Print MediaPrint Media

Signal fireSignal fire

Hebrew shofarHebrew shofar

Roman bucinaRoman bucina

Cavalry bugleCavalry bugle

Semaphore towerSemaphore tower

WritingWriting

What is writing?What is writing?

Turning sound symbols (talking) into Turning sound symbols (talking) into visual symbolsvisual symbols

Sound symbols are gone in an Sound symbols are gone in an instantinstant

Visual symbols can last foreverVisual symbols can last forever

Lascoux Cave painting ca. Lascoux Cave painting ca. 17,000 BCE17,000 BCE

Just a noun and a verbJust a noun and a verb

Marriage contract ca. Marriage contract ca. 17,000 BCE -17,000 BCE -

pictures reduced to pictures reduced to essentialsessentials

Pictures for abstractionsPictures for abstractions

Means “Man”Means “Man”

Means “Soul”Means “Soul”

Hieroglyph syllablesHieroglyph syllables

Hieroglyph letter - LHieroglyph letter - L

Evolution of pictures to Evolution of pictures to symbolssymbols

CuneiformCuneiform

Phoenician tradersPhoenician traders

Symbols become an alphabetPhoenician ca. 1050 BCE

STSTWhat’s the word?What’s the word?

Greek alphabet added Greek alphabet added vowelsvowels

CaenCaen

L’chaim lochL’chaim loch

Hand written lasted 1000 Hand written lasted 1000 yearsyears

Illuminated textIlluminated text

First change from First change from handwriting to handwriting to

printing came in 888 printing came in 888 CECE

The Diamond Sutra, a The Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist scripture, created Buddhist scripture, created

with block printingwith block printing

Chinese block printing – ca. Chinese block printing – ca. 1000 CE1000 CE

Entire page with one Entire page with one blockblock

Chinese type – entire wordsChinese type – entire wordsca. 1040 CEca. 1040 CE

A side tripA side trip

Egyptian ScribeEgyptian Scribe

Alexandrian LibraryAlexandrian Library

Knowledge was in Knowledge was in people’s mindspeople’s minds

HistoryHistoryLawLawFactsFacts

Knowledge was oralKnowledge was oral

Courts held hearingsCourts held hearingsLiterally – judges listened Literally – judges listened to testimonyto testimony

Old people were vitally Old people were vitally importantimportant

They could testify from their They could testify from their own memory, the only own memory, the only reliable records there werereliable records there were

They relied on reminders They relied on reminders since there was no real since there was no real calendar and they lived by calendar and they lived by seasons, not datesseasons, not dates

Memories were Memories were prodigiousprodigious

When you can’t read or write, When you can’t read or write, you have to rememberyou have to remember

Poetry is easier to remember Poetry is easier to remember than prose due to rhyme and than prose due to rhyme and rhythmrhythm

TroubadoursTroubadours

The Venerable BedeThe Venerable Bede

Historia ecclesiastica gentis Historia ecclesiastica gentis AnglorumAnglorum

The sermons composed by St. The sermons composed by St. Bonaventure of Fidenza? Bonaventure of Fidenza?

The sermons composed by some other The sermons composed by some other person named Bonaventure? person named Bonaventure?

Sermons copied by a Bonaventure? Sermons copied by a Bonaventure? Sermons copied by somebody from a Sermons copied by somebody from a

church of St. Bonaventure? church of St. Bonaventure? Sermons preached by a Bonaventure? Sermons preached by a Bonaventure? Sermons that belonged to a Bonaventure? Sermons that belonged to a Bonaventure? Sermons that belonged to a church of St. Sermons that belonged to a church of St.

Bonaventure? Bonaventure? Sermons by various people of whom the Sermons by various people of whom the

first or most important was somebody first or most important was somebody named Bonaventure? named Bonaventure?

