Principles of scientific publishing
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Transcript of Principles of scientific publishing
LESSONS IN SCIE
NTIFIC
PUBLISHING
SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING MODULES1. Searching PubMed & Beyond2. Saving & Organizing Your References3. 4 Simple Steps to an effective literature review 4. Maintain Academic Integrity in Your Writing5. Ensuring Article Discoverability and Attention6. Journal Selection, Style, and Formatting7. Submitting Your Manuscript8. The Peer Review Process9. How to Promote Your Article
SEARCHING PUBMED &
BEYOND
GO BEYOND PUBMED 1. Using your library databases to identify relevant literature
[Robin] 1.PubMed2.Scopus3.Web of Science
2. Tips for literature review searches using Scopus Define keywords Begin with a simple search Survey the latest publications
Survey references Look at highly cited papers
Survey citing articles Look for review papers (if there are any)
SAVING AND
ORGANIZING YOUR
REFERENCES
SAVE & ORGANIZE YOUR FINDINGS – IT MAKES A DIFFERENCE!Using reference managers to save, annotate, summarize and organize yourfindings
** EndNote highlights – Barnaby Nicolas :*** REfWorks – Barnaby Nicolas*** Mendeley, Zotero and other social ref managers
Collect your annotations from each article and construct a summary per each
publication and ask yourself the following questions What is important in the selected article? Why should it be included in the literature review? How is it relevant to your findings / study framework
WRITING AN EFFECTIV
E
LITERATURE REVIEW IN
4
SIMPLE STEPS
BEFORE YOU BEGIN Define which literature review you need to write: What type of literature review am I conducting? Am I looking at issues of theory? methodology? policy? quantitative research?
What is the scope of my literature review? What types of publications am I using (e.g., journals, books, government
documents, popular media)? What discipline am I working in? Is this should be a selective or comprehensive review?
Why? Because a well defined and scoped review will make it easier to find the
right resources and construct a good argument for your paper.
REVIEW YOUR FINDINGS
Once you searched and selected the resources that you would like to use
1. Critically analyze and summarize each one for better organization2. Review your summaries and check if they answer the following
questions: Do they capture the specific thesis, problem, or research
question that my literature review helps to define? How good was my information seeking? Has my search been wide
enough to ensure I've found all the relevant material? Have I critically analyzed the literature I use? Have I cited and
discussed studies contrary to my perspective? Will the reader find my literature review relevant, appropriate, and
useful?
CATEGORIZE YOUR FINDINGS Organize the articles you deem important in logical groups and
ask yourself the following: Should I present prior findings / studies by year? Should I present prior findings / studies by methodology? Should I present prior findings by theme as they pertain to my
study?
The answer depends on the type of review you are writing for example: A review article will benefit from a chronological presentation A methodological study will benefit from a review organized by
methodologies An article describing the results of an experiment will benefit from a
review organized by themed findings by year
CREATE A SUMMARY TABLE Create a separate document / table with the articles you found
organized byGroups
Reference Main reason to include Main point to note in the literature review
The Guide to Community Preventative Services: The Community Guide What Works to Promote Health. Increasing Appropriate Vaccination: Vaccination Programs in Schools and Organized Child Care Centers
Prior public vaccinations practices
Guidelines for community driven vaccinations
W.H. Barker, N.M. Bennett, F.M. LaForce, E.C. Waltz, L.B. Weiner“McFlu”. The Monroe County, New York, Medicare vaccine demonstrationAm. J. Prev. Med., 16 (Suppl. 3) (1999), pp. 118–127
Bechtol, 2008Z. BechtolLaunching a community-wide flu vaccination planFam. Pract. Manag., 15 (8) (2008), pp. 19–22
N.M. Bennett, B. Lewis, A.S. Doniger, et al.A coordinated, communitywide program in Monroe County, New York, to increase influenza immunization rates in the elderlyArch. Intern. Med., 154 (15) (1994), pp. 1741–1745 (Aug 8, PM:8042891)
Prior collaborations to administer vaccinations to the public
BEFORE YOU BEGIN WRITING…Beware of Thesaurusitis…
It’s a condition..Often seizes young writers who wish to impress
their readers. These writers use a thesaurus to look up
many of the words they have written and then substitute the longest words they can
find
WHEN IN DOUBT… CITE!Did you
think of it?
