Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail:...
-
Upload
hana-bareford -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail:...
![Page 2: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
WHAT
WHY
HOW
Bayesian InferenceBayesian Inference
![Page 3: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Flip a coin.
Event: A, B
A: One head at least
B: Both heads or tails
Question:
P(B|A)?
![Page 4: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
He didn’t say “hi” when passing by.
Compare P(h1|D) and P(h2|D) to reach the most likely assumption.
P(h2|D)=P(h2)*P(D|h2)/P(D)
P(h1|D)=P(h1)*P(D|h1)/P(D)
P(Bi|A) P(Bi) * P(A|Bi) ∝
P(hi|D) P(h∝ i) * P(D|hi)
![Page 5: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
priori probability
![Page 6: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
WHAT
WHY
HOW
Bayesian InferenceBayesian Inference
![Page 7: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Complexity• Ambiguity• Duplicity• Insufficiency
![Page 8: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
One object? Two objects?
![Page 9: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is perceived are essentially those objects and events that under normal conditions would be most likely to produce the received sensory stimulation.
What is perceived are essentially those objects and events that under normal conditions would be most likely to produce the received sensory stimulation.
![Page 10: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
WHAT
WHY
HOW
Bayesian InferenceBayesian Inference
![Page 13: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
P(h|D) P(h) * P(D|h) ∝
![Page 14: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
‘‘Calling some skill or behavior innate tends to stop analysis of how it
develops’’ (Fischer & Stewart, 1999, p. 150).
WRONG!
![Page 17: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ina
Innate assumptions validated by comparative research (Hershberger, 1970)
•Single light source.•Light source above.
![Page 18: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Natural Image Parsing
N: non-terminal nods (models)
![Page 19: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Evidence from behavioral research
Evidence from neural science• ERP and fMRI (Murray, et al, 2002): Dorsal regions provide input to lateral occipital complex (LOC), where
signatures of illusory contour completion first appear, then followed by activity in V1/V2.
• MEG and fMRI (Bar et al, 2006): Low spatial frequency specific activity appeared in left orbitofrontal
cortex 50 ms earlier than in fusiform gyrus of temporal cortex.
![Page 20: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Bayesian Ideal Observer
• And more…
![Page 21: Proceeding in Cognitive Science Autumn 2010 Xuan Zhao Zhejiang University E-mail: zhaoxuanzju@gmail.com.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062313/56649c785503460f9492e2b3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Vision as Bayesian inference: analysis by synthesis? Alan Yuille and Daniel Kersten, 2006
ReferencesReferences
平凡而又神奇的贝叶斯方法刘未鹏 , 2008
Innateness (and Bayesian) Visual PerceptionBrian Scholl, 2005