Proceedings PRO 128ltu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1354600/FULLTEXT01.pdf · 2019-09-25 ·...

Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Materials,

Systems and Structures (SMSS2019)

New Generation of Construction Materials

Edited byMarijana Serdar

Nina ŠtirmerJohn Provis

RILEM Publications S.A.R.L.

ProceedingsPRO 128

International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures

(SMSS 2019) New Generation of Construction Materials

International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures (SMSS 2019)


20-22 March 2019 – Rovinj, Croatia

II

Published by RILEM Publications S.A.R.L.

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ISBN: 978-2-35158-217-6, Vol 1. ISBN: 978-2-35158-223-7

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International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures – SMSS 2019

New generation of construction materials

Rovinj, Croatia 20-22 March 2019

Edited by Marijana Serdar

Nina Štirmer John Provis

RILEM Publications S.A.R.L.



20-22 March 2019 – Rovinj, Croatia

XVIII

Mechanical behavior and neutron shielding performances of TiO2-incorporated

cement composites

Jaeyeon Park, Sungwun Her, Heongwon Suh, Seung Min Woo, Keunhong Jeong and

Sungchul Bae

297

Effect of titanate nanotubes on the properties of cement-based composites

Hyeonseok Jee, Jaeyeon Park, Sungwun Her, Erfan Zalnezhad, Keunhong Jeong and

Sungchul Bae

304

Influence of PRAH crystalline admixtures on the durability of concretes

Kosmas K. Sideris, Christos Tassos, Alexandros Chatzopoulos, Panagiota Manita

312

A comparison of graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and pure graphene:

early age properties of cement composites

Tanvir S. Qureshi and Daman K. Panesar

318

A new admixture for concrete with clay contaminated sand

O. Mazanec, F. Morati, A. Große-Sommer

326

SESSION 8: Candidates for AAMs 327

Instantaneous activation energy of alkali activated materials

Shiju Joseph, Siva Uppalapati and Özlem Cizer

328

Mechanical parameters of metakaolin-based geopolymer with CRT glass waste

fine aggregate

Natalia Paszek, Marcin Górski

329

Development of alkali-activated magnesium aluminosilicate binders from soap-

stone

Z. Abdollahnejad, T. Luukkonen, M. Mastali, J. Yliniemi J, P. Kinnunen, M. Illi-

kainen

337

Production of alkali-activated binders from iron silicate fines

John L. Provis, Angel L. Muñoz Gomez, Oday H. Hussein, Gaone Koma, Emanuela

Manolova, Vladislav Petrov

345

Mixture proportioning for alkali-activated slag-based concrete

Ning Li, Caijun Shi, Zuhua Zhang, Deju Zhu

353

Alkali activation of high MgO BFS with sodium carbonate added dry vs. wet

Abeer M. Humad, John L. Provis, Andrzej Cwirzen

354

SESSION 9: Alternative binders 362

Hydration of MgO in the presence of hydromagnesite

Frank Winnefeld, Eugenia Epifania, Fabio Montagnaro and Ellis M. Gartner 363

Radioactive waste conditioning using alumina-silicate binary blends

Bastien Planel, David Lambertin and Catherine A. Davy 371

abehum

Highlight

ALKALI ACTIVATION OF HIGH MGO BFS WITH SODIUM

CARBONATE ADDED DRY VS. WET

Abeer M. Humad1,2, John L. Provis3, Andrzej Cwirzen1

1Structural Engineering Division, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.

2Civil Engineering Department, University of Babylon, Iraq.

3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.

Abstract

The use of sodium carbonate to alkali activate blast furnace slag has several advantages over

the typically used sodium silicate, including for example easier, safer handling and less negative

environmental impacts. In this study, sodium carbonate (SC)-activated blast furnace slag (BFS)

pastes and concretes were produced using a high MgO content BFS activated with 3, 5, 10 and

14 wt.% (by binder) of SC. The activator was added either as a dry powder or dissolved in water

one hour before mixing. The setting time, workability and compressive strength after 1,7 and

28 days were determined. Concrete cubes were cured in two setups: sealed specimens at 65 ˚C

for 24 hours followed by storage at laboratory conditions (20±2˚C), or simply sealed storage at

laboratory conditions (20±2˚C and 50-55% RH), until testing. The results showed that,

increasing the dosage of SC decreases the initial and the final setting time regardless of whether

the mixing procedure was dry or wet. However, addition of the SC dissolved in water increased

the slump at higher SC dosage, while increasing addition of the dry SC resulted in a lower

slump. A higher dose of SC increased the 28d compressive strength when added as a dry powder

or wet, with higher values in laboratory curing compared with heat curing.

