PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Transcript of PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
Bharathidasan University Tiuchirappalli – 620 024
B.S., ( BIOTECHNOLOGY )
FOUR YEAR B.S. PROGRAMME
COURSE STRUCTURE & SYLLABUS
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B.S., BIOTECHNOLOGY - COURSE STRUCTURE Semester I
S.No Course H
(T)
H
(P)
Credit
1 Language for Science - I 4 0 4
2 English for science – I 4 0 4
3 Basic Mathematics and Computer
Programming
4 0 4
4 Bioresources: Diversity and Applications 4 0 4
5 Cell Biology 4 0 4
6 Lab I: Bioresources and Cell Biology 0 6 3
20 hr 6hr 23
Semester II
S.No Course H
(T)
H
(P)
Credit
1 Language for Science – II 4 0 4
2 English for science - II 4 0 4
3 General Physics and Biophysics 4 0 4
4 General Chemistry 4 0 4
5 Biological Chemistry 4 0 4
6 Lab I : Biological Chemistry 0 6 3
20hr 6hr 23
Semester III
S.No Course H
(T)
H
(P)
Credit
1 Molecular Biology 4 0 4
2 Principles of Genetics 4 0 4
3 Biology of immune System 4 0 4
4 General Microbiology 4 0 4
5 Lab I : Molecular Biology and Genetics 0 6 3
6 Lab II: Immunology and General
Microbiology
0 6 3
16hr 12hr 22
2
Semester IV
S.No Course H
(T)
H
(P)
Credit
1 General Physiology 4 0 4
2 Cell & Tissue culture (Plant and Animal) 4 0 4
3 Environmental Science 4 0 4
4 r-DNA technology 4 0 4
5 Lab I:General Physiology & Cell and Tissue
culture
0 6 3
6 Lab II: r-DNA Technology 0 6 3
16hr 12hr 22
Semester V
S.No Course H
(T)
H
(P)
Credit
1 Plant Biotechnology 4 0 4
2 Animal Biotechnology 4 0 4
3 Immunotechnology 4 0 4
4 Lab I: Plant and Animal Biotechnology 0 6 3
5 Lab II: Immunotechnology 0 6 3
6 Elective I: NanoBiotechnology, Biophysical
processes and Biostatistics
4 0 4
16hr 12hr 22
Semester VI
S.No Course H
(T)
H
(P)
Credit
1 Molecular Diagnostics 4 0 4
2 Microbial Biotechnology 4 0 4
3 Bioprocess Technology 4 0 4
4 Lab I: Molecular Diagnostics 0 6 3
5 Lab II: Microbial Biotechnology and
Bioprocess Technology
0 6 3
6 Elective I: General Pharmacology 4 0 4
16hr 12hr 22
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Semester VII
S.No Course H
(T)
H
(P)
Credit
1 Basic Bioinformatics 4 0 4
2 Genomics and Proteomics 4 0 4
3 Bioinstrumentation 4 0 4
4. Lab I: Bioinformatics (Genomics and
Proteomics)
0 6 3
4 Elective I: IPR, Biosafety and Bioethics 4 0 4
5 Elective II: Cancer Biology and Stem cells 4 0 4
20 hr 6 hr 23
Semester VIII
S.No Course credit
1 Project work 18
Total credits for the Entire course 175
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B.S., BIOTECHNOLOGY SYLLABUS
LANGUAGE FOR SCIENCE - I
Kjyhk; Mz;L - Kjw;gUtk;. mwptpay; jkpo; I
xU thuj;jpw;Fupa gapw;W kzp Neuk; : 03 jhspd; jug;Gs;spfs; : 03 Nehf;fq;fs;:
1. mwptpay; jkpio khztUf;F mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
2. jha;nkhoptop mwptpay; nra;jpia ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; Njitia
khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jjy;.
3. mwptpay; fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fj;jpy; <LghL Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
4. mwptpay; fl;Liu vOJk; Mw;wiy toq;fy;.
myF: 1
mwptpay; jkpo; - tiuaiw> mwptpay; jkpopd; ,d;wpaikahik -
jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;G - eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; - Nghjpa E}y;fs; ,d;ik -
rKjha kdg;ghq;F - Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;fs; - ngw;Nwhu;fs; - gapw;Wnkhopf;
Nfhl;ghLfs;.
myF: 2 mwptpay; jkpo; tuyhW - Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; - mwptpay; jkpo; gw;wpa
fUj;Jf;fs; - mwptpay; jkpohf;f Kd; Kaw;rpfs; - mwptpay; ,af;fq;fs; - jkpo;
nkhoptopf; fy;tp - gad;fs; - jkpo;topf; fy;tp - mwptpay;> njhopy;El;gk;.
myF: 3 fiyr;nrhy; - tiuaiw> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;f newpKiwfs; - xypngau;g;G>
nkhopngau;g;G> GJr;nrhw; gilg;G - Ml;rpj;jkpo; - rl;lj;jkpo; - rl;lj;jkpo;f;
fiyr;nrhw;fs; - mwptpay; thf;fpa mikg;G Kiwfs; - fiyr;nrhy; jug;gLj;jk;
- mwptpay; fl;Liufs; vOJjy;.
myF: 4 mwptpay; nra;jpfisr; RitglTk; ftu;r;rpahfTk; juty;y topfs; -
mwptpay; ,jo;fs; - mwptpaiyg; gug;Gtjpy; ,jo;fspd; gq;F.
myF: 5 jkpopy; mwptpay; E}y;fs; - nkhopngau;g;G - newpKiwfs; - fiyr;nrhw;
fsQ;rpaq;fs;> mfuhjpfs;> fiyr;nrhy; njhFjpfs; - murpd; nghWg;Gfs; -
mwptpay; kdg;ghd;ik.
5
ghu;it E}y;fs; : myF 1. mwptpay; jkpo; tiuaiw: th.nr. Foe;ijrhkp> mwptpay; jkpo;> gf;.75-76.
,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk;> gf;.9-11.
mwptpay; jkpopd; ,d;wpaikahik: th.nr. Foe;ijrhkp> gf;.58-59. jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; rpwg;G: Nfh. Kj;Jg;gps;is> mupaizapy; moFjkpo;. myF 2.
mwptpay; jkpo; tuyhW - Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; - mwptpay; jkpo; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; - mwptpay; jkpohf;f Kd; Kaw;rpfs;. th.nr. Foe;ijrhkp> gf;.78-83: gf;.66-74: ,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk; 99-126.
myF 3
fiyr;nrhy; tiuaiw> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;f newpKiwfs; - xypngau;g;G - nkhopngau;g;G> GJr;nrhw; gilg;G: ,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;ypay; gf;.60-64. mwptpay; thf;fpa mikg;G Kiwfs; - fiyr;nrhy; jug;gLj;jk;> ,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;ypay;> gf;.146-169. ,uhjh nry;yg;gd;> fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fk;> gf;.45-52. rl;lj;jkpo;: Nfh. rz;KfRe;juk;> rl;lj;jkpo;. Ml;rpj;jkpo;: ,uhkypq;fdhu; & Kj;Jg;gps;is> Ml;rpj;jkpo;.
myF 4 ,uh. ghNte;jd;> jkpopy; mwptpay; ,jo;fs;. myF 5 ,uhk. Re;juk;> nghUs; GjpJ tsk; GjpJ> gf;.120-122.
R. yjh> jkpopy; mwptpay; E}y;fs;> murpd; nghWg;Gfs; - mwptpay; kdg;ghz;ik.
rpwg;Gg; ghu;it
1. www.tamilvu.org
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LANGUAGE FOR SCIENCE - I
Kjyhk; Mz;L - Kjw;gUtk;. gpwnkhop gapYk; khzth;fSf;F chpaJ
mbg;gilj; jkpo; - I xU thuj;jpw;Fupa ghl kzp Neuk; : 03 jhspd; kjpg;G : 03 Nehf;fk;:
jkpo;nkhopapd; mbg;gilfis mwpe;Jnfhs;Sjy;. jkpo; nkhopia vOjTk;
gbf;fTk; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
myF 1:
vOj;Jf;fs; mwpKfk; - vOj;Jf;fspd; tifg;ghL> vz;zpf;if -
capnuOj;Jf;fs; - nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - caph;nka;naOj;Jf;fs; - Ma;j vOj;J -
,dvOj;Jf;fs; - tlnkhop vOj;Jf;fs;.
myF 2:
vOJk; gapw;rp - jkpo; vOj;J tbtq;fisf; fhl;b mtw;iw ,dq;fhzTk;
NtWgLj;jp mwpaTk; gapw;rp jUjy; - xypg;G - nghUj;jkhd vOj;ijj;
Nju;e;njLf;fg; gupNrhjpj;jy; - vOj;Jf;fis vOjg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;.
myF 3:
nrhw;fs; fw;wy; - Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gtjd; %yk; vOj;Jf;fisAk;
nrhw;fisAk; gapw;Wtpj;jy;. thrpj;jy; - glk;> xypngau;g;Gr;nrhy;> ,izahd
Mq;fpyr;nrhy; Kjypatw;iwj; je;J vOj;Jf;fisAk; nrhw;fisAk;
gapw;Wtpj;jy;.
myF 4:
rpWnjhlu; fw;wy;; - vspa njhlu;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jjy; - rpW njhlupd;
cWg;Gf;fisf; fw;Wj;jUjy; - mt;TWg;Gf;fisj; njhlupy; ,dq;fhzr;nra;jy; -
rpW njhlu;fis vOJk; gapw;rp jUjy;.
myF 5:
koiyg; ghly;fs;> mwnewpf;fijfs; - ghly;fisAk; fijfisAk;
gpioapd;wp thrpf;fr; nra;jy; - gpioapd;wp vOjr;nra;jy;.
