Final Report Review for Private Sector Participation in Water and Sanitation in Indonesia
PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES IN MEXICO October 2005.
-
Upload
bonnie-merritt -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES IN MEXICO October 2005.
PRIVATE PARTICIPATION PRIVATE PARTICIPATION IN WATER AND IN WATER AND
SANITATION SERVICES SANITATION SERVICES IN MEXICOIN MEXICO
October 2005October 2005
MAIN MAPS TO BE MAIN MAPS TO BE CONSIDEREDCONSIDERED Map of Socioeconomic and hydrologic Map of Socioeconomic and hydrologic
characteristicscharacteristics
Map of political and administrative Map of political and administrative processes in water managementprocesses in water management
Map of main water actorsMap of main water actors
mm
2500
1000
500
250
100
50
Anual average precipitation
772 mm
67% of the rain season occurs from June to September making difficult its
use
Water AvailabilityWater Availability
Escurrimiento
Natural water availability per capita in the southeast of
Mexico is seven times more than in the rest of the country
National Average
4 841 m3/hab/year
National Average
4 841 m3/hab/year
2 044 m3/hab/año
14 291m3/hab/year Population
GDP
68%
32%
23%
77%
14%
86%
Water Availability and Water Availability and
DevelopmentDevelopment
Aquifers OverexploitedAquifers Overexploited
16% of the aquifers are overexploited 16% of the aquifers are overexploited 50% of the underground water 50% of the underground water
utilized in the country in different utilized in the country in different uses comes from overexploited uses comes from overexploited
aquifersaquifers
Water UsesWater UsesEvery year 72 thousand millions of m3 are used in the different
water uses in the country
72 thousand
millions m3
70% of water coverage for the population
Irrigates 1/3 of the irrigated areas in the country
Covers 50% of the water demanded by the industry
70% of water coverage for the population
Irrigates 1/3 of the irrigated areas in the country
Covers 50% of the water demanded by the industrySuperficial WaterSuperficial Water
44 km44 km33
61%61%
Superficial WaterSuperficial Water44 km44 km33
61%61%
Underground Underground Water 28 kmWater 28 km33
39%39%
Underground Underground Water 28 kmWater 28 km33
39%39%
Superficial Water Superficial Water ContaminationContamination
POTABLE WATER POTABLE WATER COVERAGECOVERAGE
Potable water coverage
SEWAGE COVERAGESEWAGE COVERAGE
sewage coverage
Population 1980 Census 1990 Census 1995 Counting 2000 Census
Potable Water
Urban na 89.4 92.4 94.6
Rural na 51.1 62.5 68.0
Total 70.7 78.4 84.6 87.8
Swerage
Urban na. 79.1 87.3 89.6
Rural na 18.1 30.2 36.7
Total 49.1 61.5 72.4 76.2
WATER AND SEWAGE COVERAGE IN MEXICO
(Percentage of population with service )
TOTAL RURAL LOCALITIES IN THE COUNTRY: 63, 795 (LESS THAN 2,500 INHABITANTS)
DESENTRALIZATION AND DESENTRALIZATION AND PRIVATIZATION PROCESSPRIVATIZATION PROCESS
Process of Process of Decentralization of Decentralization of Water ManagementWater Management
Water Management under Federal Government
States
StatesStates
States
State of Aguascalientes
States States
Municipality
Case Study
PrivateParticipation
1994 Private Participationpation process
Political-Institutional Political-Institutional DimensionDimension
Crisis of the 80’s installed two processes:Crisis of the 80’s installed two processes:
– Decentralization to states and municipal governmentsDecentralization to states and municipal governments
– Private participationPrivate participation
The new The new state-society relationship made users participation a legal state-society relationship made users participation a legal
obligation for the new form of government, creating organizations for “users obligation for the new form of government, creating organizations for “users
participation”participation”..
Political-Administrative Political-Administrative ReformsReforms
FederalGovernment
SARH SEDUE SEMARNAP
Irrigation-country Water-city
CNA
1982SEMARNAT
FederalGovernment
CNA
FederalGovernment
Secretary of Hydraulic Resources
(SRH)
Secretary of Agriculture
Secretary of Agriculture andHydraulic Resources (SARH)
water water water
Before 1982 Between 1982 and 1989 After 1992
1989
Federal Legislative ReformsFederal Legislative Reforms
Article 115 Reform. Descentralization. Water and sewerage systems transferred to municipal governments.
1986 Water rates adjusted by reforms to the Federal Law of Fees.
1992 Art. 27 of the Constitution reformed. Market for land and water.
1992 National Water Law. Allowing. Transfer of irrigation districts, private participation. Creation of new administrative levels. Watershed Councils
2004 Reform to National Water Law. Watershed Organisms created and the total or partial concession to private participation consolidated.
