Pro-Poor Urban Development: China and Africa Workshop Introductory Session on participatory mapping...

Participatory Mapping of Urban Poverty

Allan CainDEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP

Presented to the

China – Africa Urban Exchange on Pro Poor Urban Development

30 - 31 July 2012 Nairobi - Kenya

SISTEMA NACIONAL DE INFORMAÇÃO TERRITORIAL

Millenium Development Goals

• The overall aim of the MDGs was to reduce poverty by one half by 2015

• MDGs were defined and mapped out for each sector

• Member governments of the UN made commitments to meet the Millennium Development Goals

• Each member country of the United Nations made the commitment to measure their progress to meeting these targets.

• Indicators were defined in order to accurately measure the progress made, year-by-year towards meeting these goals


• UN Habitat established a Global Urban Observatory Program to help countries monitor their progress to meeting the key urban MDGs as articulated in Goal 7 indicators 11.

• The aim of the Urban MDGs is to reduce the proportion of populations living is slums by measuring the following indicators:

1. Acess to an adequate potable water supply2. Acess to improved sanitation3. Sufficient living space4. Durable and safe housing5. Secure land tenure

Measuring Urban Poverty Reduction

Urban Growth Rates in Africa & Asia


China & Africa Urban & Economic Growth


Africa & Asia Urban Poverty Reduction

Reduction of Slums between 1990 & 2010

1990

2010


Reduction of Slums between 1990 - 2010

Economic Exclusion & Gini Coefficients

The Gini coefficient measures the inequality of wealth within a group such as a city. A Gini coefficient of ‘zero’ expresses perfect equality while ‘one’ expresses maximal inequality

The World’s most Unequal Cities

Inclusion vs Exclusion in African Cities


Who benefits from urban growth?

How do women fare?


The purpose of the observatory is to monitor key urban indicators and ensure that the information is used to inform policies, public institutions and local policy-makers National and local observatories also involve representatives from civil society, private sector and academic institutions.

Tanque Serra

Tombo

Rapado

Kikuxi I

Caop

Zango

Tande

Ludi 2

Tanque I

Km 30

Faz Sol

Burgalheira

Cassaca

Dimba

Vitrona

Guengue

Tanque Serra

Ludi 1

Quenguela Norte

Vai e Volta

Sarico

10 de DezembroKikuxi II

Panguila

Areas de Pedreiras

Calivoto

Capalanga

Mulundo

Casa BrancaMussulo

Hoji Ya Henda

Coboy

Camicuto 1

Tanque Serra

Musondo

Tanque II

Nova EsperancaKm 35

Camicuto 2

Caquila

Terra Nova II

Bem Vindo

Zona Industrial

12A

Weji Maca

Santa Paciencia

Km 9A

Mulemvos

Cidade Universitario

Calumbo Sede

Ceramica

Golf I

????

Caop B

Banza Calumbo

Cambamba II

Grafanil

Mulemvos

Km 14 A

Km40A

Chinguar

Cabolombo

12B

Caop A

Paraiso

Km 40 B

Camama Sede

Nova Urbanizacao

Terra Nova I

Caop C

Mateia II

Cassenda

Km 9B

Sapú

Chimbicato

Quissomeira

Vila de Estoril

Tanque Serra

14B(Cambire)

Quingolo

Casulo Sede

Dala Muleba

Muculo

Tala Hadi

KM 32

Mateia I

Nova Vida

Boa Vista

Mayombe

Cazenga Popular

Ngola Kiluanje

INORAD

Luanda Sul

Palmeirinhas

D

Vila Da Mata

Augusto Ngangula

Vidrul

Boa EsperancaCemiterio 2

Rocha Pinto

Quinzenza

Zona A

Cateba

Cepa

Moxico

Salinas

Fazenda Experimental

Terra Branca

Imbondeiro

B

Kinanguvo (macedonia)

Soda

Calemba

Mabor

Viana II

Barra do Bengo

Regedoria

Catambor

CatondoCasulo Estrada

Terra vermelha

Nova Esperanca

Funda Sede (Havemos)

