Procedural Programming (C++)

Procedural programming (C++) Assignment No 03

Acknowledgement

I wish to express profound gratitude to my all lecturers who help me throughout this project.

My very first gratefulness goes to our lecture, Ms. Vindya for her continuous support,

encouragement and also for her valuable advices and guidance.

Then I would like to pay my gratitude for my parents for their guidance and financial support

and career guidance towards IT in ICBT.

I would also like to pay my thankfulness for my colleagues who were sharing the ideas.

Thank you.

| HND / 49 / 22 | ICBT City Campus 1


Introduction

This report has been written regarding to the project construct a better computerized billing

process system for Amazon Book shop is one of the growing book shops in city area. Since it

is a growing book shop and currently the book shop has a customer base of around 200; this

is a good idea by the management to implement a computerized billing system to increase

their level of customer service and efficiency. The goal of this project to implement an

excellent and suitable billing system with the guidelines that are been presented by the

management, according to the guidelines and project deadline the author be supposed to

develop the system using C++ programming language.

Objectives

The objectives of the project are,

Understand the principle of procedural programming.

Be able to design procedural programming solutions.

Be able to implement procedural programming solutions.

Be able to test procedural programming solutions.



Executive summary

To become fully qualified HND, IT students we have to fulfil some requirements. We have to

complete individual assignment and the final group case study. I know the important of the

project. By doing these assignments I can gain much knowledge of the computer devices and

procedural programming. Completing my first individual procedural programming

assignment successfully it gave me a confidence and courage to face the outer world for the

rest of my vocational period. This assignment is a brief study on how organizations maintain

their IT security & how they build security according to world stranded manner.

I gathered the necessary information for this assignment by browsing some websites and

referring some books.



Table of Contents

Acknowledgement.................................................................................................................................1

Introduction...........................................................................................................................................2

Objectives..............................................................................................................................................2

Executive summary................................................................................................................................3

Figure table............................................................................................................................................5

Task 01...................................................................................................................................................6

Task 02...................................................................................................................................................9

Task 03.................................................................................................................................................15

Task 04.................................................................................................................................................28

Task 05.................................................................................................................................................37

Task 06.................................................................................................................................................41

Task 07.................................................................................................................................................45

Task 08.................................................................................................................................................47

Task 09.................................................................................................................................................51

Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................52

Harvard Reference...............................................................................................................................53

Gantt chart..........................................................................................................................................54



Figure table Figure 1 - Logo VB..................................................................................................................................7Figure 2 - Logo Java...............................................................................................................................8Figure 3 - System.Login........................................................................................................................28Figure 4 - system.login - wrong userNm & pass...................................................................................29Figure 5 - system.login - final attemtp.................................................................................................30Figure 6 - unauthorized access............................................................................................................31Figure 7 - system.MainMenu...............................................................................................................31Figure 8 - system.StoreMenu...............................................................................................................32Figure 9 - system.store.Addbooks.......................................................................................................32Figure 10 - system.store.updatebooks................................................................................................33Figure 11 - system.createbill.placeorder.............................................................................................34Figure 12- system.Createbill................................................................................................................35Figure 13 system.HelpMenu................................................................................................................36Figure 14 - system.AboutUsMenu.......................................................................................................36Figure 15 modularization.....................................................................................................................38Figure 16 - Value parameter passing...................................................................................................39Figure 17 - Reference parameter passing............................................................................................39Figure 18 - codign example..................................................................................................................40Figure 19 - cording example 2.............................................................................................................40Figure 20 - cording example 3 (comments)........................................................................................42Figure 21 - cording example (Multiline comments).............................................................................42Figure 22 - example froms developed system.....................................................................................43Figure 23 -example froms developed system......................................................................................43Figure 24 - example froms developed system.....................................................................................44



Task 011.0 Analyze the types of programming languages comparatively to the current programming trends in the field. You may also have to analyze the suitability of the language selected to develop the given program solution.