Fwpg;G: jkpo; ,izag; gy;fiyf;fofr; rhd;wpjo;f; fy;tp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s
Kjy; myfhd “mbg;gilepiy”iag; gpd;gw;wp ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
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I YEAR – I SEMESTER
ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE - I
Core Phonetics and Educated Indian English(EIE) Speech
EIE is a close approximation to the speech of the native speakers of English of the socio-
economic middle class or upper class of Southern London and is represented in the Radio
and TV channels of the BBC. The Pronunciation and Speech of the Southern Londoners
and the channel representatives are known respectively as Received Pronunciation and
Southern Speech.
No teaching of a language is feasible if it is not grounded in a Normative Variety of the
Target Language. Also, there is a long-standing tradition of the Indian educational
institutions which from the primary through the secondary and the higher secondary to
the university level have been consciously or unconsciously teaching a more or less pure
or impure variety of the British Standard Speech in the wake of the pan-Indian experience
of the British colonial linguo-cultural heritage. Hence it is easier for the Indian teachers
to train and teach in EIE which is based on British Standard Speech rather than come up
with an approximation say to American, Canadian or Australian Standard.
Stage I
Recognition, Production, and Transcription ---
Segmental Phonemes: Vowels, Semi-vowels, and Consonants (Broad transcription
in terms of the notations and symbols of the International Phonetic Association as used in
Daniel Jones‟ Dictionary or Oxford/Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary).
Stage II
Words in isolation: Monosyllabic words and Polysyllabic words Word-stress: Primary,
Secondary, and Tertiary Derivational Changes in words and Stress-shift.
Stage III
Nuclear/Tonic syllable and Sentence Stress Sentence Types (Statement, Question,
Request, Order, and Exclamation) and Intonation Patterns (Rise, Fall, Rise-Fall and Fall-
Rise) Normal Sentence Stress and Rhetorical Sentence Stress
Remedial component vis-à-vis the difficulties and errors of Indian/Tamil learners:
Voiced Vs Voiceless consonants
Certain consonantal clusters like /kw/, /scr/, /skl/, /shl/ etc
Lip rounding for the production of the semi-vowel /w/
Distinction between /v/ and /w/
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Musical quality and duration of the vowels
Ignorance of Stress-Shift rules which follow conversion noun
into verb, noun into adjective, adjective into noun etc
Inability to form an echo question by varying the intonation
pattern without varying the syntactical type
References:
1. T.Balasubramanian, A Textbook of English Phonetics and Speech for Indian Learners
2. J.D.O‟Connor, Better English Pronunciation
3. Daniel Jones, English Pronouncing Dictionary
Unit II
Vocabulary
Functors or Structural Words:
Pronouns, Proforms, Articles, Conjunctions
Auxiliaries: Modal and Non-Modal
Prepositions and Postpositions, Particles, Interjections
and Expletives,
Cardinals, Ordinals, Quantifiers, Degree words,
Frequency markers
Inflectional changes of number, gender, case, tense, and
degrees of comparison through suffixes
Prepositions and Cases
Lexemes or Full words:
Nouns and Adjectives, Verbs and Adverbs
Derivational changes through prefixes and suffixes
Hyphenated and Unhyphenated Compounds and
Plus juncture
Portmanteau forms and Reduplicatives
Synonym, Antonym and Homonym
Homograph and Homophone
Doublets and Bilingualisms
Material Nouns
Greek, Latin and Technonyms
Technonyms as common words
Loan words in common educated use from
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other Foreign Languages
Toponym, Patronym, Acronym and Abbreviation
Hyponym and Hyperonym
Idioms and Phrases, Collocations, Dead Metaphor and Cliché
Basolect: Colloquialisms, Slang, Cant, Argot,
Acrolect: Coinages, Nonce formations, Poeticisms etc.
Passive Vocabulary for Recognition and Active Vocabulary for Production
Restricted Vocabulary of the psychologically and culturally less evolved learners and
extended vocabulary of the more advanced learners
Unit III
Syntax
Phrases/Groups/Clusters(strings without a finite verb):
Formal Types(based on parts of speech): Nominal, Verbal,
Adjectival, Adverbial, Prepositional, Infinitival, Participial.
Labels, Titles, Headings, Appositional Phrases, and
Bullet Points.
Clauses(strings with a finite verb):
Formal Types:
Noun Clauses, Complement Clauses,
Adverbial Clauses(time,place,
reason, manner,condition, contrast, concession)
Relative Clauses: Restrictive/Defining and
Non-restrictive and Non-defining
Functional Types: Structures of Subordination and Coordination
Qualification and Modification, Complementation
and Adjunction
Sentence Types:
Semantic Types – Statement, Request, Order,
Question and Exclamation
Structural Types - Basic patterns and variations
Constructionally Homonymous sentence
Sentence with introductory „there‟
Split sentence
Inverted Sentence beginning with the negative particle
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or adverb
Logical Types – Propositional sentence and
Relational sentences
Rhetorical Types – Balanced, Loose, Suspended
and Mixed sentences
Transformations:
Phrases and Clauses into Sentences,
Sentences into Phrases and Clauses
Active Voice into Passive Voice and vice versa
Direct Speech into Indirect Speech and vice versa
Unit IV
Comprehension
Exercises are given with passages graded according to length and complexity are made
available in print or read out or played on the audio-cassette.
Types of Comprehension:
Local Comprehension and Global Comprehension
Listening Comprehension and Written Comprehension
Types of Reading: Vocal, Sub-vocal, Mental
Intensive Reading for Detail
Extensive Reading for Range
Scanning a paragraph or a cluster of sentences for
the central idea/gist/sum and substance/essence
Recovery of the explicitly given topic sentence or/and
Reconstruction of the implicit topic sentence
Progressive reading from facts through ideas
to arguments by the sifting of the linguistic
evidence in the text
At the initial stage of the teaching of this unit the teacher prepares and supports the
students for their exercise of written comprehension. He/She gives an exemplary oral
reading of the passage by paying attention to its Sense group, Tone group and Breath
group and leads the students to make sense of the passage not only with the text-specific
questions but also with the pre-reading and post-reading questions raised respectively
before and after the students go through the text. The teacher‟s role is expected to
decrease in proportion to the progress made by the students gradually.
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The students must be required to bring Oxford ALD or Cambridge ALD for all classes
and particularly for those set apart for Comprehension. They may be permitted to use a
Dictionary even in the examinations.
Unit V
Composition
Stage I
Exercises which involve the filling in the blanks with the key words withheld from the
given exercise materials
Stage II
Exercises which involve reorganisation of the sentences jumbled up in the given passage
Stage III
Guided Paragraph Writing
Exercises which involve the students listening to a short presentation on a topic either by
the teacher or the super-brilliant students, and jotting down points and structuring them as
a paragraph to be evaluated by the teacher
Stage IV
Guided composition: The teacher gives the title, the sub-titles and the salient points
which the students are required to develop and organise into a short essay of 200 words
Stage V
Controlled composition: The teacher gives the title and briefly indicates the key idea for
the students to come up with the components of the key idea and the corresponding sub-
titles, and thus produce a short essay
Stage VI
Free Composition: The teacher leaves the students free to choose a topic and do their
thinking and writing entirely on their own. The topic may relate to any of the domains:
personal, social, technical, literary, aesthetic, philosophic etc.
Before the students are given the writing tasks enumerated above they have to be re-
trained and drilled in the correlations or convergences between Syntactical Structures and
Discourse Functions. Here a summative refreshing of the students‟ memory about Syntax
in Unit IV is in place. The Discourse functions of definition, description, classification,
comparison and contrast, argumentation, analysis, explanation, narration etc have to be
first shown and discussed by the teacher in regard to the select
memorable/classic/quotable passages or even sentences of famous writers. Subsequently
the students would be supplied with such additional passages for their own critical
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appreciation and internalization. They may even be encouraged to imitate one or more
authors with whom they feel a certain affinity.
References:
1. Freedman, Sarah, Written Composition.
2. Greenbaum, Sidney. The Oxford English Grammar. New York : OUP, 1996.
3. Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. A Communicative Grammar of English.
Pearson-Education Asia Pte. Ltd. 2000.
4. MacCarthy, Michael, English Vocabulary in Use. CUP, 2002
5. Quirk, Randolf. A University Grammar of English, E.L.B.S.
6. Strumpf, Michael. The Complete Grammar. New Delhi : Goodwil Publishing
House (Rs.125 /-)
7. Webster‟s Reference Library. Students‟ Companion. Scottland : Geddes &
Grosset, 2002. (Rs.99/-)
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I YEAR – I SEMESTER
BASIC MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
MATHEMATICS
UNIT I
Matrix – algebra of matrices, determinants – adjoint – inverse of matrix, system of
linear algebraic equations – Cramer‟s rule.
UNIT II
Sequence and series – limit – differentiation – L‟ Hospital rule, integration - some
methods.
UNIT III
Mathematical modeling – ordinary differential equations – first order linear
equations – methods of solving, second order differential equations with constant
coefficients – methods of solving.
PROGRAMMING IN C
UNIT IV
Constants – Variable – Data types – Operator and Expression – Managing I/O
operators – Decision making and branching.
UNIT V
Decision making and Looping – Arrays – Functions.