Keywords: Alkali Activated Slag, Blast Furnace Slag, Alkali activation, Sodium carbonate.

1. INTRODUCTION

The contribution of Portland cement manufacture to greenhouse gas emission is estimated

to be at least 6% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions 1. Alkali activated slag is

indicated as an environmentally friendly alternative to Portland cement, having lower CO2

emissions and energy cost, particularly when near-neutral salt activator are used as these can

be generated with very low carbon footprints. However, sodium carbonate (SC), which was

used in the present research, is less effective as an alkali activator in comparison with, for

example, sodium silicate (SS). Consequently, some SC-activated mixes have a longer initial


354

New Generation of Construction Materials20-22 March 2019 – Rovinj, Croatia

setting time which can span even from 2 to 5 days 2-6. The rate of reaction of sodium carbonate

activated slag is also influenced by factors including the fineness and the chemical composition

of the slag, curing temperature, W/B ratio and SC dosage 6-9 and might be accelerated to a

certain extend by several means, for example higher alkali dosage, addition of additional

activators such as sodium hydroxide or SS or the use of reactive admixtures such as lime or

active MgO 4,10-13. It has been reported that SC-activated slag required around 100-130 h to

reach the reaction peak with variable dosages of SC, when using a slag with moderate MgO

content. The initial formation or precipitation of CaCO3 was indicated as the main reason 7,8.

Increasing the SC content and lowering the water to binder ratio shortened the time required to

reach the reaction peak to 48h or less 9,12, but this is still unacceptably slow for partial

concerting. The pH of the activator solution is playing a significant role in the initial dissolution

and reaction of the precursor followed by the precipitation of the C-S-H gel. The minimum

required pH value was higher than 9.5 14. In spite of the lower initial pH of the SC, it exhibited

better activation results than the NaOH in terms of mechanical properties and durability 6, which

is linked to the reaction kinetics of the SC-activated slag. The dissolution of slag releases Ca2+,

which react with CO32− from the SC activator to form calcite and gaylussite

Na2Ca(CO3)2·5H2O. This occurs earlier than the precipitation of the C–(A)–S–H gel,

consuming the Ca2+ released by the slag at an initial pH below 12. As a result, the dissolution

of silicate species is slow. After consuming CO32− ions, the pH will rise to approximately 13.5

at the later stage of the reaction 6,8.

Concrete produced with SC-activated slag usually showed slower strength development, and

sometimes lower late strength, in comparison with mixes activated by sodium silicate 15. Recent

studies showed significantly higher compressive strength of SC-activated fly ash-slag materials,

reaching up to 80 MPa after 90 days of curing 16. The SC-activated slag showed similar or lower

shrinkage in comparison with PC mortar, while mixes activated with waterglass had 3-6 times

higher shrinkage values 4. The strength development of slags activated with various activators

can be listed in the following order Na2SiO3 > Na2CO3 > Na2SO4 > NaOH 17,18. In a recent

study, the reaction products of SC-activated slag at early age were identified as gaylussite,

calcite and C-(A)-S-H gel 6,9, and the formation of gaylussite tended to occur much earlier in

the binder based on slag with higher fineness 6. Hydrotalcite-group minerals (Mg-Al layered

double hydroxides) are also important reaction products in these binders as they evolve 6,8. SC

or NaOH alkali activated slag with moderate content of MgO in the slag glass showed longer

setting times in comparison with SS activated mixes 7,8, whereas, a high MgO content slag (14.6

wt.%) activated with SC revealed a faster setting in comparison with mixes activated with SS 19. Consequently, the composition of slag has a significant role in defining the kinetics of

reaction SC-activated slag at very high MgO content (16.1wt.% in the slag) had a final setting

time under 21h when activated with 14 wt.% SC, and a rapid loss of workability 9. The MgO

content also affect the microstructure and the strength development of alkali-activated slag,

associated with the availability of Al and the formation of hydrotalcite-type phases 20,21.

In alkali-activation, the alkaline component can be added to slag in different ways, for

example in an aqueous solution, or in the solid state by mixing the dry alkali powder with slag.