Programming language

A programming language is a computer language developer’s use to develop programs, script

development, web development, or it is a language which a software developer writes some

kind of inductions for a computer to execute or perform a specific task. There are number of

programming languages available in current programming trends in the field, every

programming languages has their own set of keywords and some special syntax in order to

perform a task. Before explaining that author prefers to give details about two types of

programming languages there are,

Low level programming languages: - these are call machine languages, when you

using these languages it’s difficult to understand or use it because this content

symbols, ones and zeros. These kinds of programming languages are difficult to

handle or understand. But the advantages can classify as computer can understand this

languages easily because this is a computer language therefore computer will process

information quickly.

High level programming languages: - this is also known as higher-order language,

these kind of programming languages easy to understandable for humans because it’s

configure in English. This allows the developer focus on the judgment of the problem

rather than interact with machine code languages which are low level language. There

are plenty of high levels programming languages available in present such as C, C++,

visual basic, java etc.

However the high level languages should translate to machine languages so

computer can understand those instruction, this can be done by two ways either uses

of compiler or with the use of interpreter. By the interpreter the source code is

translated to machine code language line by line. By the compiler the entire source

code is translate into machine code at ones.



Types of programming languages

Visual basic

Visual basic programming language is extension of BASIC programming language, visual

programming language and development kit is created by Microsoft. Visual basic offer a

graphical user interface that let the programmer to drag and drop items into the program in

addition manually generate program code. Visual basic is also call as VB; this is created to

generate software easily and efficient. This programming language is a high level

programming language which can be understandable by humans without difficulty. The

software’s produced is visual basic can be proposed to run on windows, mobile device or on

the web.

Figure 1 - Logo VB

Java

This is a programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. The syntax of java is very

similar C/C++. Java is also used to implement small programs that can be embedded into

websites. This language is becoming more popular among web developers and software

developers because of its efficiency and simple to use. The Sun Microsystems express java as

secure, simple, interpreted, high performance, dynamic programming language.



Figure 2 - Logo Java

C++ Programming language

C++ pronounce as C plus plus, it’s a programming language that was construct with the help

of C programming language. The C and C++ syntax are almost the same, but C++ has object

oriented facility which let developer to generate objects among the code this create

programming easier and efficient. Today the most software programs are written in C++

because of the efficiency and power of the language even the Windows XP, Windows 95,

Microsoft visual studio, adobe series are written using C++ programming language.

To develop a computerized billing system to Amazon bookshop we have chosen C++

programming language because,

This is the most powerful language than other programming languages.

We can approximately do anything with this programming language.

Compare with older programming languages this is easy to use and

understandable.

The C++ programming languages output will function extremely fast.

Including functions is a extremely valuable feature that let your code to be

dynamic and standard.



Task 02

Design the flow chart for the above solution, using a range of symbols, which can be used with flowcharting.



Task 03

Develop the appropriate pseudo code for the above solution



Task 04User manual for the developed solution to assist the users to work with it.

As the requirement of the company to prepare a user document for the developed solution to

assist the users work with it, the following statements and figures are going to be help the

user to work with the billing system,

Figure 3 - System.Login

The above picture indicates the start point of the system, once the user run the system first of

all he should login,

Authantication Levels

There are three login levels implemented for this programe,

1. Admin2. User3. Store Keeper4. Guest

Default password is “123”, Admin have all previlages in side the programe,

Add new books Update book information Remove books Place orders Create invoice



User have basic functions, he can maintain books store & can only view books, place

orders & create invoice. This level may useful to cashier to do his job.

Store keeper can only maintain books information, he is responsible to add books, update

& remove books.

Guest can access to the system, but he can only wive the system. This level may be

helpful to customers to know available books & available quantity.

Limited Login Attempts

That means user can not enter wrong user name & password any time, if we alow user to

enter wrong passwords any number of times, some times they may able to mis use login

information. Because of that I had provided only 3 login attempts & after 3rd attempt program

will shout down.

