Principles of Nutrition by NHI (Human Physiology)

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HUMANPHYSIOLOGY

HUMANPHYSIOLOGY

Physiology tells us how organs and cells function and is further divided into-----------

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Physiology

OrganismCellularMolecular

1-Organ physiology2-Cellular physiology3-Molecular physiology

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Structural Organization

Atoms

Molecules

Cells

Tissues

Organ

Systems

Organism

Organ

Systems

Organism

At simplest level all living beings are made up of atoms such as O,N,C,& P. When atoms are grouped they form molecules like water, salt, fats, proteins, sugars. Molecules associates to form the organization called cells. There are different types of cells. We say cells are the functional unit of the body. Cells are unified into units called as tissues. Similar type of tissues are organized in functional unit called organs and organs work together in a unit called system. Thus we see the organizational unit of cell and increasing with complexity– this is the process of physiology.

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Cells

Membrane

Fat

Holds Cell Together

Separates Cells

Cells: Building Blocks of Our Body

Cell membrane is the outer most component of the cell. This membrane is made up of proteins & fats. It does not allow the unwanted material to get in and the required material to g out. Thus acts like a guard.

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Cells

Passive DiffusionActive Transport

Cells: Building Blocks of Our Body

Most materials get into the membrane by two methods.1--- Passive diffusion2--- Active transport.

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Cytoplasm

Liquid Inside "Cell Membrane"Organelles "Tiny Organs"

Mitochondria

Endoplasm

Lysosomes

Cytoplasm is found in the inner part of the cell. Organelles are found in cytoplasm which perform different functions.Mitochondria- The power houses of the cell.Endoplasm- Converts the amino acids into proteinsLysosomes- Its main function is to collect the cell waste & remove it.

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Nucleus

Brain of CellDNARibosomes "RNA"Protein Synthesis

Nucleus contains chromosomes, GENES, DNA & RNA. It contains the information of our physical characteristics.

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Energy

Food = EnergyATP = EnergyMitochondria

The energy is produced from food that we eat. Mitochondria is responsible for producing energy that cells need.

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Metabolism

Anabolic - small large

Amino Acids Proteins

Uses ATPCatabolic Fat Acetyl CoA ATP

Proteins Amino Acids

Make ATP

The food releases energy through a series of chemical reaction through a process called METABOLISM.Metabolism is of two types--- Anabolism & Catabolism.

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Fat

Anabolic - Triglycerides FatCatabolic - Fat Acetyl CoA ATP

In case of catabolism (catabolic metabolism) the large complex chemicals are broken down into smaller chemicals which releases energy and then stored as ATP. The main site of catabolism is mitochondria and ATP’s are stored here.

Protein

Anabolic - Amino Acids ProteinCatabolic - Protein Amino Acids

Essential Amino Acids

Non-Essential Amino Acids

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Sugar

Anabolic - Sugar Glycogen

Catabolic - Glycogen Sugar ATP

Glycogen is a complex molecule consisting of many glucose units. Its main site of storage is liver.

PHYSIOLOGY

Digestive System

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Digestive System

Esophagus

Large intestine –5 Ft long

Stomach

Small intestine21 ft long21 ft long

Appendix

Digestion of food starts from mouth. It has to pass through various organs of our body where it is acted upon number of digestive juices and enzymes before it is assimilated in the body.

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Digestive System

MouthTeethBreakdown Food

Digestion: Breaking Complex Food Into Smaller Particles

Chewing breaks down the cellulose envelope and make starch and sugar available for subsequent digestion.

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Digestive System

Teeth

Tongue

Salivarygland

Epiglottis

Esophagus

Saliva contains a starch splitting enzyme (ptyalin) which converts starch into dextrin and liberates some maltose. This food is passed by the epiglottis and enters into the esophagus and then to stomach.

Digestive System

TonguePropels Food

Taste Buds (Sweet, Sour Salt)Salivary Glands (Saliva)

Moisten Food

Begin Digestion - StarchTonsils

Part of Immune System

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Digestive System

EpiglottisMuscles to Prevent Food Entering Lungs

Directs Food to Esophagus and Blocks Trachea

CoughingEsophagus

Muscular Tube to Stomach

Epiglottis is a muscular piece of tissue that blocks food from going into our lungs when we swallow food.