The dry alkali powder can be also ground together with the slag 9,13,22,23. Producing a binder

that can be used with only the addition of water, requiring a dry activator, will promote the use

of AAS cements 23. So, the present study is focused on the effect of mixing methods (dry or

wet activator addition) on selected properties of sodium carbonate-activated slag pastes and


355


concretes, using a slag with high MgO content due to its superior compatibility and reaction

with this particular activator type.

2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

A commercially available ground granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) in Sweden was used

in this study. Table 1 shows the chemical composition, which was determined using a

Pananlytical-Zetium XRF spectrometer. Powdered sodium carbonate (SC) with purity ˃ 99%

was used. The sodium carbonate dosages varied between 3 and 14wt.% Table 2. All concrete

mixes contained 450 kg/m3 of BFS. The water to binder (w/b) ratio was 0.45 for concrete mixes

and 0.36 for pastes. The granite aggregates having a particle size 0-8 mm, with fine aggregate

content of 80 wt.% were used. The total aggregate content for concrete mixes was 1663 kg/m3.

Table 1: Chemical composition of BFS used in this work, measured by X-ray fluorescence and

reported on an oxide basis.

Component CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO Na2O K2O TiO2 MnO SO3 L.O.I

Oxide

wt.%

30.4 35 14.3 0.3 16.1 0.6 0.7 2.8 0.5 0.7 0.9

Physical

data

Specific surface

cm2/g

Particle density kg/m3 Bulk density kg/m3

5000 2950 1100

Table 2: Mix proportions of concrete

Mix ID Binder content

kg/m3

w/b ratio Aggregate content

kg/m3

Sodium carbonate

doses wt.%

3 SC 450 0.45 1663 3%

5 SC 450 0.45 1663 5%

10 SC 450 0.45 1663 10%

14 SC 450 0.45 1663 14%

Note: For all mixes above there were two mixing procedures; dry D and wet W and two

curing types; laboratory curing (20±2˚C and 50-55% RH) and heat curing (65˚C for 24h

then laboratory conditions until testing).

Different mixing procedures were used for dry and wet activators. The dry procedure

included 3 min of mixing of all the dry ingredients (slag + aggregates + powder sodium

carbonate), followed by addition of water and mixing for another 4 minutes. The Hobart mixer

model A200N was used. In the wet procedure, the sodium carbonate was dissolved in the

mixing water and left to stand for one hour before being added to the mixed dry materials (slag

+ aggregate). Specimens for compressive strength testing were casted in alkali-resistant

polymer 100 mm cube moulds. Immediately after casting, all samples were sealed with plastic

film. Curing was carried out following two procedures. In the first procedure, specimens were

sealed and kept at 20±2˚C and 50-55% relative humidity (RH) until testing, whereas in the

second procedure, specimens were sealed and heat cured at 65˚C for 24 hours, then at 20±2˚C


356


and 50-55% RH until testing. Compressive strength values were determined at 1, 7 and 28-days

after casting, following the SS-EN 12390-3 standard (SS-EN 12390-3). The compressive

strength values were determined using an Ele-autotest 3000 instrument. The loading rate was

set to 10 kN/sec. The concrete slump was determined following ASTM C143 (ASTM

International 2015). Initial and final setting times of SC-activated slag pastes were determined

following the IS 4031 process of the Vicat test (IS: 4031-PART 5-1988), measuring the

penetration using a 1-mm diameter needle and a plunger mass of 300 g. The initial setting times

was defined as to occur when the penetration depth was 5-7 mm from the bottom of the material

in its mould, and the final setting time when there was no longer any visible penetration of the

outer circle of the needle plunger.

3. TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The amount of sodium carbonate and the mixing procedure strongly affected the fresh

concrete properties. Mixes produced with dry SC showed decreasing workability with an

increasing amount of activator, Figure 1. This can be related to the increased water uptake of

the dry activator while it is in the process of dissolving. Conversely, the mixes with SC

dissolved in water prior to the mix showed increasing slump values with an increasing SC

dosage. In that case, no rapid water uptake by the SC was present. The initial setting time

appeared to be slightly shortened for mixes produced with the wet activator. A higher alkali

concentration caused more extensive dissolution of the slag which was followed by more

intense precipitation of the reaction products and thus a shorter setting time 24,25, Figure 2.

