Problem-Based Learning Report

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PROBLEM-BASED

LEARNING REPORTAssignment 3

PHYSIOLOGY

(SBF 3013)

Theme: Case Study

A Case In Homeostasis: The 2000-Meter

Row

Name Matrix No

Norharyan Erdayu Binti Sahar D20091035078

Salmiza Binti Zainal Abidin D20091035074

Nor Awaathif Binti Mohd Ghazali Lee D20091035070


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At

TheStart

Stretching And Warm Up

Body Temperature37C

Well Hydrated

Sweating even airwas cool

Mouth Dry

Heart BeatsIncreased


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One Minute In

Heart Rate 201 beats per minute

Breathing Rate 78 times per minute

Body temperature 37.5C

More sweating than before


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At The

HalfwayMark

Heart Rate 180 bpm

Breathing ratesdecreasing

Body temperature38C

Keeping ThePower Up


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At The Finish

Heart Rate 208 beats per minute

Breathing Rate 80 times per minute

Feel like couldnt get enough air

Extremely sweating

Body Temperature - 40C


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BACK AT THE DOCK

Heart RateAnd RespiratoryRate became

Normal

Thirsty andDrained.

Only take a sipOf water.

WeightDecreased

to 76 kg


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At The Start One Minute In At TheHalfway Mark

At The Finish Back At TheDock

When human instress andnervous, HeartRate andRespiratory Rateincreased.

Activation of thesympatheticdivision inhibitsdigestion andurination.

Jimmys blood

glucose is high.

Excessivesweating causedhim to bedehydrated.

Increasing ATP

Muscle cellsconvert ATP tomechanicalenergy

ATP used for

musclecontraction

Lack of oxygen

Anaerobicrespiration (lactate

fermentation)

Salt-waterbalance

Less productionof adrenaline

Slowing down thedemands of themuscles

Cooling down

Prepared tosprint

Repaid oxygendebt

Bodytemperatureincreased

Decreasing it by

sweating until itbody reached thenormaltemperature

Glucose levelsdecrease

pH is acidic

Lactate levelsincreased

Temperatureincreased

Parasympatheticnervous system-active

Blood vesselsdilate, more bloodflow

RestDehydration

Burning calories

Use lot of energydue to anaerobicexercise

Increased ADH

Muscles cramp

Waterintoxication

Causing fatal


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LEARNING ISSUES

&

SOLUTIONS


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AT THE START

What is responsible for raising Jimmys heart and respiratory andstimulating sweating just before the race?

Before the race, Jimmy felt stressful and nervous. This caused hisheart rate and respiratory rate increased. This is due to thebreathing center responses to a variety of nervous and chemicalsignals and adjusts the rate and depth of breathing to makechanging demand of the body.

2. Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous systemactive just before the race?

Activation of sympathetic division correlates with arousal andenergy generation causing the heart beat faster, the liver convertglycogen to glucose, bronchi of the lungs dilate and supportincreased gas exchange, digestion inhibited and secretion ofadrenaline from the adrenal medulla is stimulated.


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3. What changes do you think are occurring in thedigestive and urinary system at this time?

Activation of sympathetic division inhibits digestion andurination in order to maintain the internal fluid inJimmys body.Thus, Jimmy is sweating.

4. Why is happening to Jimmys blood glucose levels justbefore the race?

Jimmys blood glucose level is high because when instress condition hormone adrenalin is produced andacraadrenela is release by the ending of sympatheticneuron. This will stimulate glucogenelysis to increasethe supply of glucose to cell.


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5. Why is Jimmys mouth dry?

Jimmys mouth dried because he was dehydrated. This is

because the solute concentration in extracellular fluid increasesthat is, tissue fluid become hypertonic to cells, and water leavesthe cells. Besides, there was no replacement of the water loss.


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ONE MINUTE IN

1. Rowing full speed is putting new demands on Jimmys body. Whatare these new demands and how does the body respond to

them?

Jimmy required lot of energy for rowing at full speed. So toincrease the ATP, he must increase his respiratory rate becauselot of oxygen required in producing ATP in order to supply theATP for the cell muscle.

2. What changes in Jimmys muscles promote unloading oxygenfrom hemoglobin for used by the muscle cells?

Oxygen from hemoglobin used for aerobic respiration in order togenerate ATP that will be used in muscles contraction.


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3. Why do Jimmys muscles feel like they are burning?

Anaerobic respiration (lactate fermentation) occurred in his

muscle during strainuous exercise when the oxygen level in themuscle limited due to the rate of consumption exceeding the rateof supply. Lactate accumulation in the muscles caused Jimmysmuscle fatigue and cramping.

4. What conflict is produced between Jimmys need to keep his body

cool and his need remove nitrogenous wastes from his blood?What did he do before the race to help alleviate this conflict?

In order to make the conflict easier by making sure he was wellhydrated prior to the race and stayed calm and relaxed. Thereason is to keep his heart and respiratory rate down. In order for

him to cool his body the temperature receptor in the skin will sendthe heat and the sensory information to the hypothalamus.Hypothalamus stimulates sweat glands in the skin to producesweat. Sweating is a process of cooling down the temperature ofthe body.