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Digestive System

StomachSphincter-Muscle Closes Stomach

Reflux

Churns Food-ChymeMixes With Acid and Pepsin

Mucus Protects Stomach

Intrinsic Factor

Esophageal sphincter separates the esophagus from stomach. This keeps the content of the stomach from going back into the esophagus.The stomach churns the food into a liquid called chyme. At this stage the stomach produces acid, mucus & pepsin.Acid– important for the digestion of the food.Mucus– protects the stomach from eating itself up.Pepsin– important in the digestion of proteins.

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Digestive System

StomachVomiting

Reflex

Bulimia - Esophagus, Teeth

Ulcers

Gastrectomy

When the peristaltic movement occurs in opposite direction it is said to be reflux or regurgitation, i.e; removing of food from stomach back to esophagus and mouth. If it occurs too frequently it can be damaging to the esophagus or mouth.Bulimia--- Forced vomiting done to loose weight---- this can severely damage both the esophagus and teeth.Gastrectomy----- removal of some part of the stomach due to some reason. In suchcase stomach cannot hold much of food and produce chyme and digestion is also not as good as it should be.

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Digestive System

Liver - Largest OrganMetabolism

Bile Production

Vitamin Storage

Remove Chemicals

Cholesterol Production

Essential for Life

Accessory Organs

Liver Stomach

Liver is the largest organ in our body. It is also called the master organ. It plays an important role in the absorption of fats, vitamins, production of bile-salts, proteins such as albumin, globulin and synthesis of cholesterol.

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Digestive System

Pancreas – 5 inches longDigestion

Blood Sugar Levels

Diabetes - Type I and Type II

Accessory Organs

Pancreas

Duodenum

Its main role is the regulation of blood sugar by producing insulin in the body. It produces number of enzymes which helps to digest the food efficiently.Insulin is a hormone. Lack of insulin results in a disease called Diabetes. There are two types of diabetes---- type I & type II.

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Urinary System

Kidney Urinary Ducts Urinary BladderFiltration SystemUrine

Chemical Waste

Salts

Water

Kidney

Urinaryduct

Bladder

The primary function of the urinary system is the regulation of water and minerals in the body. The kidneys are been shaped which acts as a filter of our body. First water and minerals are taken out of the nephron and sent back into the blood. The unwanted chemicals, water & salts are excreted out as urine. We produces about 1500 ml of urine every day.

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Urinary System

More Sweat = Less UrineKidney Plays Role in Blood Pressure

Urine Production Blood PressureSalt Balance

Chemicals Metabolized in Liver Excreted in Kidney

When we sweat more kidneys respond by producing less urine and reabsorbing more water and minerals. When a person has high BP, increasing water excretion can decrease the BP by the kidneys. As the kidneys produces more urine, more water is removed from the body and BP will go down.When we take drugs or are exposed to chemicals our body must get rid of them. In that case liver and kidneys usually work together. The chemicals first go to liver where it is processed and then sent to the kidneys to be excreted.

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Respiration

NoseFilter

Warm

Moisten

Nose Trachea Bronchioles Lungs

nasal area

trachea

lungs

The process of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the body cells during inspiration and expiration is called respiration. Respiratory system consists of nose, trachea, bronchioles and lungs.

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Respiration

TracheaStiff Tubes

LarynxBronchioles

Tubes to Lungs

Cilia

Mucus


pharynx

larynx

trachea

Pharynx connects the nasal passage with the larynx. Larynx has tonsils in it, which filters out bacteria in the air and removing them before they get into the body. At the end of the tube the larynx divide into two tubes--- the trachea and esophagus which has epiglottis that works like a lid.The trachea is a stiff tube that runs from the pharynx to the bronchia. Trachea is connected to bronchioles. These bronchioles separate and deliver air to each lung. Lining the bronchioles are mucus coated flaps of skin called cilia. Their function is to trap particles before they reach the alveolus.