YES
Don’t Cite it
NO
Is it common knowledg
e? YES
NO
Cite it
Adopted from Harris, Robert A. Using sources effectively: Strengthening your writing and avoiding plagiarism. Pyrczak Pub, 2005.
CHOOSING ONE OR MORE OF THE ACTIVITIES BELOW WILL ENSURE YOUR WRITING INTEGRITY
Paraphrasing CitingQuoting
PARAPHRASING - EXPRESSING THE MEANING OF A WRITING IN YOUR OWN WORDS
You should consider paraphrasing when you need to: Create an emphasis Simplify the material Clarify the material
Best ways to paraphrase1. Read the source passage several times2. Outline the passage3. Rearrange the outline to align with your writing goal4. Use the same number of words (more or less)5. Make sure you preserve the meaning
CITING.. . YOU WILL WANT THAT FOR YOURSELF You have to cite someone else’s : Words you quote, summarize or paragraph Interpretation of ideas, opinions or conclusions Data, graphs, photographs, drawings, Experiment, methodologies, surveys or concepts
There are several citation styles that are used in the academic arena for example:
APA MLA Chicago
** be familiar with the journal’s style and edit your document accordingly
QUOTING
If you use someone’s exact words, remember to quote them by using quotation marks and referencing the source
You should use quotation when Embedding an expert declaration Reinforcing a point Giving a specific example
Don’t .. Use quotes too often – it will cloud your own ideas Quote one source too many times Use too long quotes
DID YOU KNOW YOU CAN PLAGIARIZE YOURSELF?
It happens whenan author reuses portions of their previous writings in subsequent
research papers. Occasionally, the derived paper is simply a re-titled and reformatted version of the original one, but more frequently it is assembled from bits and pieces of previous work. (keble.ox.ac.uk)
It’s also called ‘self recycling
TOOLS TO HELP YOU CHECK YOUR TEXT INTEGRITY
iThenticate http://www.ithenticate.com/
Some Free tools Anti-Plagiarism DupliChecker PaperRater Plagiarisma.net PlagiarismChecker
ENSURING ARTIC
LE
DISCOVERABILITY AND
ATTENTION
WRITING A TITLEChoose an effective title: Condenses the paper’s content in a few words Captures the readers’ attention - Differentiates the paper from
other papers of the same subject areaTips to keep in mind while writing a title: Keep it simple, brief and attractive: The primary function of a title
is to provide a precise summary of the paper’s content. So keep the title brief and clear.
Use active verbs instead of complex noun-based phrases, and avoid unnecessary details.
Keep the title to 10 to 12 words long. A lengthy title may seem unfocused and take the readers’ attention away from an important point.
KEYWORDS- - THE KEY TO BEING DISCOVERED
Tips to choosing the right keywords for your paper: Read through your paper and list down the terms/phrases that
are used repeatedly in the text. Ensure that this list includes all your main key terms/phrases Include variants of a term/phrase (e.g., kidney and renal), drug
names, procedures, etc. Include common abbreviations of terms (e.g., HIV). Before you submit your article, type your keywords into a
search engine and check if the results that show up match the subject of your paper.
Ensure that your title, abstract, and any images/graphics make use of relevant keywords.
Read similar articles and consult the keywords
MeSh on Demand http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MeSHonDemand.html MeSH Browser http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/mbinfo.html
WRITING A ‘MARKETABLE” ABSTRACT IN 5 SIMPLE STEPS
The abstract should work like a marketing tool: It should help the reader decide “whether there is something in the body of the paper worth reading
by providing a quick and accurate summary of the entire paper explaining why the research was conducted, what the aims were, how these were met, and what
the main findings were.
Pick out the major objectives/hypotheses and conclusions from your Introduction and Conclusion sections.