TUTORIAL:
Mean and Median - Standard deviation - Matrix multiplication - Quadratic
equations - Euler‟s method - Second order Runge-Kutta method - Simpson‟s 1/3 rule -
Trapezoidal rule
REFERENCES :
1. Introduction to Mathematics for Life Scientist, E. Batschelet, Springer. 2003
2. Mathematical Modeling, J.N. Kapur, Wiley Eastern Ltd., 1988.
3. Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations, M.D. Raisinghania, R.S.Aggarwal,
S.Chand & Company Ltd., 1981.
4. Programming in ANSI C, E. Balagruswamy, Tata Mc Graw-Hill publishing
company Ltd.2000.
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I YEAR – I SEMESTER
BIORESOURCES: DIVERSITY & APPLICATIONS
UNIT I
BIORESOURSES
Characters, organization and diversity of living organisms – Microbes, Plants and
Animals – Levels and patterns of organization – Basic concepts: Organic evolution –
Developmental biology – Physiology and ecology.
UNIT II
MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY
Diversity of prokaryotes, algae and fungi with emphasis on their evolution and symbiosis;
role of fungi in colonization of land by plants; anthropogenic impact on fungal and plant
diversity; role of soil microbiota in plant protection and ecosystem restoration.
Morphological, physiological and life-history diversity of protists, primary producers,
consumers and predators; microbial food webs and their interactions with metazoans;
mixotrophy and symbiosis with prokaryotes; spatial and temporal distribution of protists;
microecosystems in laboratory experimentation.
UNIT III
PLANT BIODIVERSITY
Major groups of algae, fungi, bryophytes, pteridophytes, angiosperm and gymnosperm;
modification of the plant form as adaptation to the environment. Ecology of pollination.
Sexual and apomictic reproduction in plants.
UNIT IV
ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY
Origin of major groups of invertebrate diversity in continental and marine habitats,
insects as the most successful group of land invertebrates, plant insect associations.
Major groups of Vertebrate, body plan, Cephalochordata – the sister group of vertebrates,
early Palaeozoic Agnathans, fish diversity, tetrapods – origin and colonization of land,
reptiles past glory, bird lords of the air, radiation of mammals.
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UNIT V
APPLICATIONS
Medicinal plants & their bioactive potentials, Animals as a source for food & other
applications.
Hotspots in Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity and its causes threats to Biodiversity;
Biodiversity and its conservation – insitu and exsitu conservation.
REFERENCES:
1. Biology – Raven, Johnson, Losos, Singer, TATA Mc Graw-Hill publishing
company Limited, New Delhi
2. Integrated Principles of Zoology – 9th
edition – Hickmen, Roberts & larson, 1995
Wim C.Bnun Publishers, Oxford, England.
3. Invrtebrate Zoology. 7th
edition. E.E. Ruppert, R.S. Fox & R.D. Barnes. Thomson
Brook/Cole.U.K.
4. Vertebrate Life 4th
edition. Pough, F.H., Heiser, J.B. and Mc Farland, W.N
Prenitice – Hall of India Pvt ltd., New Delhi
5. Prasad B.N., “Biotechnology in Sustainable Biodiversity and Food Security”
(2003), Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
6. Foster C.F. John Ware D.A. Environmental Biotechnology, Ellis Horwood Ltd.
1987.
7. Sasson A, " Biotechnologies in developing countries present and future",
UNESCO Publishers, 1993.
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I YEAR - I SEMESTER
CELL BIOLOGY
UNIT I
Microscopy: Light, Compound, Electron, Phase-Contrast, Fluorescent - TEM, SEM:
Principle, description and applications – Study of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells -
Cytoplasm: Physical and biological properties – Plasma membrane: Structure,
modifications, permeability and other functions – Cell wall: Structure, chemistry and role.
UNIT II
Cell organelles – Mitochondria and chloroplasts – Morphology, ultra structure and
functions.
UNIT III
ER, Golgi complex – Morphology, ultra structure and functions - Ribosomes – Ultra-
structure, subunits – Role in protein synthesis - Introduction to transcriptional and post
translational modifications – Centrosomes – Morphology, ultra-structure and functions.
UNIT IV
Nucleus – Ultra-structure and organization - Chromosomes: Morphology, structure,
chemistry – Types: Giant chromosomes – polytene and lamp-brush chromosomes – Cell
division – Mitosis, meiosis, cell cycle and dynamics of cell division.
UNIT V
Cancer cell – Cytological characteristics – Carcinogens, concept of oncogenes –
Radiation and its effect – Introduction to apoptosis – Relevance of apoptosis in cancer
biology and therapy.
REFERENCES :
1. Cell Biology – De Roberties
2. Cell Biology – C.B. Powar
3. Cell & Molecular Biology – Sheeler P & Bianchi De
4. Biology of the Cell – Wolfe S L
5. Biology of the Cell – Bruce & Albert
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I YEAR - I SEMESTER
LAB I: BIORESOURCES AND CELL BIOLOGY
BIORESOURCES:
Practicals
1. Bioresources – biodiversity, terrestrial, avian and marine–microbe, plants, animals
& Birds (Field visit)
2. Microscopy - bright field, phase contrast, florescent, electron microscopy &
confocal microscopy, micrometry.
3. Microscopic observation of bacteria, microalgae, fungi, lichen and protist
4. Shape and size of the cell – simple & differential staining.
5. Identification of Plants up to species level - algae, fungi, bryophytes,
pteridophytes, angiosperm and gymnosperm
6. Identification of animals – Vertebrates & Invertebrates.
7. Endangered / Rare plant, animal, fossile - observation (Field visit)
CELL BIOLOGY:
Practicals
1. Cell division- mitosis (Onion root tip) and Meiosis (Tradescantia)
2. Polytene chromosome (chironomous larvae)
3. Microscopy- bright field, phase contrast, fluorescent microscopy electron
microscopy and confocal microscopy
4. Estimation of chloroplast pigments by Arno‟s method from plant cells
5. Electrophoresis AGE and PAGE
6. Sucrose Density Fractionation
7. Determination of leaf water potential
8. Determination of osmotic potential
REFERENCES :
1. C.H. Collins, P.M. Lyne (1985) Microbiological
2. Collins and Lyne's microbiological methods. 7th ed. C.H. Collins. Butterworth-
Heinemann,1994.
3. Microbiology a laboratory manual, P. Gunasekaran
4. Microbiology, A Laboratory Manual, Cappuccino, J.G. & Sherman, N., Addison
Wesley.
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LANGUAGE FOR SCIENCE - II
Kjyhk; Mz;L - ,uz;lhk; gUtk;
mwptpay; jkpo; II
xU thuj;jpw;Fupa ghl kzp Neuk; : 03
jhspd; kjpg;G : 03
Nehf;fq;fs;:
1. jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhzyhFk; mwptpay; nra;jpfis khztu; mwpar;
nra;jy;.
2. ,yf;fpaj;jpy; cs;s mwptpay; nra;jpfis ,dq;fhzr; nra;jy;.
myF: 1
,yf;fpak; - mwpKfk;> gz;ila jkpoupd; mwptpay; tuyhW - tpsf;fk; -
rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; mwptpay; cz;ikfs;> ,aw;gpay;> Ntjpapay;> cstpay;>
capupay;> jhtutpay; nra;jpfs;.
myF: 2
,yf;fpaq;fspy; nghwpapay;> njhopy;El;g kUj;Jtr; nra;jpfs; -
njhy;fhg;gpak;> rq;f ,yf;fpak;> gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy
Kjyhd fhg;gpaq;fs;> rpj;ju; ghly;fs; Kjyhdtw;wpy; ntspg;gLk; fl;blf;fiy>
efuikg;G> nghwpEl;g Ntshz;ik> cNyhftpay;> kUj;Jtr;nra;jpfs;.
myF: 3
rq;f ,yf;fpak;> rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy Kjyhd ,yf;fpaq;fspy;
ntspg;gLk; ,ir> eldk;> Xtpak;> rpw;gk;> xg;gidf;fiy Nghd;w Ez;fiyfs;
gw;wpa nra;jpfs;.
myF: 4
rq;f,yf;fpak;> jpUf;Fws; Kjyhd gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fspy;
Ml;rpapay;> murpay;> Nkyhz;ikapay; nra;jpfs;.
myF: 5
,izaKk; jkpOk; - fzpzpapy; jkpo; - jkpo; nkd;nghUs; - ,izaj;
jkpo; tuyhW> kpd;MSif> jkpo; tiykidfs;> kpd;FO - ,yf;fpa kpd;
gjpg;Gfs; - gy;Y}lfk; (Multimedia) - jkpo; top kpd;dQ;ry;fs; - jkpo;
kpd;dpjo;fs;.
ghh;it E}y;fs;:
1. R. jkpo;NtY> “rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mwptpay; Nfhl;ghLfs;”> r.,uhkehjd;>
,uhkRe;juk; (g.M)> mwptpay;jkpo;> fue;ijj; jkpo;r;rq;fk; kw;Wk; jkpo;g;
gy;fiyf;fof ntspaPL - 1995.
2. ney;iy R.Kj;J> “gz;ila mwptpay; tuyhW‟‟> mwptpay; jkpo;>
fue;ijj;jkpo;r;rq;fk; kw;Wk; jkpo;g; gy;fiyf;fof ntspaPL - 1995.
19
3. khj;jis NrhK> tpaf;f itf;Fk; jkpoh; mwptpay;> cjfk;> (cyfj;
jkpoha;Tf; fofk;)> jpUr;rp- rpl;dp - Nfhyhyk;G+h; - nfhOk;G - 2005.
4. eh. ,uhrNfhghyd;> “rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; mwptpay;”, kh.,uhkypq;fk;(njh.M)>
Nts;tp> ghujpjhrd; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpopay; Jiw ntspaPL.
