrated circuits (ICs), and their development basically made (ICs), and their development basically made the complexity of the microprocessor possible.the complexity of the microprocessor possible.

ProcessorProcessor

1.1. Modern day microprocessors contain Modern day microprocessors contain tens of millions of microscopic tens of millions of microscopic transistors. Used in combination with transistors. Used in combination with resistors, capacitors and diodes, these resistors, capacitors and diodes, these make up logic gates. make up logic gates.

2.2. Logic gates make up integrated circuits.Logic gates make up integrated circuits.

3.3. ICs make up electronic systems.ICs make up electronic systems.

Generations of IntelGenerations of Intel

1.1. The First Generation was:The First Generation was:1.1. 40044004

2.2. 80868086

3.3. 80888088

4044 Processor4044 Processor

– It was the forerunner of today’s It was the forerunner of today’s processorprocessor

– It was not popular and not used widelyIt was not popular and not used widely

80868086

– It used 16 bit external bus, which made It used 16 bit external bus, which made it the fastest but it too was not widely it the fastest but it too was not widely used because of its cost.used because of its cost.

80888088

– It used 8 bit for external data busIt used 8 bit for external data bus– It was widely used and also adopted by It was widely used and also adopted by

IBM because of the cost.IBM because of the cost.– These support chips were designed for ei These support chips were designed for ei

ght bit processors and were in common u ght bit processors and were in common u se in the industry se in the industry in those days.in those days.


2. Second Generation was only 2. Second Generation was only 8028680286 – The The first Intel processor to allow access t first Intel processor to allow access t

o more than one Meg of memory. o more than one Meg of memory.– This processor has a This processor has a 1616 bit internal and e bit internal and e

xternal data bus and xternal data bus and a 24a 24 bit address bus bit address bus . the . the 24 24 bit address bus means it can add bit address bus means it can add

ress up ress up to 16to 16 MBytes of memory. MBytes of memory.


3. 3. The Third Generation included:The Third Generation included:– 80886DX80886DX– 80386SX80386SX

80386DX80386DX

– The introduction of 32 bit performance The introduction of 32 bit performance with 32 bit internal and external data with 32 bit internal and external data buses and 32 bit addresses. buses and 32 bit addresses.

– DX’s chips were available I clock speeds DX’s chips were available I clock speeds of 25 to 40 MHz.of 25 to 40 MHz.

80386SX80386SX

– 32-bit internal data path and 16-bit 32-bit internal data path and 16-bit external data bus.external data bus.

– But the addressed bus was only 24 bits, But the addressed bus was only 24 bits, which allowed manufacturers to cut the which allowed manufacturers to cut the cost of the system board’s support cost of the system board’s support circuitry.circuitry.


4.4. The Fourth Generation included The Fourth Generation included – 80486DX80486DX– 80486SX80486SX– 80486DX280486DX2– 80486DX480486DX4

80486DX80486DX

– The improvement in design made the The improvement in design made the 486DX better in both performance and 486DX better in both performance and memory than 286 range.memory than 286 range.

– All the 486 range used 32 bits data All the 486 range used 32 bits data buses. buses.

– The introduction of cache, which located The introduction of cache, which located right beside the processor logic helped right beside the processor logic helped to get information at greater speed.to get information at greater speed.

80486DX80486DX

– The innovation of “clock doubling” The innovation of “clock doubling” – This meant that the circuits inside the chi This meant that the circuits inside the chi

p ran at twice the speed of the external e p ran at twice the speed of the external e lectronics. Data was transferred between lectronics. Data was transferred between

the processor, the internal cache and the the processor, the internal cache and the - math co processor at twice the speed. - math co processor at twice the speed.

80486DX80486DX

– The The 486 DX4 trippled the clock speed to 486 DX4 trippled the clock speed to run internally at 75 or 100 MHz and also run internally at 75 or 100 MHz and also doubled the amount of cache to 16k.doubled the amount of cache to 16k.