Another little Another little side tripside trip

The Black Death – 1347-The Black Death – 1347-13511351

After the Black Death people had After the Black Death people had two things:two things: Lots of moneyLots of money A desire to enjoy lifeA desire to enjoy life

Fun and games like fairs and Fun and games like fairs and celebrationscelebrations

The fanciest clothes they could The fanciest clothes they could affordafford

The rich wore The rich wore silk and gold silk and gold wirewire

The middle class The middle class wore woolenswore woolens

Everyone wore Everyone wore linen, especially linen, especially ----

Linen underwearLinen underwear

What this has to do with What this has to do with printingprinting

What was necessary to printing was What was necessary to printing was paperpaper The only thing available up to this The only thing available up to this

time was parchment, expensive time was parchment, expensive and uncommonand uncommon

Linen sheets and underwear wore Linen sheets and underwear wore out and were thrown awayout and were thrown away

Linen rags can be turned into paperLinen rags can be turned into paper

Now there’s plenty of paperNow there’s plenty of paper Everyone uses it as trade and Everyone uses it as trade and

investing increasesinvesting increases ContractsContracts Record keepingRecord keeping

However, because of the Black Death However, because of the Black Death there weren’t enough scribes for all there weren’t enough scribes for all the paperworkthe paperwork

Something had to be doneSomething had to be done

The next, and greatest The next, and greatest change in printing came change in printing came

in 1450 CE in 1450 CE

Johannes Gutenberg c. Johannes Gutenberg c. 1398-14681398-1468

Moveable TypeMoveable Type

Dispersion of Dispersion of InformationInformation

Gutenberg PressGutenberg Press

William Caxton – William Caxton – First printer in EnglishFirst printer in English

Spelling was Spelling was idiosyncraticidiosyncratic

KnightKnight

KnifeKnife

First Folio of First Folio of ShakespeareShakespeare

Print’s Print’s greatest effect greatest effect

on Societyon SocietyKnowledKnowled

gege

Dispersion of Dispersion of InformationInformation

Vitruvius’ Vitruvius’ De Architectura De Architectura c. 40 BCEc. 40 BCE

Inigo Jones (1573-1652)Inigo Jones (1573-1652)

Fire engineFire engine

Justinian (483-565) and Justinian (483-565) and hishis

Corpus Juris CivilisCorpus Juris Civilis

Poor Richard’s AlmanackPoor Richard’s Almanack

Franklin’s Pennsylvania Franklin’s Pennsylvania GazetteGazette

American Magazine - American Magazine - 17581758

The IndexThe Index

Arno Penzias / Robert Arno Penzias / Robert WilsonWilson

Aracebo Radio TelescopeAracebo Radio Telescope

NewspapersNewspapers

Started in the early 1600sStarted in the early 1600s Corontos, one page Dutch news Corontos, one page Dutch news

sheets imported to Englandsheets imported to England Diurnals – English news sheets Diurnals – English news sheets

started 1641started 1641

First American First American newspapernewspaper

Boston News-Letter – Boston News-Letter – 17041704

The Daily SunThe Daily Sun

Joseph PulitzerJoseph Pulitzer

William Randolph HearstWilliam Randolph Hearst

Explosion of USS Maine in Explosion of USS Maine in Havana HarborHavana Harbor

Canons of Journalism and Canons of Journalism and Statement of Principles – Statement of Principles –

1923 1923 ““The right of a newspaper to attract The right of a newspaper to attract

and hold readers is restricted by and hold readers is restricted by nothing but considerations of public nothing but considerations of public welfare.” welfare.”

The beginnings of the modern ideal of The beginnings of the modern ideal of journalism: be objective, don’t be journalism: be objective, don’t be sensationalistic, operate for the sensationalistic, operate for the public goodpublic good

MagazinesMagazines

American magazines – American magazines – 1740s1740s

Saturday Evening PostSaturday Evening Post

Keys to successKeys to success

Rapidly rising literacy ratesRapidly rising literacy rates Lower printing costsLower printing costs Spread of social movements like Spread of social movements like

abolition and labor reformabolition and labor reform Made for compelling readingMade for compelling reading

The use of specialty writers rather The use of specialty writers rather than general reporters or book than general reporters or book authorsauthors

Growth of magazinesGrowth of magazines

Rise of women’s magazines that Rise of women’s magazines that advertisers lovedadvertisers loved

Postal Act of 1879 that lower mailing Postal Act of 1879 that lower mailing rates for magazinesrates for magazines

Railroads crisscrossing the entire Railroads crisscrossing the entire countrycountry

Made magazines the first truly Made magazines the first truly national mediumnational medium

Life MagazineLife Magazine