Maianga

Vila Nova

Comandante Bula

Futungo de Belas

Kilunda

Morro Bento II

Tungango

Mbondo Chapeu

C

Nelito Soares

Garcia

Candua

Morro Bento I

Cambamba I

11 De Novembre

LixeiraSao Joao

Rio Seco

Ilha Do Cabo

Vila de Estoril

Rangel

A

Sao Pedro

Mutamba Cahango

Camoes

Sao Pedro Da Barro

Sector 3

Ingombota

Cazenga Municipal

Santo Antonio

Kawelele

Mota

Bairro do Gamek

Vitoria e Certa

Partido

Pescadores

Sector 1

Marcal

Sector2

Cariango

CamuxibaPopular

28 de Agosto

Precol

Compao

Cambamba I

Imbondeiro

Bairro Da Paz

C.T.T

Imbondeiros

Prenda

Malanginho

Combustiveis

Kawelele

Farol Das Lagostas

Marconi

Maria Eugenia Neto

Terra Nova

Alto Kifangondo

Corimba

Bairro Operario

Sector 4

Orlog

Cardoso

Mulemba

Banga We

Chapas

Sagrada Esperanca

Roque Santeiro

E 15

Casa Branca

Agostinho Neto

Ilha Da Madeira

Cacuaco Sede

Zona A

Samba Grande

Boa Esperança

500 casas

????

Chicala II

1 De Maio

Ecocampo

Jemba (4 de Abril)

Sagrada Esperanca

Val SarocaCemiterio

Bairro Militar

Campismo

Chicala I

Porto Pesquerio

Dez Casas

Anangola

BandeiraOssos

Bairro Azul

Petrangol

Adriano Moreira

Bairro Sujo

Saneamento

Anteiro

Sao Paulo

Swapo

Encibi

Cassequel BuracoSarmento RogriguesMartir De Kifangondo

Cassequel do Imbondeiro

Kikolo Sede

Anangola ????

Samba Pequena

Coreia (???)

Miramar

Praia De Bispo

Nguanha

SambizangaBairro Cruzeiro

Madame Berma

Cassequel Lourenco

Bairro da Policia

Forno de Cal

Baixo Quifangondo

Bairro chines

Zangado

Cemiterio Novo

Nelitos Soares

Nova Esperanca

Cambamba I

Futungo de Belas

Morro Bento I

Quenguela Norte

Tanque Serra

Cardoso

VIANA

CACUACO

SAMBA

KILAMBA KIAXI

CAZENGA

MAIANGA

SAMBIZANGA

INGOMBOTA

RANGEL

VIANA SEDE

FUNDA

CALUMBO

BENFICA

KIFANGONDO

RAMIRO

CAMAMA

KIKOLO CACUACO SEDE

GOLFE

FUTUNGO

MUSSULO

ESTORIL

CAZENGA

PALANCA

TALA HADI

CASSEQUEL

ROCHA PINTO

HOJI YA HENDA

NGOLA KILUANJE

PRENDASAMBA

MAIANGA TERRA NOVA

SAMBIZANGA

KINANGARANGEL

NEVES BENDINHA

MARCAL

ILHA DO CABO

290000

290000

300000

300000

310000

310000

320000

320000

330000

330000

340000

340000

89

90

00

0 899

00

00

90

00

00

0 900

00

00

90

10

00

0 901

00

00

90

20

00

0 902

00

00

90

30

00

0 903

00

00

90

40

00

0 904

00

00

SCSP Intervention AreaSLP Intervention AreaLUCPP Intervention Area LURE Intervention AreaBairros BoundariesCommune BoundariesMunicipality Boundaries

LEGENG

1:200000Scale:

Cliente: LUPP

Projecto: LUPP

Desenho: LUPP Intevention Areas

Elaborou

Data:

28/05/04

Ref:

Aprovou

C.P 3360Rua Rei Katyavala 113Luanda-AngolaPhone: 448371/77/66Fax: [email protected]

C.P 248Huambo-AngolaPhone: 244-41-20338/20081Fax: (244-41)[email protected]

Local Urban Poverty Observatories


Local Observatories

• Most of the observatories adopt a multi-sectoral approach, collecting and analyzing urban/national indicators

• Consultative processes involve a wide range of actors and institutions that identify these priorities

• Sensitize stakeholders to urban issues that are collectively agreed-upon by using indicators and urban data processed in easy-to-understand formats, such as maps and visual aids

• Use of geo-referenced information and statistical information to promote broad public access to that information.