80486SX80486SX

– It was the same with 80486 DX but it did It was the same with 80486 DX but it did not included math co-processor, which not included math co-processor, which helped in calculating the floating point helped in calculating the floating point numbernumber

– 486SX made available in slower clock 486SX made available in slower clock speeds than DX: It comes in many speeds than DX: It comes in many versions such as 16, 20 , 25 and 33 MHz versions such as 16, 20 , 25 and 33 MHz versions.versions.

80486DX280486DX2

– This was the This was the first Intel family process first Intel family process or where the chip operated at a faste or where the chip operated at a faste

r speed inside r speed inside , than the clock signal su , than the clock signal su pplied by the bus pplied by the bus

– It used It used used a used a 33-MHz bus clock and ran 33-MHz bus clock and ran internally at 66 MHz.internally at 66 MHz.

80486DX480486DX4

– The speed of the clock is trippled inside The speed of the clock is trippled inside the processor.the processor.

– It used 33 MHz bus clock and run It used 33 MHz bus clock and run internally at 100 MHz.internally at 100 MHz.


5.5. The Fifth GenerationThe Fifth Generation included:included:– Pentium IPentium I– MMXMMX

MMXMMX

– It increased 57 new integer instructions, It increased 57 new integer instructions, four new data types and eight 64 bit four new data types and eight 64 bit registers, which helped to advance the registers, which helped to advance the CPU performance.CPU performance.

– The MMX instructions were designed for The MMX instructions were designed for multimedia programs multimedia programs

Pentium IPentium I

– It used 64-bit data bus and 32-bit It used 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address busaddress bus

– The clock speed went up high to 200 The clock speed went up high to 200 MHz.MHz.


6.6. The Sixth Generation included:The Sixth Generation included:– Pentium ProPentium Pro– Pentium IIPentium II– Pentium IIIPentium III

Pentium ProPentium Pro

– The Pentium Pro introduced the new The Pentium Pro introduced the new technology called the multiprocessing.technology called the multiprocessing.

– The memory bus speed at 66 MHz.The memory bus speed at 66 MHz.– It also include new technique called It also include new technique called

“superpipelining”, which “superpipelining”, which - - A technique used in A technique used in advanced advanced microprocessormicroprocessor where the microproc where the microproc

essor begins essor begins to executeto execute a second a second instructioninstruction be be fore the first has been completed. That is, sever fore the first has been completed. That is, sever

al instructions are in the al instructions are in the pipelinepipeline simultaneousl simultaneousl y y and helped in increasing the speed. and helped in increasing the speed.

Pentium IIPentium II

– Internal clock speed increased to 300 Internal clock speed increased to 300 MHz.MHz.

– It used the same structure as Pentium It used the same structure as Pentium Pro, but it added 2 million instructions Pro, but it added 2 million instructions more to reach 7.5 million.more to reach 7.5 million.

Pentium IIIPentium III

– The Pentium III processor comes with a The Pentium III processor comes with a“Synchronized Dynamic Random Access “Synchronized Dynamic Random Access MemoryMemory (SDRAM), allowing for an extrem (SDRAM), allowing for an extrem

ely fast transfer of data between the micr ely fast transfer of data between the micr oprocessor and the memory. oprocessor and the memory.

– 70 70 new instructions called Streaming SI new instructions called Streaming SI MD MD added, which enhanced in added, which enhanced in

multimedia graphic and 3D.multimedia graphic and 3D.


• The Seventh Generation was The Seventh Generation was Pentium 4Pentium 4

– 32-bit microprocessor32-bit microprocessor– Hyper-pipelined technology, which a Hyper-pipelined technology, which a

rapid execution engine and a 100-MHz rapid execution engine and a 100-MHz system bus delivers three times the system bus delivers three times the bandwidth of the Pentium III processor.bandwidth of the Pentium III processor.

– It enhances online gaming, digital video It enhances online gaming, digital video and photography, speech recognition and photography, speech recognition and MP3 encoding.and MP3 encoding.