Fowwowing screen show how after inserting wrong information to 1st & 2nd login attempt,

system show eroor massage to the user.

Figure 4 - system.login - wrong userNm & pass



If user provide wrong information for thired attempt system show following massage. Which

meanse use had enterd wrong password for 3 times. Because of that system shows warning

massage to the user & force user to exit from the program, next user have to press enter

button & programe will shotdown.

Figure 5 - system.login - final attemtp

Well, now we are going inside of the programme, only admin can access all functons, if any

one try to access a function which he don’t have permmition, system will show eroor

massage,

Ex – Now I logged as basic user (Cashire), & I went to store menu. It shows all functions

system can do, but as cashier I should no I cannt update book information, but I select No 2,

which meanc I try to add new books. When I press enter following screen will display,



Figure 6 - unauthorized access

Now I going to show all functions. I logged as Admin, because of that I can access every function.

Main Menu

Figure 7 - system.MainMenu



the main menu of the system will appear here user have 6 options; book information option to

verify books, add books and modify books, place an order option to generate bills, and other

options for help, logout and exit the system.

Figure 8 - system.StoreMenu

If user select book information this is the form user will get, here as we can see the book

information’s are shown in top and there are three option call add book information’s modify

and main menu in order to add a book user should enter 1 to modify user should enter 2.

Figure 9 - system.store.Addbooks



This is the add book information’s form, once this appear it will ask for book information’s,

in above picture I have filled the information’s in proper way and once user enter the

information’s system will ask whether do you want to add another if yes user should enter y

or else n.

Lets think books prices are want to change, let’s update books information,

Figure 10 - system.store.updatebooks

The above picture shows modify book information form and how to enter proper data, if user

want to modify any book information this is the place, first user must enter the record ID

which should be modify after all user should enter new book information’s.



Billing process

Let’s see how create invoice & palce order…

Figure 11 - system.createbill.placeorder

The above picture indicates place an order option in main menu of the system, once sure

select place an order option in order to generate a bill, first of all user should enter customer

ID if that customer doesn’t have an ID user can enter underscore ( _ ) then customer name,

after that record ID once the record ID has been enter the information of the relevant record

ID will appear then system will ask for quantity that should be add to the bill once everything

entered system will ask whether user want to add another book to the bill or print the bill

based on the response the system will react



Invoice

Figure 12- system.Createbill

This is the bill form, this contain customer name , customer name, date and book id, book

code, quantity, total likewise user can add any amount of books to the bill and below the

grand total will appear with 5% TAX according to the requirement.

Back, Log Out & Exit

Inside the main menu we can find Exit. If not user have to come to main menu to exit. When

we are going inside of the programme from the main menu you can find Logout & Back

selctions, Using these selections, user can easily contrall system.



Help & about Us menus

Theses are comment interfaces of every programme, we add user manual to following menu.

Figure 13 system.HelpMenu

Figure 14 - system.AboutUsMenu



Task 05Modularize the proposed programming solution using a specific method to reduce the complexity of the task programming. There by identify the types of parameter passing and implement effective data passing between developed modules.

Modularization

In C++ programming language the most excellent element or ability that we can group some

lines of code into a unit and that can be called to execute whenever we want. The programs

which are divided into subprogram are call modularization. This method is also known as

procedure, macro, sub-routine, module and function. Author is going to use the term

function; functions are significant because they let us to divide huge complex programs into

smaller manageable parts. As the function is minor piece of the overall program, programmer

can focus on what he want it to do. Generally functions are two types

1. Value returning function: - function that has a data type called value returning

function.

2. Void functions: - functions that do not have a data type called void function.

Functions

User defined function predefined function

Value returning functions void functions

Advantages of modularization

Complexity of project task will reduce.

It will be easy to do modification because the functions are separated.

After declaring a variable it can be call any number of times so that we can reduce the

size of coding.



