Problem soils & its management -...
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Problem soils & its management
Satira Udomsri, LDD
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Kingdom of Thailand
Population: 64.8 million people (2014)
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m
highest point: Doi Inthanon 2,576 m
Location: Southeast Asian mainland
5o-20oN 97o-105oE
Area total: 513,120 sq km land: 510,890 sq km
water: 2,230 sq km
Capital: Bangkok
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Aver. Rainfall (mm)
Average Annual Rainfall (30 years: 1973-2002)
Climate regimes:
Mainly Savanna climate and tropical monsoon in
the Peninsular south and southeast coast
Annual temperature: 24-30 o C
Average annual rainfall: 1,100 -1,500 mm.
Major high rainfall zones
Peninsular South & Southeast coast
The low rainfall zone is found in the rain shadow
of the Western mountains
Climate of Thailand
1. the dry season or cool season from November through
February during the Northeast monsoon.
2. the hot season of March, April and May with hot weather
and variable winds. (34 oC & 75% humidity);
3. the rainy season from May through October during the
Southwest monsoon. (32 oc -< 20 oc + a drop in humidity)
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Aquic soil moisture regime
(water)
Udic soil moisture regime
(moist)
Ustic soil moisture regime
(dry)
Soil Moisture Regimes
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Aquic soil moisture regime
low-lying areas used for rice cultivation Soils are
saturated by ground water or by impounded water
for at least 6 months
Udic soil moisture regime
dominates in upland soils of Peninsular South
and the Southeast cost regions where rainfall is high
and well distribution during the year.
Ustic soil moisture regime
mainly found in upland soils of Northeast
Plateau, Central Plain, North&West continental
Highlands and Central Highlands
Soil Moisture Regimes
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Land Use of Thailand
2008-2009
Agriculture area
Build up area
Forest area
Water area
Other
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Physiographic Regions of Thailand
24
53
1
6
1. North & West Continental Highlands
2. Central Plain
3. Central Highlands
4. Southeast Coast
5. Northeast Plateau
6. Peninsular South
Soil and Landform Relationship:Based on the combination of
+ landforms
+ soil parent material
+ vegetation cover
+ climatic conditions
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Area No. 1&3 Northern ranges and valleys and
western mountains:
high mountains alternate with plains, with large
flood plains along the major rivers.
Area No. 2 Central Plain:
flood plains of the major rivers and their
tributaries such as Chao Phraya river. Some
highlands, mountains and hills at the western and
eastern limits of the central region.
Area No. 5 Northeast Plateau:
an extensive plateau, with lowlands alternating
with uplands. Area No. 4&6 Southeast Coast and Peninsular
South:
mountainous ridge extends along the length of the
peninsula and coast, and coastal areas.
6
24
53
1
6
Physiographic Regions of Thailand
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Consist of hilly to mountain and with narrow
intermontaneous valleys
Fertile soils and vary in profile characteristics
according to the differences in rock
North & West Continental Highlands
Recent and semi-recent alluvial in basins of Ping
Wang Yom and Nan rivers are mostly narrow
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The Central Plain:The alluvial plain of the Chao Phraya River and tributaries
and the surrounding piedmont belts; The Bangkok Plain
The surface layer are composed of the recent
and semi-recent alluvial deposits,
then The plain has a deep with fertile soil
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The Central Highlands:
Fertile soils/produce a good yield;
best for chemical properties,
worst in physical properties
(heavy soils, shrink-swell properties, high in bulk density
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The Southeast Coast:The southeast coast is rolling land with rolls to its north and
Mountains to its east, and with narrow coastal plains
Dominated by terrace formations, numerous separate hills and ranges
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The Northeast Plateau:> 200 masl
Sandy-loamy soils with low fertile
some problems; skeletal (lateritic), saline soils, sandy soils
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continuation of
the western
mountains
and river and
coastal plain
Due to the mount of rainfall; High in leaching + very low in plant nutrient content
The Peninsular South:
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Many kind of soils
Differ in thickness, texture, draining capacity,
fertility, degree of flooding, etc…..
Suited for wetland rice, forest trees
Differ from places to places
WHY?
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Soils resources of Thailand depending on clorpt
cl = climateo = organism
r = relief/topographyp = parent material
t = time/ profile development
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How to get the soil data?
To obtain soil information;
Soil survey and classification techniques
Soil survey activities were first introduced to
Thailand in 1935
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“Provisional Map of the Soils and Surface Rocks of the Kingdom of Thailand by R.L. Pendleton”
The first general soil map of Thailand
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DEM
Hill shade
GEO
Orthophoto
Slope class
Data gathering
Satellite map, topographical map, geology map, soil map, present land use map, forest map, conservation zone district map, climatic data etc.
GIS to produce soil map
Soil Survey of Thailand
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For futureSoil map 1:25,000(except Sloping area)
1:4,000 (specific area)
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Suitable Soils
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There are 6 main soils with severe constraint for agronomic productions:
Problem soils (Degraded Soils)
Moreover, the mountainous soils, where slope are steeper than 35%, are also
considered as problem soils due to steepness of the area which results in erosion
and other environmental problems.
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+ pH < 7.0 (pH < 5.5 = unsuitable)
+ prone to erosion
+ toxicity (Al and Mn)
+ deficient in minerals; P K Mg Ca
+ occurrence of plant diseases
problem
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+ broadcasting lime
+ adding organic matter/plant nutrients
+ mulching soil
+ selecting tolerant crops
+ “Good Agricultural Practices”
Way to improving
Acid soils
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Acid sulfate soils
+ accumulation of partly or completely
decomposed plant residues
+ swamp/ lagoon
+ low pH
properties
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Acid sulfate soils
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problem
+ Acidic to very strongly acid
+ nutrient deficient/
imbalance of plant nutrients
+ toxicity in plants
(high in Al Fe Mn)
Acid sulfate soils
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Acid sulfate soils
+ flushing the ground with water
+ using liming materials
(marl, lime, dolomite)
+ adding organic matter/nutrients (fertilizers)/
bioextract (super LDD2)
+ selecting plants (pineapples, guava, palm oil)
Way to improving
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Organic soils
+ accumulation of partly or completely
decomposed plant residues
+ swamp/ lagoon
+ low pH
properties