5. tpf;lh; uh[khzpf;fk;> Nt.rh.mUs;uh[;> rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhyq;fs;.
6. ney;iy. R.Kj;J> mwptpay; jkpopay;.
7. Kidth; tp.cz;zhkiy> fhye;NjhWk; mwptpay;.
8. v];.Mh; ghyRg;ukzpak;> Nrhoh; fiyg;ghzp.
9. Kidth; Nfh. nja;tehafk;> jkpou; fl;blf;fiy.
10. M.m. tuFzghz;bad;> aho; E}y;.
11. lhf;lh; ng. fpU\;zd;> Nehapd;wp tho rpj;j itj;jpak;.
12. Mjh; R[hjh> tPl;Lf;Fs; tUk; cyfk;.
13. fh. mgpuhkp> b\;ndl; ypkpndl;> 1998.
14. jfty; njhopy; El;gk;> jkpo; Gj;jfhyah> 2001.
15. gjhu;j;jFzrpe;jhkzp.
20
LANGUAGE FOR SCIENCE - II
Kjyhk; Mz;L - ,uz;lhk; gUtk;
gpwnkhop gapYk; khztu;fSf;F cupaJ
mbg;gilj; jkpo; - II
xU thuj;jpw;Fupa ghl kzp Neuk; :03
jhspd; kjpg;G :03
Nehf;fk;:
,g; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fPNo jbj;j vOj;Jf;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;s ghlq;fspd;
topahfj; jkpo; nkhopia vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; gof;Fjy;
myF: 1
re;ij - kyu;fs;> fha;fwpfs;> goq;fs; Kjypad Fwpj;j nrhw;fis mwpar;
nra;jy; - mit njhlu;ghd thf;fpak; mikf;fg; gof;Fjy;. vq;fs; FLk;gk; -
FLk;g cWg;gpdu;> FLk;g cwTKiwfs; gw;wp mwpar; nra;jy; - njhlh;ghd
nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs; Kjypatw;iw thrpf;fTk; vOjTk; gof;Fjy;.
myF: 2
tpUe;Njhk;gy; - czT gupkhWk; Kiw - czT tiffs; Kjypad gw;wp
tpsf;fkhf mwpar; nra;jy; - kio - MW> Fsk;> fly;> thdk;> Nkfk;> kiy>
kio> Kjypad gw;wp mwpar; nra;jy;; ,it njhlu;ghd nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fs;
Kjypatw;iw thrpf;fTk; vOjTk; gof;Fjy;.
myF: 3
ghujpahu; - ghujpahu; gw;wpa tuyhW> mtuJ XupU ftpijfs; gw;wp mwpar;
nra;jy; - fizf;fhy; ,Uk;nghiw - ,k;kd;ddpd; jd;khd czu;tpid
ehlfj;jpd; topahf czu;j;Jjy; ,g;ghlq;fs; njhlu;ghd nrhw;fs;> njhlu;fis
thrpf;fTk; vOjTk; gof;Fjy;.
myF: 4
khky;yGuk; - khky;yGuk; mike;Js;s ,lk;> kw;Wk; fiyf;Nfhapy;fs;
gw;wp tpsf;Fjy; - gazk; - NgUe;jpy; gazk; nra;Ak; Kiwia tpsq;f
itj;jy;> thrpf;fTk; vOjTk; gof;Fjy;.
myF: 5
tho;j;Jg;ghly; - tho;j;J tpsf;fk; - tho;j;Jf;fspd; tiffs;:
,iwtho;j;J: jhAkhdtupd; guhguf;fz;zp (md;igg; ngUf;fp). nkhoptho;j;J:
ghujpahupd; jkpo;nkhop tho;j;J (tho;f epue;juk; tho;f jkpo;nkhop). ciuahly;:
Foe;ijfSk; fy;tpAk;: Foe;ijfSk; fy;tpAk; vd;w nghUspy; ciuahly;
epfo;j;jr; nra;jy;> ciuahlypy; rpwpa nrhw;nwhliuf; ifahSk; Kiwiaf;
fw;gpj;jy;. fbjk;: md;idf;Ff; fbjk; - mwpKfk;> Nfl;ly;> thrpj;jwpjy;> fbjk;
vOJjy; gapw;rp> nkhop mikg;Gf; $Wfisg; gapw;Wtpj;jy;. Neu;fhzy;: rJuq;fr;
rhjidahsu; tp[ayl;Rkpaplk; Neu;fhzy;. ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghly;: mwpKfk; -
jhyhl;Lg;ghly;> ehl;Ltsk; $Wk; ghly;.
21
Fwpg;G:
jkpo; ,izag; gy;fiyf;fofr; rhd;wpjo;f; fy;tp ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s
,uz;lhk; myF kw;Wk; %d;whk; myFfshd KiwNa ,ilepiy> Nky;epiy
Mfpatw;iwg; gpd;gw;wp ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
22
I YEAR – II SEMESTER
ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE - II
Technical English for Power (TEP)
UNIT I
Language is an abstraction. It exists in and through its several varieties. One can
find a hundred and eight varieties in any Language. To know a language therefore means
to know its standard common or general variety which is more or less an abstraction and
along with it a special variety, that is a variety used for special purposes like technical
English, Business English, journalese, legalese, institutionalese, officialese etc.
Thus English may be found to be divisible into dialects, dialects found divisible
into idiolects, idiolects found divisible into registers, and registers found divisible into
actual uses. This phenomenon of the mega-system of Language splitting successfully into
finer and finer sub-systems and micro-systems may be diagrammatized as follows:
The English Language
Mega System
National Dialects
British American Canadian Australian Indian African Carribbean
23
National Dialect
Regional Dialect
Topolect
Social Dialect
Sociolect
Class Dialect
Ponolects
Ideolect
Mode Field Tenor
Phonic Graphic Informal
Quasi-
formal Formal Domestic Social
Technical
Register
24
Unit II
It is commonly assumed that technical English or technolect is exclusively
objective. It is further assumed that the intelligibility of technical English is restricted to
its initiates who are most probably technicians or scientists. The first assumption is called
objectivism and the latter assumption may be called esotericism. And neither assumption
is completely true.
As any variety or use of a language necessarily involves the exercise of
formal and functional rules and thereby stylization, even technolect is not free from such
stylization. Once language is stylized it cannot but function rhetorically. In so far as the
rhetorical effects resulting from the structural and functional requirements of the
technolect are directed and controlled intentionally by the speaker or the writer technolect
either spoken or written is effective. But the control of rhetoricity is accompanied with
the infusion of the subjective elements, however minimal into the so called objective
technical language.
Apart from the in-built stylization and rhetoricity of all language including
technical language the speaker or writer‟s communicational activity itself will intensify
the rhetoricity as the activity cannot be purely or exclusively a transmission of facts or
information. The act of speech or writing would in almost all cases marshal facts and
information so as to construct arguments or express views which would be aimed either at
persuading or at dissuading an individual or a group respectively to or from a course of
action. In short, facts are almost never conveyed except with an admixture of subjective
reactions so that corresponding subjective reactions are called forth on the part of the
listener or the reader. Finally even if a particular speaker or writer could achieve technical
communication in a zero degree of dependence on or complicity with factual error and
emotional bias, the listener or the reader might be prone to interpret the marvel of total
objectivity in an idiosyncratic if not subjective manner.
As for the second assumption that technolect is esoteric or of restricted
intelligibility the tendency of the present-day technolectal practice is to strive towards
the middle style which is a compromise between non-technical or public communication
and technical communication. Examples of this kind of technolect which is more or less
translucent may be found in the articles of newspapers and popular journals on topics
relating to science and technology and also in the writings of popular science writing such
as those of Bertrand Russell.
25
The various sources of rhetoricity and subjectivity may be diagrammatised as
follows:
Unit III
A lexico- Syntactic model of Technical English:
Lexical Components:
Numerals, quantifiers
Degree words, frequency markers
Causes of Rhetoricity and Self Projection
Structural Agential
Linguistic Discoursal
lexical syntactical
Ambiguity Multiple
meaning Abstract
Terms Inversion Positional Mobility
Argument Analogy and
Speaker/Writer Listener/Reader
26
Material nouns
Technonyms specific to various disciplines and
Domains
Abbreviations of different kinds
Brand Names
Syntactic Components:
Propositional/predicative Sentence
Full passive sentence
Reduced passive with agent-deletion or instrument
deletion
Quasi-passive
Discontinuous verb phrase
Unit IV
Technical English in the Phonic Mode:
Graded activities and Exercises:
Recitation
Guided imaginary Conversation
A guided short talk
Mock Interview
Guided group Discussion
Free group discussion
A free long oral presentation
Unit V
Technical English
In the Graphic Mode:
Project report
Preparation of tool-kit operation and maintenance
folders and pamphlets manuals
In the Electronic Mode:
Cyberlectal terms
Verbal contractions
Spelling Contractions
Use of Phonetic spelling
Professional e-corespondances
27
References :
1. Second Language Writing. Ed. Barbara Kroll, CUP.
2. Composing in a Second Language. Sandra McKay. Newbury House, Cambridge.
3. Technical Writing. John Lennon
4. Technical Writing. Scot. Forfeman& Company.
5. Strengthen Your Writing. V.R.Narayanaswamy. Orint Longman
6. Reading and Writing: Theory and Practice. Ed. M.L.Tickoo. SEAMEO Regional
Language Centre, Singapore.