• GIS experts are essential to process data to integrate spatial analysis.

Monitoring Methodology/Approaches• Baseline Indicators: slum locations, size,

services, housing conditions (using 1990 data)• Policies: relocation or upgrading (site selection);

infrastructure provisions (water, sanitation …); service provisions (health, education…); civic rights (land tenure, housing security); environmental protection (flooding, climate adaptation)

• Outcome Indicators: Measuring improvements improved coverage? or improved access (quantifiable and qualifiable)• Validating information through participatory

community monitoring

Participatory Monitoring in AngolaParticipatory Monitoring in Angola


Voices of Citizens for Urban Change

To influence more inclusive municipal planning processes, and equitable access to improved urban services for the poor by:

• promoting community participation in monitoring urban poverty indicators related to the Millennium Development Goals

• providing evidence-based information as inputs into municipal plans;

• Building an urban poverty network that advocates for equitable access to improved basic services and promote participatory governance;

• increase sustainable access basic services by promoting community management models to ensure that consumer voices are heard.


Building Capacity & Ownership• local institutions were trained in

participatory diagnostic tools • Multi-stakeholder teams were

composed including technicians from the National Planning Institute (INOTU), civil society and local government to ensure the confidence and co-ownership of the data.

• regular collection of information and monitoring of specific indicators at the local level to measure change.

• the creation spaces for consultation and negotiation between communities, government and civil society institutions


Geographic Information Systems

Participatory Mapping

Remote sensing: Applied GIS tools for collecting urban information, using aerial photographs and satellite images.


• Household surveys made by teams comprised of technicians from INOTU, university students and community groups, under the supervision and technical support of DW.

• Data on MDGs was validated by interviews with key informants and focus groups in all bairros in Luanda.

• Data mapped & put into the public domain. Provided to urban planners, ministries, municipal administrators, community associations.

Participatory Research


Municipal Forums• monitoring results are

presented to the Municipal Forums & CACs

• strengthens the capacity of local authorities and civil society to ensure inclusive and participatory local development.

• demonstrated spaces for consultation between local authorities and civil society on urban issues and promotes municipal democratisation.

MDG Mapping of Luanda - findings

Findings: Land Tenure

• The majority of peri-urban residents acquired their and houses through informal mechanismsand don't have access to mechanisms to regularize their land.

• Most of poor families accumulated savings are tied up in the land they occupy and the house they built or purchase • Rapid development of informal markets for the purchase and renting of land and property• Formal titling is very rare, but levels of perceived tenure security is high

Land Value Mapping in Luanda 2010


Mapping of Housing Quality & Durability

Housing is considered durable if built in a non-hazardous location and has a structure permanent and adequate to protect the inhabitants of the weather such as rain, heat, cold and moisture.


Mapping of Environmental Risk Areas

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8/Km/1m3

13/Km


10/Km/1m3

<1/Km/1m3

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Mapping of Water Access & Afordability

M.Baixo Baixo Medio Alto M.AltoIngombota 6.2 6.5 4.2 4.6 3.5Maianga 16.2 10.7 15.3 11.5 17.0Rangel 8.1 4.2 2.7 7.6 0.8Sambizanga 12.3 14.5 22.9 14.1 17.0Cazenga 4.2 6.5 2.7 11.8 3.1K.Kiaxi 15.0 17.2 17.2 17.9 16.6Samba 13.5 15.6 14.1 10.7 23.2Cacuaco 8.5 13.4 8.4 3.4 5.4Viana 16.2 11.5 12.6 18.3 13.5Total 100 100 100 100 100

Nivel de consumoMunicipio

Waste Water Drainage

Domestic Solid Watse Removal

Indicator Sub-indicator Rating

Indicator 1: Population density and overcrowding

Housing is considered to provide a sufficient living area for the household members

Baixa Densidade (<100 pop/Ha) 1

Média Densidade (100-300 pop/Ha) 1

Alta Densidade (300-500 pop/Ha) com algumas áreas sobrepovoadas

2

Sobrepovoamento Acima dos 50,000 pessoas por km2 (500> pop/Ha)

3

Indicator 2: Security of Tenure

Defined by the right of all individuals and groups to effective protection by the State against forced evictions.

