Privatizing the Right to Fish: Challenges to Livelihood and Community in Kodiak, Alaska
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Transcript of Privatizing the Right to Fish: Challenges to Livelihood and Community in Kodiak, Alaska
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Privatizing the Right to Fish: Challenges to Livelihood and Community in Kodiak, Alaska
Courtney CarothersSchool of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences
University of Alaska FairbanksAlaska Marine Science Symposium, January
2009
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Dissertation Research Overview
• Privatization of Fishing Rights Symbolic & Material Transformations
I. Discourses of privatizationII. Loss of fishing rights in Alaska villagesIII. Lived realities in Alutiiq fishing
communitiesIV. Possibilities for redistribution of rights
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Dissertation Research Overview
• Privatization of Fishing Rights Symbolic & Material Transformations
I. Discourses of privatizationII. Loss of fishing rights in Alaska villagesIII. Lived realities in Alutiiq fishing
communitiesIV. Possibilities for redistribution of rights
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I. Discourses of Privatization
• Framing of fisheries access privatization is key to understanding debate & impacts
Catch Shares Revive FisheriesScience study confirms that this innovative approach is the best way to manage and restore fisheriesEnvironmental Defense Fund 2008
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II. Loss of Fishing Rights in Villages
• Why do small coastal communities in GOA disproportionately lose fishing rights?
Net Result of Halibut Quota Transfers: 1995-2004
-500
0
500
1000
1500
<1,00
0
1-2,0
00
2-4,0
00
4-6,0
00
6-9,0
00
>30,0
00
Size of Community
Quo
ta S
hare
(1,0
00
s)
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Halibut IFQ holder survey
• Sample buyers, sellers, & original quota holders– 14% of pop (n = 1,100); 46% response rate– 50% of respondents from small, remote
fishing villages• How do community & demographic
variables affect:– Buying and selling patterns – Opinions of privatized access programs
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Logit Analysis
• Relationship between individual attributes and buying and selling patterns?
• Attributes:– Age– Income– Education– Ethnicity– Residency in small, remote fishing
community– Fishing income dependence
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Logit Analysis
• Model the probability that an individual is a seller (not a buyer)
• Three attributes influence Pr[sell]– Age
• The older an individual is the more likely s/he is to sell.
– Ethnicity• Alaska Native quota holders more likely to sell.
– Income• The lower an individual’s income is the more
likely s/he is to sell.
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Likert Scale Composite
• Alaska Native respondents show least support for privatization
• Respondents who do not identify their community as “fishing dependent” show the most support.
Manage more fisheries with IFQs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Alaska Native Non-Native
Perc
ent
Agree
Disagree
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III. Lived Realities in Alutiiq Villages
• What factors explain trends of loss of fishing rights?
• How are these changes experienced locally?
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Ethnographic Research
• 15 months (2005-2006)– Larsen Bay, Old Harbor,
and Ouzinkie– >150 interviews– 71 household surveys– Participant observation– Social network analysis
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Larsen Bay
• 90 people• 70% Alaska Native
○
○Ouzinkie• 190 people• 88% Alaska
Native○
Old Harbor• 200 people
• 89% Alaska Native
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Dramatic Decrease in Fishing Participation
Larsen Bay Old Harbor Ouzinkie 0
102030405060708090
100
Parents fished
Previously fished
Currently fish
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Why this decrease?• “It all started with the permit” • Cannery period (1880s to 1960s)
– Flexible, informal commercial fishing relationships
– Men ran cannery boats; women worked in canneries
– System of wages and credit – Labor mobility – crew transition to
skipper to owner– Maintenance economy: “getting through
the winter”; “not getting ahead of your neighbors”
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Privatizing the Right to Fish
• Access privatization (1970s – present)– Right to fish individualized and
commodified– Initial allocation of rights usually to boat
owners– Subsequent allocation by market ($$)
• Economic & social disconnect with cannery period
“Before all this Ouzinkie was a fishing community, free enterprise…It was family fishing. (Permits) eliminated all that. (Before) you didn't have to own anything. It worked as a bartering system. You work for the cannery and they took care of you.”
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Privatizing the Right to Fish
• Kin-based fishing not rewarded– Capital investment over labor investment
• Labor mobility restricted“With limited entry, most of the young people
didn't want to be crewmembers their whole lives – they got out of fishing. (It would have) cost them $200,000 to get into the fishery.”
• Right to fish become alienable disproportionate rate of sale
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Disproportionate Rate of Sale
• Higher discount rate (Langdon 1980)– Current cash flow more important than
future earning potential• High-value capital asset detrimental• Limited access to collateral, financial
institutions, knowledge of programs• IRS repossession• Other factors
– Low wild salmon prices– Exxon Valdez oil spill
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Social Change
• Values– Individualism, competition
• Status – Labor/class hierarchies– Wealth disparities– “Business style” fishermen gain political
power– “Lifestyle fishermen” subordinated (Mason
1993)• Economy
– Maintenance to accumulation
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Social Change• The “Lost” Generation
“When I was young, I grew up knowing that I’d be a fisherman and I knew one day I’d be a boat owner... Guys growing up today don’t know that; there’s no reason to think they can be boat owners – most of them can’t be.”
Elder fisherman in Ouzinkie
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Social Change
• Loss of fishing rights not just income– Loss of identity, meaningful lifestyle,
connection to place– New stratification altered community
dynamics– Linking of loss of fisheries to increasing
social problems– 50% decrease in village populations– Impact on subsistence economy
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IV. Redistribution of Rights
• Community-based rights– Community Quota Entity Program
• Aboriginal claim to fish• Social movements• Collective planning
– Kodiak Island Rural Regional Leadership Forum • “Commercial fishing is part of our future”• Economic diversification
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Summary
• Complex relationships b/t people, places, & resources
• Privatization is remaking these relationships
• Privatization constrains fishing livelihoods and connection to place
• While effects not entirely predictable, tend to reinforce historical inequities based on class & ethnicity
• Symbolic/ideological struggle over language, values, and assumptions
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Acknowledgements
• Dissertation Committee: – Eric Alden Smith (University of Washington)– Dave Fluharty (UW)– Ben Fitzhugh (UW)– Jennifer Sepez (NOAA Fisheries)
• Funding Agencies– National Science Foundation– Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological
Research– Washington Sea Grant Program– Morris K. Udall Foundation
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Quyanaasinaq
• The people of the Kodiak Archipelago– Tribal Councils of Larsen Bay, Old Harbor
and Ouzinkie– Mary Haakanson, Phyllis Clough, Mary
Barb Christiansen, the Fields, Herman Squartsoff, Angeline Campfield, Jack Wick, Gwen Christiansen, RJ Zeedar