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Principles of Permanency
WORLD CAFÉ
What assumptions do we need to test or
challenge in thinking about working with
children, youth and families involved in the
children welfare system?
OR
What do you think would make the most
difference for children, youth and families in
the child welfare system?
WORLD CAFÉ
What did you notice during the
conversations?
What gave sense and meaning to you?
Did you notice any patterns emerging during
the conversations?
Were there any stories shared that had
meaning for you?
Review Pre- Training
Reading
Pair Activity
Question:
What does the word
family mean to you?
Information on Permanency
The concept of permanency is based on
certain values, including the primacy of
family, significance of biological families and
the importance of parent-child attachment.
Research has shown us that children grow up
best in nurturing, stable families.
Information on Permanency
These families:
Offer commitment and continuity – they
survive life’s challenges intact.
Have legal status – parents have the legal
right and responsibility to protect their
children’s interests and welfare.
Have members that share a common future –
their fates are intertwined.
Information on Permanency
However, permanency is not guaranteed – in
biological families or otherwise. Permanency
conveys an intent, and families that express
their intent to remain together, legally and in
other ways, are crucial to children’s well-
being and their ability to grow up healthy and
happy.
Information on Permanency
Federal Laws:
Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 (PL 96-272)
Family Preservation and Support Act 1993 (PL 103-66)
Safe and Stable Family Program of 1997 (funded through ASFA)
Children Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) that
was reauthorized as part of Keeping Children and Families Safe
Act in 2003, as well as Promoting Safe and Stable Families
Amendments (PSSF) 2001.
Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions
Act of 2008 (PL 110-351)
Family-Centered Practice
Strengthen, enable, and empower families to protect and nurture their children;
Safely preserve family relationship and connections when appropriate;
Recognize the strong influence that social systems have on individual behavior;
Enhance family autonomy;
Respect the rights, values, and cultures of families;
Focus on an entire family rather and than select individuals within a family.
Permanency Planning recognizes
that children and young people
need a sense of identity and
belonging, stability, continuity of
relationships and emotional
attachment for the development of
positive self esteem and well
being.
Common Parameters of
Permanency Planning
Intent
Commitment and Continuity
Legal Status
Social Status
“Permanency planning is the systematic
process of carrying out, within a brief time-
limited period, a set of goal-directed activities
designed to help children live in families that
offer continuity of relationships within
nurturing parents or care givers and the
opportunity to establish lifetime relationships.”
Maluccio (1984)
Permanence should be achieved
through a continuum of methods
or programs
Family Preservation
Relative/Kinship Care
Planned Foster Care
Reunification
Guardianship
Adoption
Three Child Welfare Themes in the
21st Century
Safety means that:
Children are, first and foremost, protected
from abuse and neglect.
Children are safely maintained in their own
homes whenever possible and appropriate.
Three Child Welfare Themes in
the 21st Century
Permanency means that:
Children have permanency and stability in
their living arrangements.
The continuity of family relationships and
connections is preserved for children
Three Child Welfare Themes in
the 21st Century
Well-Being means that:
Families have enhanced capacity to provide for their
children’s needs.
Children receive appropriate services to meet their
educational needs.
Children receive adequate services to meet their
physical and mental health needs.
Children, youth and families are empowered as
agents of change in their lives and in their
community.
Resilience: three fundamental
building blocks
1. A secure base, whereby the child feels a
sense of belonging and security.
2. Good self esteem, that is, an internal sense
of worth and competence.
3. A sense of self-efficacy, that is, “a sense of
mastery and control, along with an accurate
understanding of personal strengths and
limitations.” (Daniel, B. and Wassell, S. 2002)
Healthy Development
Group Discussion Question:
What do children and young people
need for their healthy development?
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Attachment Theory
John Bowlby describes attachment:
“lasting psychological connectedness
between human beings”.
Attachment Theory
Attachment develops when the child’s needs
are met. This starts at birth when the child’s
experiences hunger and is then fed. The
meeting of needs over time provides
consistency and predictability, and leads to
trust.
Arousal-Relaxation Cycle
Child feels
discomfort –
physical or
psychological need
(e.g. hunger)
Child expresses
discomfort – state
of high arousal
(baby cries)
Parent comforts child –
satisfaction of need
(parent or significant
caregiver feeds baby)
Child feels
comfortable –
relaxation of
tension (baby
relaxes)
Secure Attachment Leads To:
High Self Esteem
A Personal Sense of Security
The Capacity to Trust Others
The Development of Positive
Behaviors
Three Conditions for Optimal
Parent-Child Attachment
Continuity involves the caregiver’s constancy and repetition of the parent-child interactions.
Stability requires a safe environment where the parent and child can engage in the bonding process.
Mutuality refers to the interactions between the parent and child that reinforce their importance to each other.
Peg Hess, 1982
Small Group Activity
Jennifer’ Case Study
Understanding Separation
Guided Group Imagery Exercise
Key Factors that contribute to the
degree of trauma associated with
separation
The degree of significance of the person lost.
Whether the separation is permanent or
temporary.
Who is thought to be the cause of the
separation?
The availability of other meaningful
attachment to provide support.
Strategies for dealing with
Separation
Help the child or young person acknowledge
the pain and allow for the grieving process.
Encourage the child or young person to
express their feelings without condemning
the parents.
As a worker tell the truth to the child or young
person about the reasons for the separation
in a developmentally appropriate manner.
Strategies for dealing with
Separation
Encourage the child or young person to ask
questions.
Spend time with the child or young person in
order to develop a relationship. Any child who
has experienced separation feels rejection
and guilt. This can interfere with their sense
of trust in others.
Share information with the child or young
person about their past.
Strategies for dealing with
Separation
Understand your own feelings. It is important
to deal with your own feelings as not to
jeopardize your relationship with the child or
young person.
Reactions of Loss: The
Grieving Process
Five Stages of Grief:
1. Shock/Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Resolution