Example for modularization

Figure 15 modularization

Parameter passing

Parameter is a memory location which receives values to the function from the place that we

call (from the function call). Passing values from one function to another at that time of

calling a function we call it as parameter passing technique. Parameters are two types,

1. Formal parameter: - a variable declared in the function heading.

2. Actual parameter: - a variable expression listed in a call to function.

Data passing can be done from one function to another function using parameters. There are

two types of parameter data passing techniques available,

1. Value parameter passing: - in this parameter passing technique formal parameters

which are specified with the function heading receive copies of contain of

corresponding actual parameters. Example given below,



Figure 16 - Value parameter passing

2. Reference parameter passing: - here, formal parameters that receives the location

(memory address) of the corresponding actual parameters call reference parameter

passing. Example given below,

Figure 17 - Reference parameter passing

Parameter passing technique applied when implementing the given scenario

The below picture’s will show you how I used parameter passing to the given scenario,



Figure 18 - codign example

Here I have call a function call tax, while calling the function I have pass a variable entitle as

gtotal which is already contain a value; while passing the gtotal value I have equalized it into

same gtotal variable because when the tax function returning the value of gtotal is may

change.

Figure 19 - cording example 2

After passing the contain of variable gtotal; as you can see in the highlighted fraction I have

declared a variable which has same name logically it’s identify as formal parameter and

finally its returning the formal parameter contain to the actual parameter.



Task 06Document the code provide good understanding of the program and its functionalities using different types of comments, which will make future maintenance of the developed program solution easier

Comments in C++

A comment is a content that the compiler will do not take into account however that is need

to programmers. Comments are generally make use to create notes on code for future

situation. The compiler will ignore whatever statement that includes in the comment criteria.

In Microsoft visual studio the comments are highlighted in green color, the compiler care

them as white space. Programmers can apply comments as testing the program by make

certain lines of code inactive using commenting the code. There are some procedures in

order to include a comment and that based on which type of comments you are trying to

include. There are two types of comments,

Single line comments

Multi line comments

Single line comments

Programmers use single-line comments to include a comment to a particular line in the code.

There are some situations to include this structure; include a small note in single line what a

portion of code going to generate. Single line comments normally make use to clarify a tiny

code snippet. You can include single-line comments for any small comment that in single

line. To show the particular line is a comment head the comment with the two forward

slashes (//), as shown in the following example,



Figure 20 - cording example 3 (comments)

The line which is starting with two slashes is a single line comment.

Multiline comments

Multiline comments are also known as block comments, this structure use for comments

which are several lines in extent. Software developers usually use multiline comments to

describe data configuration, method, and description of the project etc. To generate a

multiline comment, add /* at the start of the commented row and add */ at the end of the

comment line. This method let programmers create extended comments rather than adding

two slashes at the beginning of every line. The layout for multiline comments is as follows,

Figure 21 - cording example (Multiline comments)



The statements which is appear between /* and */ its multiple line comments.

Comments used in given system

Figure 22 - example froms developed system

Figure 23 -example froms developed system



Figure 24 - example froms developed system



Task 07for the developed program application, produce a test plan with appropriate test cases to carry out the testing process

Test Case ID Test Case Name Steps/Action Expected Result

TC1 Testing login

scheme

1) User types incorrect user

name or password

1) Error message

displayed incorrect user

name or password is

entered, please try again.

2) User types correct user

name and password

2) A message displayed

access granted to the

system.