AMD’s ProcessorAMD’s Processor

• There are many types of processors that There are many types of processors that been produced by AMD company such been produced by AMD company such as:as:

– AMD K5AMD K5– AMD K6AMD K6– AMD K6-2AMD K6-2– AMD K6-3AMD K6-3– AMD K7AMD K7– AMD AthlonAMD Athlon

AMD K5AMD K5

– In 1996, AMD introduced K5 as the new In 1996, AMD introduced K5 as the new processor to compete with Intel.processor to compete with Intel.

– It used reduce instruction set computing It used reduce instruction set computing (RISC).(RISC).

– The result is a processor capable of The result is a processor capable of issuing four instructions per clock cycle issuing four instructions per clock cycle twice as many as the Pentiumtwice as many as the Pentium

AMD K5AMD K5

– -AMD designed the AMD K -AMD designed the AMD K55 processor to b processor to b e pin compatible with the Pentium. e pin compatible with the Pentium.

– Unfortunately, K5 never able to succeed Unfortunately, K5 never able to succeed because of the problem of high heat because of the problem of high heat output.output.

AMD K6AMD K6

– The speed is about 166 MHz to 300 MHz.The speed is about 166 MHz to 300 MHz.– K6 was a Socket K6 was a Socket77 compliant chip which compliant chip which

was capable of running all PC software wi was capable of running all PC software wi th the power and compatiblity of its Intel th the power and compatiblity of its Intel

counterparts. counterparts.– Another main advantage of AMD is its Another main advantage of AMD is its

price, which was much cheaper than price, which was much cheaper than Intel.Intel.

AMD K6-2AMD K6-2

– It built upon the K6’s excellent It built upon the K6’s excellent processing core with the addition of 21 processing core with the addition of 21 new instructions called “3D Now”.new instructions called “3D Now”.

– ThesThese code e code designed to enhance the designed to enhance the33 D D geometry capability of the chip's floating geometry capability of the chip's floating

point unit. This allowed the K point unit. This allowed the K6-2 6-2 to overc to overc ome the handicap of the slow CPU which ome the handicap of the slow CPU which

the K the K66 owned. owned.

AMD K6-3AMD K6-3

– it sees its level 2 cache memory it sees its level 2 cache memory integrated directly onto the processor integrated directly onto the processor core to increase the speed.core to increase the speed.

– Unfortunately, K6-III loses the Unfortunately, K6-III loses the competition with Intel because it could competition with Intel because it could not perform as good as Pentium III in not perform as good as Pentium III in floating-point math at that time.floating-point math at that time.

AMD K7AMD K7

– 128 KB and level 1 cache128 KB and level 1 cache– 512 KB to 8 MB of level 2 cache running 512 KB to 8 MB of level 2 cache running

at 1/3 to full clock speed.at 1/3 to full clock speed.– It now introduced the new technology of It now introduced the new technology of

Floating Point Unit.Floating Point Unit.– its high clock speeds will deliver stunning its high clock speeds will deliver stunning

performance performance

AMD AthlonAMD Athlon

– Its speed is from 500 to 600 MHz.Its speed is from 500 to 600 MHz.– The AMD Athlon XP process is designed t The AMD Athlon XP process is designed t

- o meet the computation intensive requir - o meet the computation intensive requir - ements of cutting edge software applicat - ements of cutting edge software applicat

- ions running on high performance deskto - ions running on high performance deskto p systems p systems

ConsiderationConsideration

1.1. The most important factor that we The most important factor that we determine which computer is faster determine which computer is faster or better is to see from the speed of or better is to see from the speed of CPU , which is measured by CPU , which is measured by Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).Megahertz (MHz) or Gigahertz (GHz).

2.2. This clock inside the CPU will gives This clock inside the CPU will gives the signals to all components to do the signals to all components to do the works.the works.