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Respiration

AlveoliGas Exchange

Surface AreaInhalation/Exhalation

Brain

Gas Exchange

Surface Area


Lungs has tremendous surface area equivalent to a tennis court. The lung functions as a gas exchange process. The exchange of gases takes place in alveolar sacs. The exchange of atmospheric oxygen with the carbon dioxide of the body cell occurs during inhalation and exhalation.

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Respiration

HemoglobinProtein

Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide


The oxygen that enters the lungs are taken up by the hemoglobin, trapped inside the RBC in the blood. Oxygen is required for cellular metabolism which releases energy for cellular activities. As the cell produces the energy it also produce carbon dioxide that must be removed from the body. The blood carries this carbon dioxide to the lungs from where it is removed

Cardiovascular System

Artria Contract Ventricles Contract

Heart Rhythm Pacemaker60-80 Beats/Minute

Body Left Heart Lungs Right Heart Body

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ArteriesBlood from Heart

Muscular

Systole/Diastole

Blood pressure (Pulse)Feel Your Wrist

CapillariesTiny (Feed Body)

Blood Vessels

Blood leaves the heart in a series of vessels called the arteries and returns to the heart in a series of vessels called the veins. Blood leaves the heart through aorta which divides further into smaller and smaller blood vessels till they form capillaries. Arteries and arterioles have smooth muscles around them which give them elasticity. When heart contract the blood is forced out into the arteries (systole) and the arteries expand. When the heart relaxes (diastole) the blood stops entering the vessels by the blood vessels relax.

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VenuolesTiny (Take Blood to Veins)

VeinsBlood to Heart

Little Muscle

Smooth Blood Flow

Blood Vessels

The capillaries of the arterial system join with the smallest vessels of the venous system called venules. These venules give rise to veins which bring back deoxygenated blood back to heart. The venous system has much less muscles & less pulsing pressure compared to the arterial system. Blood also flows smoothly in veins as the pulsing pressure is less.

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Blood Pressure 120/80 mmHg

Heart Pump

Blood Vessels

Amount of Blood Need to Move Blood

Too Much Bad HypertensionToo Little Bad Hypotension

The pressure of the blood with in the arteries primarily maintained by the contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. When we measure the BP we get two values the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure. When the heart contract we get systolic pressure & and when the heart relax we get diastolic pressure.

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Red Cells -Hemoglobin/Oxygen

Lungs

Metabolism + Oxygen

Metabolism and Carbon Dioxide

Anemia

Blood Red Cells/White Cells/Plasma

Blood is a liquid which contains RBC, WBC, Platelets, Plasma, oxygen etc. The hemoglobin of the RBC is responsible of carrying oxygen to tissues. The lower count of hemoglobin results in anemia. As the blood travels through out the body the level of oxygen falls & as the blood goes to the lungs oxygen is left very little. When this deoxygenated blood goes through lungs again oxygen binds back to the hemoglobin.

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White CellsImmunity

InfectionPlatelets

Blood Clot


White cells are members of our immune system & protect us from infections before they cause disease.Platelets are important for our survival. It helps in the clotting of blood. If there is any cut, platelets accumulate at the cut and plug it.

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Plasma - LiquidProteins


Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood. It constitute about 55% of the total blood volume. Plasma is a solution of water, proteins, sugar, salts, hormones and vitamins.

Nervous System

Nervous SystemNervous System

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Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

These are the two major divisions of nervous system, CNS– The brain and spinal cord.PNS--- 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

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Nervous System

Coordinates Body Actions + FunctionsProcesses Information

External

Internal

Brain Spinal Cord NervesNerves Spinal Cord Brain

The spinal cord serves as a coordinating center for reflexes and connects the PNS with the CNS.The brain is the primary center for regulating and coordinating body activities. In an adult it weighs about 3 pounds and has many different parts performing different functions.

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Nervous System

Spinal CordGray Matter

White Matter

Meninges

Backbone

CNS

Spinal nerves come from the top and the bottom of the spinal cord. The top nerves controls our senses and the bottom nerves controls our muscle actions. White & gray matter are the two regions. Spinal cord and the brain are covered by 3 layers called meninges.

