Probiotics in Fish Immunity

Sulove Koirala (40)Faculty of Veterinary Sc., Animal Sc. and FisheriesAgriculture and Forestry University

Probiotics are live microorganisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health

benefit on the host (WHO/FAO 2001)

What is Probiotics??

Why Probiotics??

Help in feed conversion efficiency and live weight gain

Confer protection against pathogens

Production of organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid,)

Other compounds such as antibiotics, bacteriocins, siderophores, lysozyme

Modulate physiological and immuno- logical responses in fish

Antibiotic use in aquaculture may be detrimental to the environment and human health

Mechanism of Action

• Competitive exclusion: antagonistic compounds and adhesion

• Source of nutrients and enzymatic contribution to digestion

• Enhancement of the immune response

Probiotics and fish immunity

I. Local Immunity

II. Systemic Immunity

Probiotics Mononuclear Phagocytic Cells (Macrophages, Monocytes), NK cells

Innate Immune Response

Effect of probiotics on systemic immunity

Interacts with Enhances

Stimulate proliferation of B lymphocytes

Elevation of immunoglobin level

Effect of probiotics on systemic immunity……….

Phagocytic Activity: In tilapia a 2 weeks feeding of Lactobacillus rhamnosus significantly stimulated the phagocytic activity

Lysozyme: Enhancement of lysozyme level by probiotics like Lactobacillus rhamnosus in Oncorhynchus mykiss

Complement activity: Enhances natural complement activity of fish Cytokines: Probiotics like L. rhamnosus, and B. subtilis are found to

up regulate the pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-1ß1 and TGF-ß in the spleen and head kidney of O. mykiss

Effect of probiotics on gut immunity

Few studies that were conducted in recent times indicate that probiotics can stimulate the piscine gut immune system with marked increase in the number of Ig+ cells and acidophilic granulocytes (AGs)

The presence of T-cells in the GALT has been documented in many fish and probiotics can lead to a significant increase in T-cells in fish

Dose of probiotics

The dose of probiotics is usually selected based on their ability to enhance the growth and protection in host.

Brunt et al. dtermined the effective dose of the probiotic strain belong to Bacillus species to be 2 ×108 cells in O. mykiss

The dose of probiotics usually varies from106-10 CFU/g feed. The optimum dose of a probiotics can vary with respect to host and also type of immune parameters.

Lower dose can fail to stimulate the piscine immune system while high dose can exert deleterious effects

Duration of Feeding

In fish most of the beneficial effects like live weight gain, improved immunity and disease resistance have been recorded within a dietary probiotics feeding regime of 1-10 weeks.

The time course for optimum induction of immune response differs with respect to probiotic strain and also type of immune parameter.

Mode of Supplementation

In fish, probiotics are applied in different methods like bath, suspension and feed.

Suspension or bioencapsulation of probiotics is usually adopted for fish larvae

Apart from dietary supplementation, water borne uptake of probiotics can also modulate the piscine immune system with elevation of several immune parameters

Host species Potential probiotic Effect on host References

Anguilla anguilla Enterococcus faecium SF68 andBacillus toyoi

Protection against edwardsiellosis Chang and Liu (2002)

Centropomus undecimalis Bacillus subtilis sp. 48 Reduction of Vibrio levels Kennedy et al. (1998)

Crassostrea gigas Aeromonas media Reduced proliferation of Vibrio tubiashii Gibson et al. (1998)Dicentrarchus labrax Saccharomyces cerevisiae,

Debaryomyces hanseniiImproved larval survival Tovar-Ramırez et al. (2002)

Dicentrarchus labrax Debaryomyces hansenii Improved survival and reduced malformations Tovar-Ramırez et al. (2004)Epinephelus coioides Bacillus pumilus SE5, Bacillus clausii DE5 Improved growth and reduction of Vibrio levels Sun et al. (2010)

Epinephelus coioides Bacillus subtilis E20 Immune stimulation and enhanced resistance to Streptococcus sp. and an iridovirus

Liu et al. (2012)

Labeo rohita Pseudomonas aeruginosaVSG-2

Immune stimulation and enhanced resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila

Giri et al. (2012)

Labeo rohita Lactobacillus plantarumVSG3

Improved growth, immune stimulation and enhanced resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila

Giri et al. (2013)

Litopenaeus vannamei Vibrio alginolyticus Improved survival and growth Garriques and Arevalo (1995)

Litopenaeus vannamei Phaffia rhodozyma Protection against vibriosis Scholz et al. (1999)Litopenaeus vannamei Vibrio alginolyticus UTM 102,

Phaeobacter gallaeciensis SLV03, Pseudomonas aestumarina SLV22

Protection against Vibrio parahaemolyticus Balcazar et al. (2007d)

Litopenaeus vannamei Lactobacillus plantarum 7-40(NTU 102)

Immune modulation and enhanced resistance to Vibrio alginolyticus

Chiu et al. (2007)

Litopenaeus vannamei Bacillus subtilis L10 and G1 Improved growth, expression of immune-related genes and enhanced resistance to Vibrio harveyi

Zokaeifar et al. (2012)

Oncorhynchus mykiss Vibrio fluvialis A3-47S,Aeromonas hydrophila A3-51,

Carnobacterium sp. BA211,Micrococcus luteus A1-6

Immune stimulation and enhanced resistance to Aeromonas salmonicida.

Irianto and Austin (2002b)

Oncorhynchus mykiss Lactobacillus sakei CLFP 202,Lactococcus lactis CLFP 100,Leuconostoc mesenteroides

CLFP 196

Immune stimulation and enhanced resistance toAeromonas salmonicida

Balcazar et al. (2007a)

Oncorhynchus mykiss Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC53103, Bacillus subtilis,Enterococcus faecium

Immune stimulation and expression of cytokine genes Panigrahi et al. (2007)

Oncorhynchus mykiss Lactobacillus plantarum CLFP238, Leuconostoc mesenteroides CLFP 196

Competitive exclusion and enhanced resistance toLactococcus garvieae

Vendrell et al. (2008)

Perca fluiviatilis Pseudomonas chlororaphisJF3835

Intestinal colonization and enhanced resistance toAeromonas sobria

Gobeli et al. (2009)

Salmo trutta Lactococcus lactis CLFP 100,Leuconostoc mesenteroides

CLFP 196

Immune stimulation and enhanced resistance toAeromonas salmonicida

Balcazar et al. (2007b)

Salvelinus alpinus Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Brevibacterium,

Microbacterium, Staphylococcus

Contribution to nutritional process Ringø et al. (1995)

Scophtalmus maximus Lactobacillus plantarum or Carnobacterium sp.

Protection against vibriosis Gatesoupe (1994)

References

Nayak, S. K. (2010). Probiotics and immunity: a fish perspective. Fish & shellfish immunology, 29(1), 2-14.

Kesarcodi-Watson, A., Kaspar, H., Lategan, M. J., & Gibson, L. (2008). Probiotics in aquaculture: the need, principles and mechanisms of action and screening processes. Aquaculture, 274(1), 1-14.

Bomba, A., Nemcová, R., Mudroňová, D., & Guba, P. (2002). The possibilities of potentiating the efficacy of probiotics. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 13(4), 121-126.

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