7. Technical Communication. Meenakshi Raman and Sangeetha Sharma. OUP.
28
I YEAR – II SEMESTER
GENERAL PHYSICS & BIOPHYSICS
UNIT 1
Mechanics and Elasticity: Newton‟s laws of motion – Applications – Collision –
Impulse – Projectile motion Centrifugal force – Centripetal force – Applications –
Elasticity – Stress – Strain – Elastic modulus : Young‟s modulus – Bulk modulus –
Modulus of rigidity – Relation between elastic constants – Bending of beams –
Cantilever.
UNIT II
Fluid Statics and Dynamics: Surface tension – Capillary rise – Water rise in tall trees –
Variation of surface tension with temperature – Osmosis – Laws of osmosis – Hartley and
Berkeley experiment – Viscosity – Viscosity of liquid – Poiscuille‟s formula- Viscosity of
blood – Flow of liquid through tubes Bernoulli‟s equation – Venturimeter.
UNIT III
Atomic and Molecular Physics: Electromagnetic spectrum – Rotation and vibration of
molecules – Absorption and emission spectra – Basic elements of practical spectroscopy
– Absorption and emission Spectrometer (block diagram) – NMR spectroscopy.
UNIT IV
Radiation Physics: Atomic nucleus – Isotopes – Radioactivity 0 Radioactive decay and
half – life – Disintegration – Energy distribution – Decay products- Biological traces p
Ionization detection – Positive ions, electrons, and X-rays, r-rays – Defection of radiation
– GM counter 0p Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter – Biological effect
of Radiation – Dosimetry – Basic definitions and units of radiation.
UNIT V
Biomacromolecules:
Proteins: Amino acids – Peptide bond – Cis and Trans configurations – Torsion angles –
Phi and Psi – Steric hindrance – Conduct criteria – Ramachandran diagram, Maps for
glycine and alanine residues o Classification of proteins into globular and fibrous –
Levels of structural organization.
Nucleic Acids: Nucleosides and nucleotides – Structure of DNA – Watson and Crick
model – Base paring and base stacking – Variations in DNA structure – Polymorphism –
A, B and Z – DNA.
29
Carbohydrates: Classification – L and D sugars – Monosaccharide – Disaccharides –
Types of linkages in polysaccharides – structure of maltose, celloboise and lactose –
Ramanchandran map for disaccharides.
REFERENCES :
1. R. Murugesan, Modern Physics, S. Chand & Company Ltd (1998) New
Delhi.
2. A. Mookerjee & Sukhendu B. Bhattacharjee, Aspects of Radiation
Biophysics, Interprint, New Delhi.
3. C.N. Banwell, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy (Mc Graw Hill,
New York, 1981).
4. Brij Lal, N. Subramanmiyan, Jivan Seshan Mechanics and
Electrodynamics, Eurasia Publishing House (PVT.) Ltd. 1980.
5. A. I. Lehninger, D. L Nelson and M. M. Cox. Principles of Biochemistry,
CBS Publishers, New Delhi (1993).
6. Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, W. H. Freeman and Co., New York (1995).
V. S. R. Rao, P. K. Qasba, P. V. Balajil and R. Chandrasekaran
Conformation of Carbohydrates Harwood Academic Publishers,
Amsteerdam(1998)
30
YEAR - II SEMESTER
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT I
Reactive Intermediates, Spectroscopy and Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds:
Formation and Breaking of Bonds: Homolytic and Hetrolytic fission. Reactive
intermediates: Carbocations, Free radicals – Definition and simple example only.
Introduction to infra Red, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹ H and C¹³) spectroscopy
application to organic compounds (Elementary aspects only).
Stereochemistry: Chirality, Biological signification of chirality (Natural chirality, chiral
drugs) configuration and conformation, R and S configuration. Optical activity,
Enantiomers and Diastereomer, Resolution, Separation of enantiomers.
UNIT II
Hetrocycles: Nomenclature, Furan, Thiophene, Pyrole, Pyridine, Preparation, Properties
and uses.
Alkaloids: Definition of alkaloid, Extraction, general properties determination of
chemical constitution of alkaloids, Classification, Ephedrine, Adrenaline, Nicotine only.
Terpenes: Classification Occurrence, general properties, Extraction, Structure
determination and property of Citral and Menthol only.
UNIT III
Catalysis: Difference between Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis – Steady –
state approach – Enzyme catalysis – Michaelis Menten kinetics – Effect of pH on enzyme
catalyzed reactions.
Macromolecules: Classification of Polymers – Molecular weights of polymers: Number
average and weight average of polymers – Molecular weight determination by viscosity
method.
UNIT IV
Fundamentals of Spectroscopy and Photochemistry: Absorption and emission of
radiation – region of electromagnetic spectrum – line with, Intensity – Beer – Lamborts
law and applications. Various Photochemical Processes, Jablonski diagram –
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence – Laser and applications.
31
UNIT V
High – Temperature Superconductors: 1-2-3 Compounds, Meissner effect,
applications of superconductors. Catenation and heterocatenation. (SN) x as one
dimensional conductor, two specific examples for inorganic rings and cages. Binuclear
metal clusters. An example for metal cluster in biology.
UNIT VI
Metal ions in medicine and biology: An Overview of metal ions in medicine and
biology, Blue copper proteins – Plastocyanin as a typical example. Zinc metalloenzymes
–structure and function of carboxypeptidase. Vitamin B12 – structure and any two specific
reactions of B12 coenzymes. Metal based drugs – cisplatin as anticancer drug, mechanism
of action.
Inhibitors of metalloenzymes as drugs – allopurinlo, antabase. Detoxification of metals by
chelation therapy with respect to iron, aluminium, copper, mercury, arsenic and cadmium.
REFERENCES :
UNIT I & II
1. J.Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Worthers, ”Organic chemistry”
Oxford University Press, 2001.
2. R.T.Morrision and R.N. Boyd, “Organic Chemistry” ed., prentice Hall of
India Pvt Ltd., 2004.
3. I.L Finar, “Organic Chemistry Vol I & II” 5th
ed., ELBS, 1975.
4. B.S. Bhal and Arun Bhal, “Text Book of Organic Chemistry”, 14th
ed., S
Chand and Company Ltd., 1997.
UNIT III & IV
1. R.A.Alberty and R.J. Silbey, Physical Chemistry, Jhon Wiley & Sons,
Inc., Newyork, 1995.
2. P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, ELBS and Oxford University Press,
1998.
3. G.M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 1994.
UNIT V & VI
1. James E. Huheey, Eleen A. Keiter, Richard L. Leiter, “Inorganic
Chemistry”, 4th
ed., Pearson Education, Inc., 2002.
32
I YEAR – II SEMESTER
BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
UNIT I
Properties of water – Biological significance of unusual properties of water, Acid-base
equilibrium, Henderson-Hasselbach Equation, buffers, Bioenergetics – Laws of
thermodynamics – Concept of free energy – Standard free energy, enthalpy, entropy –
Exergonic and endergonic reactions – Definition of open, closed and isolated systems -
Energy rich compounds.
UNIT II
Carbohydrates – Structure, classification and function – mono-di-oligo and
polysaccharides – Linear – branched – Homo - Hetero – Starch – Glycogen – amylase,
amylopectin – cellulose – Fructans – Chitin – Pectins – Glycosylaminoglycans -
Asymetric carbon, isomerism – Sugar derivatives – sugar acids, sugar alcohols, sugar
amines, sugar phosphates, sugar nucleotides, conjugated polysaccharides –
Glycoprotein‟s and lipopolysaccharides.
UNIT III
Amino acids and proteins – Structure, classification and function of amino acids,
functional groups, Single letter codes for amino acids – Zwitterions – amphoteric nature -
isoelectric point – Peptide structure, Ramachandran plot, structural levels of proteins –
primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, alpha, beta helix – collagen, Structure – post
translational modifications - fibrous and globular proteins – Ninhydrin, Sangers and
Edman‟s reactions.
UNIT IV
Lipids – Structure, classification and function – free fatty acids, Numbering,
classification, Essential and PUFA(Polyunsaturated fatty acids), triglycerides,
phospholipids, glycolipids, Sphingolipids – Steriods – basic skeleton – cholesterol -
waxes, conjugated lipids – lipoproteins – Membrane anchors of proteins – Attachment of
phenyl groups, fatty acids and GPI (glycol-phosphatidyl inositol), Micelles, Bilayers.
33
UNIT V
Enzymes – Co-enzymes – Classification – factors affecting enzyme activity – pH,
temperature, substrate concentration – Michaelis Menten Kinetics – Lineweaner Buck
plots – Enzyme inhibition – Reversible, Irreversible – Competitive, Non-competitive,
Uncompetitive – Allosteric enzymes – Properties – Isoenzymes – Mechanism of
formation – importance. Mechanism of enzyme action – Activation energy – Proximity
and orientation effects – Induced fit – Acid base catalysis – Mechanism of chymotrypsin,
Transaminases & Lysozyne. Protein/Enzyme regulation by zymogen activation and
covalent modification – Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, Pre-proinsulin – Reversible
phosphorylation and adenylation.