ComparisonComparison

1.1. The speed of the computer is not The speed of the computer is not depending only on the speed of depending only on the speed of CPU, but also other factors such as:CPU, but also other factors such as:

– The size of main memoryThe size of main memory– The bus speedThe bus speed– The speed of hard diskThe speed of hard disk

Advice in buying CPUAdvice in buying CPU

• How memory affects the speed of CPUHow memory affects the speed of CPU– Memory contains information that is Memory contains information that is

needed by the CPU and if its capacity is needed by the CPU and if its capacity is small, the CPU may need to go in a small, the CPU may need to go in a longer distance to the primary storage to longer distance to the primary storage to get the information. get the information.

– So we now can see that the to increase So we now can see that the to increase the speed of computer, we also should the speed of computer, we also should be enough memory space.be enough memory space.

Advice in buying CPUAdvice in buying CPU

• How do hard disk affects the speed How do hard disk affects the speed of computer?of computer?– Hard disk is a slow storage device, when Hard disk is a slow storage device, when

CPU wants to get some data, it may take CPU wants to get some data, it may take a long time to get the data.a long time to get the data.

– The speed of hard disk in retrieving the The speed of hard disk in retrieving the data effects the overall speed.data effects the overall speed.

Factors to considerFactors to consider

1.1. First of all consider the purpose of First of all consider the purpose of buying the processor:buying the processor:

– If you mainly want to use a modem to s If you mainly want to use a modem to s urf the internet, the modem is going to urf the internet, the modem is going to be so slow, it won't matter if you have a be so slow, it won't matter if you have a

fast processor and lots of memory fast processor and lots of memory

Factors to ConsiderFactors to Consider

– If it is about papers or application, you If it is about papers or application, you then need a lot of memory, but no then need a lot of memory, but no need of fastest CPU.need of fastest CPU.

Pentium 4Pentium 4

• 2.8 GHz2.8 GHz

• Cache size is 512kCache size is 512k

• The bus speed is The bus speed is 533 MHz533 MHz

Why Pentium 4Why Pentium 4

• It delivers great service for home It delivers great service for home computing, business solutions and all computing, business solutions and all processing needs.processing needs.

• It is designed to give better digital It is designed to give better digital music, 3D gaming, digital imaging music, 3D gaming, digital imaging and video, etc.and video, etc.

Techniques in Pentium 4Techniques in Pentium 4

• - Hyper pipelined technology- Hyper pipelined technology

• Rapid execution engine Rapid execution engine

• Execution trace cache Execution trace cache

• Advanced transfer cache Advanced transfer cache

• Advanced dynamic execution Advanced dynamic execution

• Enhanced floating point/multimedia Enhanced floating point/multimedia

CostCost

• The cost of this processor is about at The cost of this processor is about at $ 259.99 $ 259.99

AthlonAthlon

• Athlon 2000+XP is Athlon 2000+XP is the latest the latest processor from processor from AMD.AMD.– Its processor speed Its processor speed

is at 2.08 GHz.is at 2.08 GHz.– Cache size is 512 Cache size is 512

KB.KB.– Bus speed is 333 Bus speed is 333

KB.KB.

AthlonAthlon

• This is probably the best choice for This is probably the best choice for those who have limited amount of those who have limited amount of money.money.

• Its speed is not so difference from CPU. Its speed is not so difference from CPU. This is an advantage of AMD in offering This is an advantage of AMD in offering good products and reasonable price.good products and reasonable price.

• But the data will be able to transfer But the data will be able to transfer slower than Pentium 4.slower than Pentium 4.

AthlonAthlon

• Its cost is $ 184.99.Its cost is $ 184.99.

Tips in buying Tips in buying

• First decide how much you can afford. First decide how much you can afford.

• Find the best value for that amount o Find the best value for that amount o f money. f money.

• Take time in finding the informationTake time in finding the information . .

Thank YouThank You

Processor Technology and Architecture By Bandhit Panchitkaew.

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Transcript of Processor Technology and Architecture By Bandhit Panchitkaew.