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AT THE HALFWAY MARK

1. Since the end of the first minute, Jimmy has decreased

the demands his muscles are making. How has hedone this? And why has he done this?

He used to change his mind from stressful to a positivethinking by stayed calm and relaxed. This will cause

his respiratory and heart rate to slightly decreasing.The reason he did this is to restore the energy to sprintat the right moment.

2. What are the changes in his conditions as a result?

Now Jimmy is ready for sprint. He managed toincrease the number of strokes from 34 strokes to 39strokes.


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AT THE FINISH

1. Jimmy has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest. Whyare his heart and breathing rates still so high?

Even Jimmy has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest,his heart and breathing rates still so high because the additionaloxygen must be taken into the body after exercise to restore allsystem to the normal state. This is called oxygen debt.

2. Why is he sweating more now than during the race?

He is sweating more because when more sweat produced, thewater in sweat evaporates which requires energy and thus carriesaway heat to reduce the body temperature.


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3. What changes have occurred to his blood chemistrysince the start of the race? Think about glucose levels,pH, lactate levels and temperature.

The work of the muscles caused an increase in bloodflow to the muscles. As a result of increase in activityin the muscles, there is a reduction in the amount of

blood glucose as it is converted to energy. Carbondioxide level in the blood will increase as it is producedwith the use of glucose. The pH of the blood will dropto acidic due to the formation of carbonic acid fromcarbon dioxide and hydrogen. When the more lactic

acid are accumulated in the body, the more heatproduces which causes the temperature increases.The lactic acid level of the blood will also increase asthe end product of glucose and glycogen metabolism.


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BACK AT THE DOCK

1. What changes have occurred in the last 10 minutes to allow

Jimmys heart and respiratory rates to come down?

Parasympathetic division stimulates digestion, urination anddefecation. It also counteracts the effects of the sympatheticdivision by slowing down heart beat rate, lowering blood pressureand slowing the breathing rate.

2. Why is Jimmy four pounds lighter than at the start of the race?

At this time, Jimmys oxygen is reducing. So in order to supplyenergy to Jimmys body, the fat had been burned. Besides, hewas having excessive sweating causing too much water loss from

his body. This will cause the decreasing in Jimmys body weight.


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3. What effect has this water loss had on his endocrine system?

When excessive water loss experienced on Jimmy, his blood will

become more concentrated in response to increase bloodosmolarity, the hypothalamus will produce ADH which is thenreleased from the posterior pituitary. More water is reabsorbedinto the blood, blood volume and blood pressure rise and lessurine is formed.

4. Why did Jimmy only take sips of water after the race? What couldhappen if he drank as much as he wanted to?

Jimmy only takes sips of water because he wants to avoid waterintoxication. Water intoxication is due to excessive consumption ofpure water. The tissue fluid becomes hypertonic to the cells andwater enters the cells. This can lead to the pulmonary edema andswelling in the brain. In extreme cases, it is fatal.


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ACTION


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BOOKS

Campbell, Reece, International Edition Biology Sixth Edition, BenjaminCummings, 2002.

Wingerd, The Human Body Concepts of Anatomy And Physiology,Sannders College Publishing, 1994.

Vonder, Sherman Luciano, Human Physiology The Mechanism of BodyFunction Seventh Edition, Mc. Graw-Hill, 1998.

Hartwing, Fundamental Anatomy, Wolters Kluwer, Lippincott WilliamsAnd Wilkins, 2008.

Jack H. Wilmore, David K. Costill, W. Lorry Kenney, Physiology of Sportand Exercise 4th Edition, Human Kinetics, 2008.

Austin B. Cisneros, Bryan L. coins, Body Temperature Regulation, Nova,2009.


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INTERNET

*http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martinidemo/chapter10/medialib/CH10/html/ch10_5_2.html

*http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/32/Urinary-system.html

*http://www.biog1105-1106.org/demos/105/unit10/muscles.html

*http://www.answers.com/topic/sympathetic-nervous-system

*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response
http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martinidemo/chapter10/medialib/CH10/html/ch10_5_2.htmlhttp://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martinidemo/chapter10/medialib/CH10/html/ch10_5_2.htmlhttp://www.answers.com/topic/sympathetic-nervous-systemhttp://www.answers.com/topic/sympathetic-nervous-systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight-or-flight_responsehttp://www.answers.com/topic/sympathetic-nervous-systemhttp://www.answers.com/topic/sympathetic-nervous-systemhttp://www.answers.com/topic/sympathetic-nervous-systemhttp://www.answers.com/topic/sympathetic-nervous-systemhttp://www.answers.com/topic/sympathetic-nervous-systemhttp://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martinidemo/chapter10/medialib/CH10/html/ch10_5_2.htmlhttp://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martinidemo/chapter10/medialib/CH10/html/ch10_5_2.html


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