Select key sentences and phrases from your Methods section. Reveal your findings by listing the major results from your Results section. State a major implication of your findings Arrange the sentences and phrases selected in steps 2, 3, 4, and 5 into a single
paragraph in the following sequence: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.Make sure that this paragraph is self-contained
JOURNAL SELECTIO
N,
STYLE AND FORMATTING
SELECTING THE RIGHT JOURNAL DEPENDS ON YOUR GOALTo get published quickly: Check the journal website for average peer review time, average speed of
publication and whether they offer online pre-publication option. If you cant find any of this information, use the pre-submission inquiries process and send a cover letter and abstract to the editor asking whether the journal will review your article
To be published in the highest possible impact factor journal Check the journal website for its impact factor score and compare it to
others in your field To reach the largest possible audience Check the open access options available, promotional tools offered and
the readership and circulation statistics if available
TIPS & TOOLS TO HELP YOU SELECT A JOURNAL
Tips for selecting a journal: Look at the references you used – these journals are the closest to your area of
study Examine the citations these articles received Perform a search on scientific databases using keywords that describe your
study and examine the journals they are published in
Tools to help you select a journal: Edanz Journal Selector =http://www.edanzediting.com/journal_selector PubMed Reminer http://hgserver2.amc.nl/cgi-bin/miner/miner2.cgi Journal Article Name Estimator (Jane) =http://www.biosemantics.org/jane/ Cofactor Journal selector = http://cofactorscience.com/journal-selector
CONSULT THE JOURNAL WEBPAGE Scope & goals
Before submitting an article make sure its goals and scope fit your publication
Editorial board Familiarize yourself with the editorial board and make sure they
have the credentials stated Read previously published papers and see if your publication fits Preparing the article according to the guidelines saves time!
Read the guidelines for authors – each journal publisher has different formatting requirements.
Journal style Formatting requirements
BE CAREFUL OF PREDATORY PUBLISHING
www.cdnsciencepub.com
PREPARING YOUR MANUSCRIPT Using reference managers to help you format your bibliography –
EndNote & REFWORKS for bibliography management
SUBMITTING YOUR
MANUSCRIPT
SUBMISSION SYSTEMS Allow you to: Submit and track your article as it goes through peer review Upload paper revisions and answers to reviewers Reviews peers’ works (by invitation)
Each journal has its own editorial / submission management tool
TO MAKE SUBMISSION SMOOTHER Read the instructions carefully – some journals will ask you to submit
tables and figures separately from the main document for example Submit only to one journal at a time Write a cover letter to the editor – let the editor know:
Title and name/s of the author/s Why you believe the article fits the scope of the journal Highlight some specific points to reinforce the novelty and significance of
the research Your hope that it will be accepted and say you look forward to the
reviewers comments
Be brief – cover letters should not be more than 4 short paragraphs
GET READY…After the editor considers your manuscript for inclusion, he/she will
send it to a few reviewers. Then you should expect one of the following decisions
Paper accepted – (lets get real… it almost never happens) Accepted Pending Minor Revisions
These are usually minor edits and / or formatting Accepted Pending Major Revisions
These usually include revisions to the datasets, methodology or major re-writing
Rejected This could be a result of major deficiencies in the article, poor writing or
out of scope for the journal
And most importantly …..
WHEN RESUBMITTING A REVISED DOCUMENT Address every comment raised by the editor or by the
reviewers Correct, edit or rewrite any parts you were asked to Usually it is not a good idea to argue or be defensive unless it’s an
obvious mistake on their part Create a new document where you list the comment of the
reviewer and how you addressed it Do not waste time to figure out who your reviewers were Have your co-authors or peers review your revised article
and give you feedback or comments before resubmitting
WHY PUBLISHING IS NOT ENOUGH M E A S U R I N G S C I E N T I F I C I M P A C T
Number of citations Number of views Number of
downloads Its overall impact in
the world (including social networks)
R E S E A R C H E V A L U A T I O N S Y S T E M S
STRATEGIES TO GET YOUR ARTICLE NOTICED Submit your paper to conferences – even as a poster!
conferences organizers list presentations and posters online and those are discoverable via search engines
Use Publishers’ Email signature Tools Email signature
http://journalauthors.tandf.co.uk/beyondpublication/promotearticle.asp
Consider Open access options Deposit to Repositories
Between 50-80% of traffic to institutional repositories come from Google (remember your keywords?)
WORK THE SOCIAL NETWORKS Twitter and Facebook: authors are increasingly promoting their content via
Twitter and Facebook so it can be picked up by other researchers and practitioners
LinkedIn: If you have created a LinkedIn profile that summarizes your professional expertise and accomplishments, why not include a mention of your articles?
Join academic social networking sites such as Academia.edu, where you can also post details of your publications.
Discussion lists: post a short message to any discussion list.
Blogs: if you blog, don't forget to inform other users about your article.
Post presentation slides on Slideshare or Figshare YouTube: Consider producing a short video or audio recording in which you briefly
outline the scope of your paper.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC PROFILESYour academic and professional profiles help you promote you
and your Work
We recommend using ORCID since it’s directly linked and updates through Scopus and PLUM Analytics
Contact us…