1983
1990 Federal Fees Law is reformed and fees for water use are updated
1991 Charge is included for discharge of polluted wastewaters
TRANSFER OF IRRIGATION TRANSFER OF IRRIGATION DISTRICTSDISTRICTS
Actually there are 309 users associations Actually there are 309 users associations and 6 Societies of Limited Responsibility, and 6 Societies of Limited Responsibility, they involve en 316,000 organized users they involve en 316,000 organized users that operate an area of 2'386,809 hasthat operate an area of 2'386,809 has
Domain irrigated area, area with potential irrigation, irrigated area
ConceptIrrigation Districts
Irrigation Units Total
% of thel Total
Domaine irrigated area 3,366,651 2,956,032 6,322,683 100.00
Area with potential irrigation 3,084,198 2,358,233 5,442,431 86.08
Irrigated area 2,539,406 1,941,667 4,481,073 70.87
Fuente: CNA, 2000, C. P. 2000
MEXICAN WATER MEXICAN WATER ACTORSACTORS
TYPE OF ACTORSTYPE OF ACTORS
GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS
AT A STATAL LEVEL
INTERMEDIATE PLATFORMS
REPRESENTATION PLATFORMS
PRIVATE GROUPS
RESEARCH CENTRES
UNIVERSITIES
INSTITUTES
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS AT A FEDERAL LEVEL
COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS
GOVERNMENTAL ACTORS
AT A FEDERAL LEVEL
SECRETARY OF PUBLIC FINANCE AND CREDIT
SEMARNATSECRETARY OF ENERGY
CNA CFE PEMEX
SECRETARY OF HEALTH
13 REGIONAL MANAGEMENTS
STATAL MANAGEMENTS
A Complex Panorama A Complex Panorama
Presidency
HOW TO DEAL WITH THIS ?
SHCP
SAGARPA
SdEFederal Dependencies
SEMARNAT
Sub-management
Planning Project Leader
CNA13 Regional Offices
Other Management
Planning Management
CNACentral Office
CNA
CNA Statal offices
6 River basin commissions
64 COTAS
12 River basin committees
25 River Basin Councils
Water Consultive Council (CCA)
29 Statal Water Consultiuve Councils
Utilities
NGO´s
ConstructorsConsulta
ntsPrivate Groups
Tech- Companies
Banobras
Financing institutions
National
IADBWorld Bank
JBIC
International
Universities
Research Institutes
Academia
Federal Senate Hydraulic Commission
Federal Congress Hydraulic Commission
Legislative Statal
Dependencies
Municipal Utilities
Statal Water Comissions
Users (without title)
Local Water Citizen councils
Users (with title)
Citizens
Intermediate Platforms
CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
The process of decentralization was carried out alongside political-administrative and legal reforms for the incorporation of private participation in water and sewerage supply, and the transference of the irrigation districts to water users associations which caused the following:
With the decentralization and the transfer of administration of potable water and sewerage services, the municipal government had a political, administrative and financial weakness since it had historically been dependent on the central power.
In the same way as local government, Mexican society was not consolidated in civil society because of a clientelistic corporate form of access to services, this was more evident in the conformation of the water users associations.
CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES
With the decentralization and the transfer of administration of potable water and sewerage services, the municipal government had a political, administrative and financial weakness since it had historically been dependent on the central power. Same thing happened at irrigation district level
In the same way as local government, Mexican society was not consolidated in civil society because of a clientelistic corporate form of access to services.
The process of decemtralization of water services and irrigation districts as well as private participation was carried out without any real participation of civil society, still incipient and dependent on one political party which, in consequence, provoked the absence of a representative plural congress that would balance the process.
An important problem in this experience was that the social and cultural conditions preveiling were not considered when establishing water payment, tariffs. It is not possible to go from non-payment to minimum payment of a tariff that represents practically 566% more than what was paid before.
No one took into account that in Mexico, for an important part of the population the access to water services, urban and rural, more than a civic right, is payment as political clientele.
The case of Mexico shows us very clearly that for the process of
political-administrative decentralization and private participation in
management of public services to be efficient, the determination of
international financial organisms and political will to carry the
process out is not enough. Historic social conditions to make this
possible are indispensable.
In the particular case of Mexico, 70 years of central federal operation
of services and clientelistic access to them could not be the best
conditions to create strong municipal governments and citizens
active enough to receive potable water and sewerage systems and
irrigation districts, that they would be capable of regulating and
demand an efficient service independently of the public or private
character of the company in charge.