REFERENCES:
1. Outlines of Bio-chemistry by E.E. Conn and P.K. Strumpf (Wiley Eastern
Limited);
2. Review of physiological chemistry by H.A. Harper (Lange);
3. Textbook of Biochemistry by West, Todd, Mason and Bruygen (Macmillan);
4. Biochemistry by A.L. Lehninger (Worth).
5. Principles of Biochemistry by White, handier and Smith (Tata Mc Graw Hill)
6. The Chemical Analysis of foods by Pearson David (Churchill)
7. Clinical Biochemistry by Cantorow & Trumper (Saunders) Biochemistry by
L. Stryer (Freeman-Toppan).
34
I YEAR – II SEMESTER
LAB I: BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS:
1. Estimation of proline
2. Estimation of Glucose – BQR method
3. Estimation of protein – Lowry‟s method
4. Determination of Salivary Amylase activity
5. Estimation of Cholestrol – Zak‟s method
6. Estimation of Ascorbic acid – Dye method
7. Estimation of sugar ®
8. Sugar(F) & (PP)
9. Serum Cholestrol
10. Lipid Profile (Demonstration)
11. Blood Urea
12. Serum Creatinine
13. Serum Uric Acid
14. Serum Bilirubin- Total and direct(Demo)
15. S.G.O.T
16. S.G.P.T
17. Serum alkaline Phosphatase
18. Total Protein
19. Albumin
20. Serum Calcium
21. Urine Sugar &Albumin deposits
22. Urine complete
23. Bile Salts and bile pigments
REFERENCES :
1. Practical Clinical Biochemistry-Harold Varley
2. A Handbook of Medical Laboratory Technology- V. H. Talib
35
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
UNIT I
The Gene Concept – DNA as Genetic Material – RNA as Genetic Material – Topology of
Nucleic Acids – Packaging of DNA as Chromosomes – Unique Features of Eukaryotic
and Prokaryotic Genomes and Genes – Organisation of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast
Genomes – Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.
UNIT II
Replication – DNA Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes – Mutation – Molecular
Changes Associated with Mutation – DNA Damage and Repair – DNA Recombination –
Tri parental mating.
UNIT III
Transcription- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic transcription – RNA processing – Post
Transcriptional Modifications – Catalytic RNA – Translation Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
translation – Role of tRNA, rRNA and mRNA in translational process - Post
Transcriptional Modifications – Molecular chaperones – Mitochondrial and chloroplast
Genome expression and control.
UNIT IV
Operon Concept – Lactose, Tryptophan, Arabinose Operons – Genomic Libraries –
cDNA Libraries – Screening of Libraries – Genomic projects – Genetic mapping –
Artificial Nucleic acids.
UNIT V
Genomic reorganization for diversity in immunity – Genes in development – Gene
rearrangements in development – Oncogenes and cancer.
REFERENCES :
1. Freifelder D (1991). Molecular biology. Narosa publishing house.
2. Lewin B (2007). Genes IX. Oxford University Press.
3. Grieson and covey. Plant molecular biology.
4. Watson JD, Gilman M, Witkowski J, Zoller M (1992). Recombinant DNA.
Scientific American books.
5. Blackburn GM, Gait MJ (1996). Nucleic acids in chemistry and biology.
Oxford university press.
36
6. Lodish H, Baltimore D, Beck A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Darnell J (1995).
Molecular cell biology, scientific American books.
7. Freidberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W (1995) DNA repair and mutagenesis.
ASM press.
8. Stryer L (1995) Biochemistry. W.H. freeman and company.
9. Singer M, Berg P (1991). Genes and genomes. University science books.
10. Molecular chaperones in the life cycle of proteins, structure and Function and
Mode of Action (1997). Anthony L. Fink, Yuji Goto (Ed). Mercer Dekks Inc,
USA
11. www.sciam.com
37
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS
UNIT I
Appreciation of history and basic methods of genetics. Types of genetic transmission;
Molecular, Evolutionary, Population, Conservation – Mitosis – Meiosis. Nuclear vs.
extra nuclear inheritance. Mendelism – Laws of inheritance, hybrid and dihybrid cross –
Gene interactions – multiple factor and quantitative inheritance – Environment and
inheritance, influence on inheritance, Chromosome theory of inheritance.
UNIT II
Alleles – di – multiple allelic systems – ABO – RH blood grouping inheritance – linkage
and crossing over. Chromosome mapping – sex determination – chromosomal
environmental genetics. Non-disjunction – genetic balance – theory of sex determination
– modern concepts in sex determination – Pedigree analysis. Cytoplasmic inheritance –
mitochondria, chloroplast.
UNIT III
DNA as genetic material – introduction to pro and eukaryotic genomic organization and
replication. Chromosomal aberrations: Structural changes in chromosomes –
deficiencies, duplication (Bar locus), translocation, inversion (inversion in Drosophila);
Numerical changes in chromosome – Aneuploidy (monosomy, nullisomy, trisomy and
tetrasomy) – Euploidy (haploidy and polyploidy) – practical applications of ploidy –
Gene mutation: mutagenesis – mutagens – chemical – physical – mutation – types –
Introduction to molecular mechanisms of mutation.
UNIT IV
Microbial Genetics: A brief account – bacterial – plant – animal viruses – Brief account
of bacterial recombination: transformation, conjugation, and sexduction. Recombination
in bacteriophage; transduction, lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophages.
38
UNIT V
Population Genetics – Hardy – Weinburg equilibrium. Introduction to genetic
polymorphism – Factors affecting natural selection. Genetic disorders – one gene one
enzyme concept – Syndromes – Down, Turner and Klinefilter. Use of human genetics in
medical diagnosis; - karyotyping – Genetic counseling; Eugenics and Euthenics. Future
of genetics.
REFERENCES :
1. Brown, T.A., 1998, Genetics, A Molecular Approach, Chapman Hall, London.
2. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., and Snusted D.P., 1991, Principles of Genetics,
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. Gupta, S.P. 1985, Elementary Statistical Methods, S. Chand and Co., New
Delhi.
4. Gurumani, N. 2004, An Introduction to Biostatistics, MJP Publishers,
Chennai.
5. Hotter, P, 2002, Textbook of Genetics, IVY Publishing House, New Delhi.
6. Strickberger, M.W., 1996, Genetics, Macmillan publishing Co., New York.
7. Verma, P.S. and Agarwal, V.K. 2003, Genetics, S.Chand & Company Ltd,
New Delhi.
8. Weaver, R.F. and Hedrick, P.W., 1997, Genetics, W.M.C. Brown Publishers,
London.
39
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
BIOLOGY OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
UNIT I
Historical perspective – Discovery, early theories. Types of immunity – Innate and
acquired immunity. Cells and organs of the immune system – Hematopoietic, lymphoid
cells, immune system cells, primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the immune
system, B and T cell - Maturation and differentiation. Cytokines – Properties, receptors,
related diseases and therapeutic uses.
UNIT II
Antigens – Factors influence immunogenicity, Epitopes, haptens. Immunoglobulins –
Structure, antigenic determinants, immunoglobulin classes, monoclonal antibodies.
Antigen-antibody interactions – Basic introduction about the techniques like Precipitation
reactions, agglutination reactions, radioimmunoassay, and Enzyme-Linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting, immunofluorescence and
immunoelectron microscopy.
UNIT III
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) – Organization and inheritance, MHC
molecules and clones, genomic map of MHC genes, cellular distribution and expression,
MHC and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Antigen processing and presentation –
Antigen presenting cells and presentation pathways – the cytosolic pathway and
endocytic pathway.
UNIT IV
Complement system – The complement components, classical & alternative pathways,
regulation and biological consequences of complement. Cell-mediated and Humoral
effector responses. Hypersensitivity reactions – Gell and Coombs classification, IgE-
mediated (Type I), antibody- mediated (Type II), immune complex- mediated (Type III)
and TDTH-mediated (Type IV) hypersensitivity.
40
UNIT V
The immune system in health and diseases – Vaccines – active & passive immunization,
whole-organism vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, synthetic peptide,
multivalent subunit and anti-idiotype vaccines. Brief on Autoimmunity,
immunodeficiency, immune system in AIDS, transplantation immunology, cancer and the
immune system
REFERENCES :
1. Ivan M. Roit (1994) Essential Immunology – Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford
2. Kuby J (1997) Immunology – WH Freeman and Company, New York
3. Chapel H and Halbey M (1986) Essentials of Clinical Immunology
4. Donal M. Weir, John Steward (1993) Immunology – VII edition. ELBS,
London
5. Richard M. Hyde (1995). Immunology III edition. National Medical
series, Williams and Wilkins, Harward Publishing Company.
41
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
UNIT I
Sterilization – Disinfection, Definition – sterilization by heat – radiation – filtration by
chemical methods.
UNIT II
Principles of Microbiological diagnosis – Diagnosis of disease ( Fungi, Bacteria, Virus) –
Morphological classification of bacteria, fungi, viral, parasites – Isolation of bacteria –
Antibiotic sensitivity test – Antimicrobial agents.
UNIT III
Collection of Specimens - Examination of specimens for microbiological investigation –
Examination of materials from sits normally sterile. Examination of materials from sites
possessing normal flora – commensals & pathogenic microbial flora in human –
Examination of pus from abcesses and wounds.
UNIT IV
Identification of bacteria – Types of media – common ingredients of culture media –
common media in use in laboratory – staining procedure.
UNIT V
Diagnostic methods in clinical microbiology – microscopic – molecular – serologic
diagnosis – Urinary tract infections – Various biochemical tests.