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Nervous System

Connects PNS with BrainCoordinates ReflexesSpinal Nerves

Senses

Movement

CNS

Spinal nerves come from the top and the bottom of the spinal cord. The top nerves controls our senses and the bottom nerves controls our muscle actions.

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Nervous System

ComputerCoordinates + Processes All InformationPrepares + Coordinates ResponsesGray Matter/White Matter

Brain

Brain– Site of consciousness, sensation, memory and coordination. It receives the information from the spinal cord and cranial nerves and prepares a response to the information. The brain can also formulate a plan of action without the external stimulus. The outer portion of the brain has gray matter and the inner portion has white matter.

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Nervous System

Cerebrum (Memory, Reasoning, Intelligence, Personality, Senses, Logic)Cerebellum (Physical Activity)Brain Stem

Brain Cord

Cord Brain

Brain

These are the 3 major portions of the brain. Cerebrum-- is the largest part. It is the center of reasoning and memory and defines a persons intelligence and personality. It also controls all five senses, muscle action, learning, logic, creativity.Cerebellum– is a large mass of gray and white tissues that serves as the coordinating center for motor activity.Brain stem– connects the cerebrum with spinal cord. Brain stem is a complex of several smaller parts such as pons & medulla oblongata.

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Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous SystemWe Do Not Control This System

Sympathetic/ParasympatheticBlood Pressure

Digestion

Intestines

Lungs

"Fight or Flight"

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

PNS stands for peripheral nervous system and is sub-divided into two components------1- Autonomic nervous system. 2- Sensory somatic nervous system.ANS- We have no control over this system. ANS has two sub units sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system function is to maintain our ability to have an effective fight or flight response, while parasympathatic nervous system serves to keep our body in calm state.

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Nervous System

Sensory Nerves(Taste, Smell, Sight, Touch, Hearing)

Somatic Muscle Nerves (Movement)

PNS

Sensory nerves carries information from our five sense organs and the responses of our CNS back to skeletal muscles & the organs in the body. Somatic muscle nerves (spinal nerves) control much of our skeletal activity.

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Musculature

Skeletal MusclesMovement Connected to Bones

Voluntary

Red Fibers Slow

White Fibers Fast

Everywhere

Somatic Nerves

Muscles connect with bones through tendons. When muscles contract or relax the bones move and our body moves. We can control the information going to the skeletal muscles and thus called voluntary muscles.Skeletal muscles are also called voluntary muscles. The red muscle fiber contains myoglobin similar to hemoglobin and can work for a long time without becoming tired.White fibers respond quickly but tires rapidly.Somatic nerves cells respond most rapidly to nervous stimulation.

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Musculature

Smooth MusclesInvoluntaryBlood Vessels, Visceral organsAutonomic Nerves

Cardiac MusclesHeartInvoluntaryAutonomic nerves

Smooth muscles are involuntary . These muscles are most frequently found in Visceral Organs and Blood vessels.No conscious control over these muscles. These cells contract and relax in a group and not as individual cells. These muscles make the heart work as a pump.

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Musculature

Consume ATP to do Work

Need Calcium, Sodium, Potassium

For contraction and relaxation of muscles they need energy, ATP and certain minerals like Ca, K for proper muscle function.

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Integumentary System

SkinEpidermis (Barrier)

Dermis (Blood, Muscles, Connection)Barrier

Infection

Waterproof

Mechanical

This system is made up of skin, hair, nails and glands.Epidermis is the outer layer, tightly packed cells and no blood vessels. Dermis is the second layer and has blood vesselsSkin serves the barrier in three ways.

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PigmentProtect Against Sunlight

Heat RegulationSweating

Blood Flow

Melanin is a skin pigment that protects our skin from sunlight.Skin allows us to lose heat from our body by sweating & evaporation & from blood by dilating blood vessels close to skin surface.

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Vitamin D from SunlightTouchPainPressureHeatNerve Fibers

Synthesizing vit.D from sunlight is one of the important function of the skin. Skin is a sense organ that tells us about pressure, touch, pain, heat and send the information to the CNS for the body to respond.

Principles of Nutrition by NHI (Human Physiology)

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