Concrete activated with the dry SC activator

showed a longer initial setting time. This could

be related to a slower formation of C-A-S-H due

to the lack of the advanced dissolution as in the

case of the wet SC, Figure 2a. Furthermore, a

high concentration of MgO (16.1 wt.%) in the

blast furnace slag used in this study gives more

extensive formation of hydrotalcite-group phases

at early age, which could also contribute to the

observed short initial setting times 26. The final

setting times were unaffected by the SC

preparation pathway, Figure 2b. Figure 1: Slump test results


357


The compressive strength results are

presented in Figures 3 and 4. Generally, a higher

dosage of sodium carbonate led to increased 1,

7 and 28-day compressive strength values. The

1-day compressive strength was higher for the

heat-cured specimens, Figure 3, due to the

increased dissolution of BFS and acceleration

formation of the reaction products 2. The

laboratory cured specimens activated with less

than 14 wt.% SC did not harden after one day of

curing, Figure 4. After 7-days of laboratory

curing, concrete cube strength values varied

between 22 and 35 MPa, and between 32 and 50

MPa after 28 days. There was not a statistically

significant difference between mixes produced

with dry and wet alkali activators. Longer

curing times are known to stimulate further

strength development of concrete based on blast

furnace slag, which was also observed in the

present research 27. The 28-day old concretes

cubes cured at 20˚C for all mixes showed higher

late (28 day) strength values than the heat-cured

specimens which is similar to the know

behaviour of Portland cement based concrete 28.

Usually, lower curing temperature tends to

promote development of denser and more

homogenous microstructure.

Figure 2: Initial and final setting

times of SC-activated slag pastes.

a)

b)


358


The heat curing could decrease the

crystallinity of the C-A-S-H 29. In addition,

it also tends to coarsen the pore structure due

to a higher reaction rate for C-A-S-H, in

comparison with the rate of diffusion. As a

result, the pores formed between denser

precipitates create a barrier inhibiting

additional dissolution and dispersion of ions 15.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The effects of carbonate activator

dosage, mixing procedures and curing

temperatures on sodium carbonate activated

high-MgO blast furnace slag pastes and

concretes were studied. The key findings

include:

Increasing the dosage of the sodium

carbonate reduced the initial and the final

setting time regardless of the mixing

procedure mostly due to the slow reaction

of the sodium carbonate. Addition of the

sodium carbonate dissolved in water one

hour before mixing, enhanced the

workability at higher activator dosage. In

contrast, increasing the amount of dry

sodium carbonate worsened the

workability. Higher amounts of sodium

carbonate increased the 28d compressive

strength when added either as dry or wet

powder. The recorded final compressive

strength values were generally higher for

the laboratory cured samples, however,

early age strength (1 and 7 days) were

higher for the heat cured concretes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was funded by the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research,

Iraq. The authors would like to thank the technical staff of the laboratory at LTU, Sweden, and

Dr Oday Hussein and Dr Xinyuan Ke (University of Sheffield) for conducting the XRF

analysis.

Figure 3: 1, 7 and 28 days compressive

strength results of heat-cured concrete cubes

using the two mixing procedures; dry (D)

and wet(W).

Figure 4: 1, 7 and 28 days compressive

strength results of laboratory-cured concrete

cubes using the two mixing procedures; dry

(D) and wet(W).


359


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NEW GENERATION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

SESSION 9: Alternative binders


362


International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures (SMSS2019) – 20-22 March 2019 – Rovinj, CroatiaNew Generation of Construction Materials

Edited by Marijana Serdar, Nina Štirmer, John Provis

RILEM Proceedings PRO 128ISBN: 978-2-35158-217-6VOL 1. ISBN: 978-2-35158-223-7 e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-218-32019 Edition

As part of the RILEM International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures (SMSS 2019) the segment New Generation of Construction Materials covers innovation, advances and improvement of construction materials, towards sustainable, intelligent and tailor-made solutions. This volume brings a selection of 100 peer-reviewed papers that were presented within the segment on construction materials. Top-ics include novel advances in raw materials for classical and alternative concretes, innovations in chemistry, application of nanotechnology in construction materials, and requirements for materials to suit the needs of construction automation.

The editors wish to thank the authors for their efforts at producing and delivering papers of a high standard. We are certain that this volume will be a valued reference of research topics in this important field and that it will, together with the other volumes from the SMSS conference, form a suitable base for discussion and suggestions for future develop-ment and research.

RILEM Publications S.a.r.l.

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75016 Paris - FRANCE

Tel: + 33 1 42 24 64 46 Fax: + 33 9 70 29 51 20

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