TC2 Checking

functionality of

main menu fraction

Five defined numbers should

appear to do an action if user

types a number which is

undefined

A error massage displayed

sorry the value entered is

undefined or invalid,

please input a correct

value

TC3 Checking

functionality of

book information

fraction

Two defined numbers should

appear to do an action if user

types a number which is

undefined

A error massage displayed

sorry the value entered is

undefined or invalid,

please input a correct

value

TC4 Checking

functionality of

place an order

fraction

1) user enter customer ID ,

name, Record ID

Relevant to record ID the

book information should

appear and ask for

quantity customer wants

2) user enter quantity that user

wants

A message should appear

order is placed do you

want to place another



(yes/no)

TC5 Checking

functionality of log

out fraction

User types number four in

main menu

The system be supposed

to log out and be supposed

to type user name and

password again

TC6 Checking

functionality of exit

from the system

fraction

User types numbers five in

main menu

A message come into

view do you really want to

exit the system (yes/no)

TC7 Checking

functionality of add

book information

option

User types number one in book

information

The program should ask

user record ID, book ID,

available quantity and

price and a message

appear record is added do

you want to add another

(yes/no)

TC8 Testing billing form User add two books to the bill Both books total should be

add and the grand total

should include 5% TAX



Task 08Explain the testing techniques which you think will be most effective to test the developed program solution. You must also have to conduct testing the program according to the developed test plan and provide an analysis of testing conduct

Black box testing

Black box testing is a testing strategy, which does not require any familiarity of internal

design or code. The kinds of testing are totally focused on the testing requirements and the

functionality of the software. In black box testing they do boundary level analysis and error

guessing.

The base of this testing approach lies in the choice of suitable data as per functionality and

testing it against the functional specifications to test for usual and unusual actions of the

system. In order to execute Black Box Testing Strategy, the tester is required to be careful

with the software requirement specification, and as a client should identify how the system

must perform in reply to the particular action. I suggest this will be most suitable testing

technique.

White box testing

White box testing is also known as open box testing, clear box testing and glass box testing.

To do this testing tester must know internal logic and structure of the code because its deal

with programming, therefore normally this testing done by the programmer. In this testing

method they not care about syntax error or small coding mistake they check it’s related to the

scenario or objective.

To execute white box testing, the tester has to deal with the syntax/code and therefore is

required to have knowledge of coding and logic internal working of the code. White box test

also needs the tester to check into the code and discover which statement or unit of the code

is faulty or not working. I suggest this testing strategy also will be most suitable for the

developed system.



Test case

Test case 01

Test objectives To test what occurrences if the user enter incorrect user name or

password

Test data Michele

Expected results An error message should appear incorrect user name or password is

entered, please try again

Actual results An error message appeared

Conclusion Actual results matched expected results.

Test case 02

Test objectives To test what occurrences if the user enter correct user name and

password

Test data Amazon, icbt

Expected results A message should appear access granted to the system then system

should ask for the date and main menu should appear

Actual results A message appeared and main menu appeared

Conclusion Actual results matched expected result

Test case 03

Test objectives To test what occurrences if the user enter undefined numbers in main

menu

Test data 7

Expected results A message should appear sorry the value entered is undefined or

invalid, please input a correct value and again system should allow user

to command

Actual results A message appeared and again its allows user to command again




Test case 04

Test objectives To test whether book ID field accept characters and numeric values

Test data C100

Expected results Book ID field should accept both values

Actual results Book ID field accepted both values


Test case 05

Test objectives To test what occurrences if the user enter undefined numbers in book

information form

Test data 5

Expected results A message should appear sorry the value entered is undefined or

invalid, please input a correct value and again system should allow user

to command

Actual results A message appeared and again its allows user to command again


Test case 06

Test objectives To test what occurrences if user select add book information’s option

Expected results System should ask book ID, book code, available quantity, price and

whether user wants to add another book information if user select yes

system should allow to add another book information if user select no

system should move to book information form

Actual results System asked for book ID, code, available quantity, price and if user

select yes the system allows user to add information again if user select

no the system moves to book information form




Test case 07

Test objectives To test what occurrences if user select modify book information

Expected results System should ask for the record id which should be edit and it should

ask for book ID, book code, available quantity, price to renew the

information’s and system should move to book information form

Actual results System asked for record id which should be edit and the information’s

to renew and system moved to book information form


Test case 08

Test objectives To test what occurrences if user select place and order option

Expected results System should ask for customer ID number, customer first name,

record ID number and system should show the information of relevant

record ID and its should ask the quantity that’s customer wants

Actual results System asked for customer ID, customer first name, record ID and its