Planificado / organizado / titulada 1

Requalificável/organizavel/Não tituladas 2

Desorganizada / não planificada 3

Indicator 3: Housing quality and location

Material de construção das habitações Tijolos / Blocos de cimento 1

Adobe revestido de cimento ou Madeira 2

Pau-a pique, adobe não revestido ouchapas

3

Material de cobertura do tecto Telhas, ou concreto 1

Chapas de zinco 2

Capim 3

Localização Segura / Baixos Riscos 1

Sem drenagem / Acesso limitado e Risco Médio 2

Zonas de inundações/ Utility Clearance / zona de cinistros / Alto Risco

3

Indicator Sub-inticador Rating

Indicator 4: Access to safe affordable water

A household is considered to have access to improved water supply if it has sufficient amount of water for family use, at an affordable price, available to household members without being subject to extreme effort, especially to women and children.

Conexão à rede de água canalizada 1

Chafarizes ou cacimbas melhoradas com bombas manuais

2

Sem acesso a água potável (o Mercado informal de água, ou cacimbas tadicionais)

3

Indicator 5: Access to adequate sanitation

A household is considered to have adequate access to sanitation, if an excreta disposal system, either in the form of a private toilet or a toilet shared between a maximum of two families.

Conexão a rede de drenagem 1

Fossa septica 2

Latrinas Secas melhorads 2

Sem serviços / serviços inadequados / latrines públicas 3

Recolecção de resíduos sólidos Regular / recolha domiciliar 1

Irregular / contentores / depositos 2

Nenhum 3


Composite poverty map of all MDG indicators

Urban Challenges

76% of Luanda’s population lives in

informal Musseques

Development Workshop Angola

CRESCIMENTO EXPANSIVO

1989 - 100,80 Km²

1998 - 253,27 Km²

2000 - 270,05 Km²

1980 - 19,42 Km²

2010 – 350,00 Km²

Luanda’s rapid urban growth in war and post-war years

Financing urban development• Large-scale investment is needed in bulk provision,

such as mains water supply and treatment, final rubbish disposal sites and mains sewerage.

• Financing urban development in a situation such as Luanda, which has a low fiscal base, is a severe challenge.

• This is due partly to the poverty of the majority of the inhabitants.

• The weak taxation regime in general partly due to a lack of up-to-date cadastre and population census.

• Financing is required at a scale that even the state cannot afford.

• Partnerships with private sector and international lenders are necessary.

• China has been the principal financer of Angolan reconstruction.

Background on Angola & China

• Angola is China’s principal African trading partner• 25% of China’s African commerce is with Angola• 15% of China’s petroleum imports are from Angola• Angola and China are two of the fastest urbanising countries in

the world.• At 7% growth Luanda is the fastest growing city in Southern

Africa.• Much of Angola’s post-war reconstruction is financed by

Chinese credit lines.• Chinese – Angolan economic cooperation is estimated to be

about US$ 25 billion over the last decade.

Contracts of Chinese Companies in Angola (2003 – 2009), US$ millions

Chinese Economic Cooperation

Angola’s Poverty Reduction Strategy

The Angolan Government has adopted four strategies that could have significant impacts on reducing urban poverty:

1. Water for All aims to bring an adequate and affordable supply of water to 80% of peri-urban and rural families by the end of 2012.

2. One million house programme aims to deliver social housing to the homeless by 2012.

3. Decentralisation and fiscal deconcentration aims to have democratically elected municipal councils after 2012.

4. Commitment to the Millennium Development Goals to reduce poverty by 50% by 2015.


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Pro-Poor Urban Development: China and Africa Workshop Introductory Session on participatory mapping...

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