REFERENCES :
1. Handbook of Medical Laboratory Technology – V.H. Talib
2. Medical Microbiology - Murray
42
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
LAB I: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PRACTICALS:
1. Preparation of Donar (F+) and Recipient (F-) Cultures for Conjugation
2. Conjugation
3. Selection of conjugants
4. Preparation of Competence Cells
5. Transformation
6. Screening of Transformants
7. Isolation of plasmid by Alkaline Lysis Method
8. Submarine Gel Electrophoresis of Plasmid
9. Isolation of Genomic DNA from Human Blood Sample
10. Quantification and Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA
11. SDS – PAGE of proteins
12. Coomassive Brilliant Blue G250 – Staining Proteins
13. Silver Nitrate Staining of proteins
14. Restriction Digestion of λ DNA
15. Ligation of λ / EcoR1 Digest
16. Isolation of Plasmid DNA
17. Isolation of Genomic DNA from E.coli
18. Determination of Melting Temperature (Tm)
19. Quantification of DNA – UV absorbance method
20. DNA fingerprinting – RFLP method
21. Induction of Mutation in a Marker Gene
22. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
GENETICS PRACTICALS
1. Isolation of genomic DNA from human blood sample
2. Tm determination of genomic DNA
3. Observation of mitosis process in onion root tip
4. Bacterial conjugation
5. Karyotyping
6. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E.coli
43
7. Quantification of Agarose gel electrophoresis
8. Restriction digestion of λ DNA
9. Ligation of λ / EcoR1 digest
10. Transformation technique
a) Competent cell preparation by calcium chloride method
b) Transformation
c) Confirmation test (selected markers, restriction digestion, PCR)
11. Native and SDS – PAGE of crude protein
12. Coomassive brilliant blue G-250 staining
13. Silver nitrate staining
14. Molecular weight determination of unknown protein
15. PCR
16. Southern blotting
44
II YEAR – III SEMESTER
LAB II: IMMUNOLOGY AND GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
IMMUNOLOGY PRACTICALS
1. Collection of venous blood from human and separation and preservation of
serum/plasma
2. Agar gel diffusion – Ouchterlony‟s method
3. Counter immuno electrophoresis
4. Electrophoresis – serum proteins
5. Blood grouping
6. Latex agglutination test
7. Widal tube and slide agglutination technique
8. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
9. Western blotting
10. Immunization of protocols and raising antibody
11. Primary and secondary lymphoid organs – Dissection
GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICALS
1. Preparation of Bacteriological plates.
2. Screening of Urine Sample for UTI
3. Gram‟s staining.
4. Acid fast Bacilli Staining.
5. Preparation of Slants & Plates.
6. Hanging drop Method.
7. Confirm of E-Coli by Indole-Catalase Test, Agar Tests.
8. Antibiotic sensitivity testing
9. Skin scrap staining for Fungi( by KOH)
10. Fungal Culture
11. Fungal Staining
12. Blood & Chocolate agar preparation
13. Blood Specimen screening for bacteria.
45
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT - I:
Physicochemical properties of water; osmotic and ionic regulation; acid base
balance; membrane composition; Symport, Antiport, active and passive transport, carrier
mediated transport.
Types of nutrition – Chemotrophic and autotrophic.
UNIT – II:
Mode of action of hormones- plant and animal.
UNIT – III:
Photosynthesis – C3, C4 and CAM pathways; Nitrogen fixation; mechanism of
nitrate uptake and reduction; biological nitrogen fixation.
UNIT - IV :
Blood and Hemostasis – Electrical activity of heart, cardiac pump – regulation of
heart beat – Hemodynamics – control of cardiac output – Microcirculation (Cutaneous,
skeletal, coronary, cerebral and Foetal circulation) – Case study.
Overview of Respiratory systems – mechanical aspects – Pulmonary and branchial
circulation – Transport of O2 and CO2 – Control of Breathing – Case study.
UNIT – V:
General function of neuronal cells – special sensory system (visual,
auditory,vestibular,chemical sensory system) – Motor system – Automatic nervous
system and its control – general physiology of muscular system – molecular basis of
contraction – muscles acting on skeletal – Muscles in the walls of Hollow Organs.
REFERENCES:
1. Bryant, C. (1980) – The biology of Respiration (2nd
edition)
2. Devlin, R.M. (1969) – Plant Pathology – Van Nostrand, Reinholt Co.,
N.Y.
3. Freifelder, D. (1985) – Essentials of Modern biochemistry – Jones and
Barlett.
4. Gaugh, H.G. (1972) – Inorganic plant nutrition – Nutchinson
Stroudesburg, P.A.
5. Jain, V.K (1990) – Plant Physiology – S. Chand and Co., New Delhi.
6. Kumar, H.D. and Singh, H.N. (1990) – Plant metabolism.
46
7. Lehninger, A.L. (1985) – Biochemistry – Worth publishers.
8. Leopold, A.C. (1973) – Plant growth and development – Tata Mc
Graw Hill Co.,
9. Lewitt – Introduction to Plant Physiology
10. Malik, C.P. and Srinistava (1995) – Plant Physiology
11. Salisbury and Ross – Plant Physiology
12. William G. Hopkins – Plant Physiology
47
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE (Plant and Animal)
SECTION A: PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE
UNIT I
History of plant cell, tissue and organ culture – laboratory organization – aseptic
techniques – nutritional requirements and culture media – Types of cultures – Solid –
Liquid – Stationary – agitated – batch cultures – Organogenesis – callus induction –
Caulogenesis – Rhizogenesis – technique of hairy root production.
UNIT II
Micropropagation – mass production of plantlets – hardening and mist chambers –
transplantation to field – techniques for maintaining plantlets in the field – somatic
embryogenesis – induction of multiple shoots – production of virus free plants –
production and exploitation of haploids and triploids – techniques of overcoming
incompatibility barriers – embryo rescue – protoplast culture and parasexual hybridization
– exploitation of Somaclonal and Gametoclonal variations.
UNIT III
Mass Culture of Cells – manipulation of cell line selection – immobilization of cells and
its application – synchronization of cell cultures and cell divisions – production of
secondary metabolites – biotransformation – Induction of cell line mutants and mutations
– cryopreservation – germplasm conservation and establishment of gene banks – Synseed
technology.
SECTION B: ANIMAL CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE
UNIT IV
Principles of Cell and Tissue Culture: advantages and disadvantages of tissue culture
methods – cell markers – types of cells – primary and established cell lines – kinetics of
cell growth – genetics of cultured cells – metabolism – applications of Animal Tissue
Cultures.
UNIT V
Techniques of Cell and Tissue Culture: Sources of cells – techniques of cell culture:
Mechanical, biochemical and types of animal cells – equipment – cell culture media –
culture procedures – preparation of animal materials – primary culture, cell lines and
cloning – somatic cell fusion – tissue cultures: slide and coverslip cultures, washing and
feeding, double coverslip cultures, flask cultures, test tube culture – organ culture – whole
48
embryo culture – specialized culture techniques – cell synchronization – measurement of
cell death – stem cell culture and transplantation.
REFERENCES :
1. Plant Tissue and Cell Culture – H.E. Street.
2. Plant Tissue Culture – Kalyan Kumar Dr.
3. Plant Tissue Culture Concept – Robert N. Trigiano, Dennis and J. Gray.
4. Plant Tissue Culture and Molecular Biology – P.S. Srivasata.
5. Methods in Plant Cell Biology – David w. Galbraith, Hans J. Bohnert and
Davp Bouique.
6. Animal Cells Culture and media – D.C. Darling and S.J Morgan BIOS
Scientific Publishers Limited, 1994.
7. Methods in Cell Biology, Volume 57: Animal Cell Culture Methods –
Jennie P. Mather and David Barnes, Academic Press, 1998.
8. Epithelial Cell Culture – Ann Harris, Cambridge University Press 1996.
9. Animal Biotechnology – M.M. Ranga,Agrobios(India),1999-2000.
49
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
UNIT I
Introduction to ecology – Media (Soil-Water-Air) – Physical factors of the
environment (Light-Pressure-Temperature-Humidity-Radiation)-Biological factors
(Predation-Parasitism-Commensalisms- Amensalism)- Habit ecology- Population –
Community- Ecosystem- Food chain and food web- Ecological Succession- Ecological
energetic- Animal distribution – Zoogeographical realms.
UNIT II
Introduction to soil pollution- Introduction to radioactive pollution- Introduction
to water pollution- Types, Sources and consequences of water pollution, Ecological and
biochemical aspects of water pollution- Types and characteristics of domestic, industrial
and agricultural wastes and their effects on water bodies- Chemical and bacteriological
sampling and analysis- Water quality parameters: Criteria and standards-Waste water
treatment – Water pollution control.
UNIT III
Introduction to air pollution – Atmosphere and its components- Natural and
anthropogenic Sources of atmospheric pollutants- Significance of air pollutants and their
reactions in the atmosphere – Transport, dispersion and fate of pollutants (Smog and acid
rain) – Effects of air pollutants- Air quality standards and criteria- Introduction to noise
pollution- Measurement and analysis of sound-A weighted sound level, equivalent sound
pressure level (leq), Noise pollution level (NPL), Sourd exposure level (SEL), traffic
noise index(TNI), day night level, noise criteria curves- Noise sources- Noise control and
abatement measures.
UNIT IV
Introduction to toxicology: Principles of toxicology Definitions – Bio-degradable
and least- degradable toxic substances – Toxicological evaluation- Animal toxicology
tests (lethal, acute, chronic, AMES and micronucleous test) - Dose effect and dose
response relationship- Bio-accumulation and Bio-magnification- Toxicity indicators in
the body- Indicator organisms.
50
UNIT V
Environment and health : Basic principle of environmental health – Physiological
responses of man to environmental stress (asbestosis and silicosis) –Free radicals- anti-
oxidants- Histopathological evaluations – Occupational health hazards- Health and
hygiene.
REFERENCES :
1. Khopkar. S.M, 2004: Environmental pollution monitoring and control- New Age
International Publishers(P)Limited, New Delhi.
2. Des W. Connell,1997: Basic concept of environmental chemistry- Lewis
Publishers, Newyork
3. Verma & Agarwal, Ecology.
4. Odoum, Ecology.
5. Agarwal. K.C, 2001: Environmental Pollution: Causes, Effects and control- Nidhi
Publishers (India) Bikaner.