shows the information of relevant record ID and its asked for quantity

customer wants


Test case 09

Test objectives To test the functionality of billing form

Expected results Once the customer entered the record ID and the quantity he wants, the

billing form should indicate customer name, ID, Date, book ID, book

code, quantity, price and the total and Grand total

Actual results Billing form indicates customer name, ID, Date, book ID, book code,

quantity, price and the total and Grand total




Task 09Critically analyze the limitations of the developed program solution and make recommendations for improvements.

There are several limitations in developed program since it is a command line interface

(CLI); these are the limitation of a CLI program,

1. Because of the memorization and experience required to work with a command line

interface new end-users find it much harder to successfully operate and control a

command line interface program.

2. Command line interfaces do not offer simplicity and ability to view multiple things at

once; multi tasking is frequently not possible.

3. Not user friendly, especially to a new user.

4. No capability to embed media like photos, videos etc.

5. For the developed program solution user can only to add book information’s, modify

book information’s and generate bills these are the boundaries or limitations.

Since the amazon book shop in development stage in future they can transform command line

interface (CLI) billing process system into graphical user interface (GUI) because its more

user friendly then CLI, it can be developed with efficient new technologies. Furthermore I

like to suggest bar code system to the billing system it has the characteristics of detect book

name and other relevant book information’s.

Into GUI interface system as a developers we can create a more handy and attractive interface

and its more user friendly then CLI. Most end users have a lesser learning curve using a

graphical user interface.



Conclusion

In the conclusion I highlight an appropriate computerized billing system has been presented

by me to the Amazon book shop, since the aim of this project to generate a billing system.

Aim of the make this project is automated current manual system. I could be able to give a

proper interpretation for the user need. How can I say like this? Because company had given

me more than one month time period to execute their need. So I planned my work and made

it easier. At the beginning I made this project from general to specific and at the end I want to

reflect this from specific to general.

What is the user need? I realized it from the very first beginning and now it has only to

implement. I thought in every time what are the long term advantages that company will get

throughout this system, once I’m doing the project. I did not keep my ideas inside a frame. I

was thinking in every single time what the new modifications that parallel can run with

system. According to the proposed system it may brings out many future benefits for the

company also.

I had fulfilled the management rule and through identifying their significant requirements of

the manual system, I have build the automated billing system and I have recommended

suitable new technology systems and components that match with the scenario as well which

helps to increase the level of customer service. Due to requirement I have demonstrate some

programming related materials, program testing techniques and user manual document which

helps the user to work with the system.

Eventually I believe I have successfully completed this project by creating an error free and

effective billing software system for Amazon book shop.



Harvard Reference

DesignFest, Oct. 21, 2000. Viking direct marketing system [Online] Available at:

<http://designfest.acm.org/Solutions/Viking/Viking_Solution_1_00.htm> [Accessed

15/04/2013]

Captainmoe (2010) YouTube - Visual C++ - Tooltip Control. [Online] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=emrvGgJdq6E [Accessed 18/04/2013]

testingmantra.com, 2009. Test Plan [online] Available at: <http://www.testingmantra.com/Articals/Test_Plan_-_Objectives_and_Benefits.html> [Accessed 20/04/2013]

Andrew Binstock, November 30, 2005. C and C++ give way to managed code Java and C# are becoming the application languages of choice for enterprise developers [Online] Available at: <http://www.infoworld.com/d/developer-world/c-and-c-give-way-managed-code-444> [Accessed 22/04/2013]

Catalin Cimpanu , January 21st, 2010. Top Web Trends for 2010 - Part III - Programming Trends [Online] Available at: <http://news.softpedia.com/news/Top-Web-Trends-for-2010-Part-III-Programming-Trends-132714.shtml> [Accessed 24/04/2013]



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Procedural Programming (C++)

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