6. Kumaraswamy. K. Algappa Moses A, Vasanthi M: Environmental studies-
Bharathidasan University Publication, Trichy.
51
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
r- DNA TECHNOLOGY
UNIT I
Generation of foreign DNA molecules, cutting and joining DNA molecules. Role of
endonucleases (Type I, II, III) E.coli & T4 ligases, Linkers, adapters and homopolymers.
Ideal cloning vehicle – alternation; Promoters, Control circuits, upstream and downstream
elements and markers / reporters. Cloning bacteria and eukaryotes
UNIT II
Vectors: plasmid features and biology – structural and functional organization, plasmid
replication and copy number – stringent and relaxed plasmid, incompatibility of plasmid
maintenance. Construction of an ideal plasmid vectors – cosmids. M13 and their uses.
Organization, construction and uses of pBR322 – based and pUC based vectors.
UNIT III
Specialized vectors- expression vectors, gene fusion and shuttle vectors. BAC and YAC
vectors for Saccharomyces, Streptomyces and Bacillus. Amplification of DNAs by PCR
UNIT IV
Methods of introducing recombinant DNA into bacteria, plant and animals: Ca- mediated
transfection, particle bombardment, microinjection, Electroporation and Lipofection.
Recombinant selection and screening methods, Transgenic plants, GM foods, gene knock
out and production of transgenic animals and the MMk in mouse. Blotting- southern,
Northern and Western.
UNIT V
Application of gene technology: potential hazards – safety aspects of RDT. Human
genetics – decline of human genome, eugenics and the possible approaches. Cloning of
organisms and advances in reproductive biology, the cloned humans (?) and designer
babies. Conservation and resurrection of extinct animals – Big panda and the Tasmanian
tiger. Bio safety, Genome prospecting and controversies – issues of genetic engineering –
social and scientific.
52
REFERENCES:
1. Biolol series Techniques for engineering Genes strategies for engineering
organisms
2. Ernts L. Winnacker: From Genes to Clones
3. Glick and pasternack: Molecular Biotechnology
4. Lewis B: Genes VII
5. Maniatis: Molecular Cloning – A Lab Manual Vol. I, II. III
6. old and Primrose: Principals of Gene Manipulation
7. Watson J.D: Recombinant DNA
8. Kumar: Text Book of Biotechnology
9. Purohit: Biotechnology Fundamentals and Applications
10. Genetics: B.D.Singh
11. Genomes: T.A.Brown
53
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
LAB I: GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY & CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE
General Physiology Practicals:
1. Chlorophyll Estimation
2. Calculation of Stomatal Index
3. Plasmolysis
4. Proline Estimation
5. Calculation of Leaf Surface Area
6. Water Potential of potato Tuber
7. Extraction and quantification of DNA from onion
8. Determination of water quality
9. Cell as an osmometer
10. Estimation of rate of O2 consumption in fish
11. Estimation of Blood sugar in human
12. Estimation of Blood urea in human
13. Total Blood Cell Count
14. Estimation of Haemoglobin level in Blood sample
15. Estimation of Ammonia in human urine
16. Recording of Blood Pressure during Stress condition
17. Preparation of Hemin crystals of the blood
Cell and Tissue Culture
Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Practicals:
Media preparations
Sterilization
Callus Induction
Direct Organogenesis
Indirect Organogenesis
Somatic Embryogenesis
Plant Cell Culture
Anther Culture
Protoplast Isolation and Culture
54
Animal Cell Culture Practicals:
Animal Cell Culture Media
Basics of Cell culture (Types, Media Preparation, Culturing, Freezing and
thawing)
Sub Culturing and Maintenance
Human Lymphocyte Culture and Karyotyping
Cytotoxic Assays and Morphological Assays (Acridine orange / Et Br and
Hoechst 33258, MTT)
Cell Cycle Analysis using Flow Cytometer and Micronucleus
55
II YEAR – IV SEMESTER
LAB II: r-DNA TECHNOLOGY
1. Isolation of Plant and Bacterial Genomic DNA and Plasmid DNA.
2. Isolation of RNA
3. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis.
4. Restriction Enzyme digestion.
5. Restriction mapping and ligation.
6. Transformation, screening for recombinants.
7. Blotting Techniques.
8. Isolation of plasmid DNA- i) minipreparation ii) large scale isolation
9. In vitro DNA ligation, transformation of E.coli
10. Characterization of transformants: DNA gel electrophoresis, Restriction map
Analysis
11. Southern blot analysis
12. Northern and dot blotting technique.
13. PCR/ RFLP technique
14. Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation and recombinant selection,
15. Amplification of RAPD.
56
III YEAR – V SEMESTER
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT I:
Genetic Engineering in Plants-Molecular biology of Agrobacterium mediated
DNA transfer- Ti plasmid Vectors- Binary and co-integrated vectors- Transformation
strategies in plants – Agrobacterium tumefaciens & Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Plant
viruses as vectors. Physical method of transfer-Biolistics –Electroporation.
UNIT II:
Transposons in transgenic plants – their uses – Terminator gene technology,
RNAi, Metabolic Engineering – Modification of plant Nutritional content – Amino acids
and lipids as Bioreactor- polymers and foreign proteins in seeds.
UNIT III:
Selectable Markers, reporter genes- Promoters used in Plant vectors genetic
engineering for
- heat, drought and saline tolerance (Osmogenes)
- Virus resistance.
- Pest resistance
- Herbicide resistance
- Herbicide tolerance
- Delayed fruit ripening
- Fungal and bacterial resistance
- Secondary metabolite production
UNIT IV:
Production of therapeutic proteins- antibodies- vaccines edible Vaccines-
hormones- Golden Rice- Biolistic in transgenic plants. Marker free transgenic plants. Co-
transformation-Transgenic silencing. Molecular aspects of nitrogen fixation.
UNIT V:
Chloroplast genetic engineering
Chloroplast genome- Transplastomic plants – Mitochondrial genome- Legal protection
and IPR- patent Co-operation Theory (PCT) - Indian and International Agencies
involving in IPR and Patenting – IPR in India- WTO agreement.
57
REFERENCES:
1. Intellectual property in agricultural Biotechnology, Edited by F.H.Erbisch and
K.M.Maredia, University Press, 2000.
2. Plant Biotechnology – New products and Applications by J.Hammond,
P.McGarvey and V.Yusibov (eds), Springer 1999.
3. Transgenic Plants by Esra Gauln and Adena Breimann.
4. Engineering Chloroplasts: an alternative site for foreign genes, proteins, reactions
and products. Trends in Biotechnology, 18, 253-263.
5. Indian patent Laws, Taxmann Allied sciences Ltd by D.B.Mittal, Taxmann
Sciences Ltd, 1999.
6. Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and applications of recombinant DNA
technology. Bernard R.Glick and Jack J.Pasternak. ASM Press Washington DC
2001.
58
III YEAR – V SEMESTER
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT I
Animal cell, Tissue and Organ culture:
History-Definition-culture environment (substrate and media) - techniques for
establishing of cell lines – insect cell cultivation- organ and embryo culture-
cryopreservation – valuable products.
Artificial insemination –embryo transfer- cloning (DOLLY, MOLLY and
POLLY) nuclear transplantation, in vitro fertilization technology, genetic engineering in
animals. Transformation of animal cells / cloning vectors, expression vectors animal viral
vectors and yeast vectors.
UNIT II
Transgenic animals. Development and uses (mice, cattle, Goat, fish and sheep and
sheep) and transgenic pets, Tendered meat production-Transgenic breeding strategies-
molecular farming (products with strategic importance).
UNIT III
Pest management: Juvenile hormone analogues-pheromones and genetic
manipulation, biotechnology of silkworms, transgenic silk production -Baculo viruses
vector and foreign gene expression, Biotechnological approach to the production of live
feed.
UNIT IV
Molecular markers: use of nucleic acid probes and antibodies, In clinical
diagnosis and tissue typing - Mapping of human genome-RFLP and applications Genetic
engineering approaches for the correction of genetic disorders -Human cloning animal
right activities Blue cross in India- society for prevention of cruelty against animals
Ethical limits of Animal use, Green peace international peace -peacekeeping -Human
Rights and Responsibilities.
59
UNIT V
Regulation the sue of biotechnology: Regulation r-DNA technology-regulating
food and food ingredients- human gene therapy- initial public concerns -accumulation of
defective genes in future generations - future of gene therapy, patenting biotechnology
inventions - patenting multi cellular organisms patenting and fundamental research.
REFERENCES:
1. Harrison, M.A and BAL, I.R 1997 General techniques of all culture Cambridge
University press.
2. Prakash M and Arora, C.K 1998 and issue culture, Anmol publication Pvt, Ltd.,
3. Darling D.C and Morgon S.J 1994 animal cells, culture media, Ltd, John Wiley
sons,
4. In vitro cultivation of animal cells 1994, 1st ed., Butter worth Heinemann Ltd.,
5. B. Ianfresheny 2006 culture of animal cells and Manual basic technique, fifth
edition, Wiley, liss publication
6. Bernard, B, Glick, jack, J. Pastunak, Molecular biotechnology principles and
application of Recombinant DNA
7. B. Sasidhara 2006 Animal biotechnology MJP publications
8. Cooper M.G and Hausman E.R the cell and molecular approach fourth edition by
sinauer associated Inc.
9. Dubey R.C 2007 Text book of biotechnology S.Chand and company ltd.,
10. Text book of animal biotechnology P. Bamadess S.Meerarani
11. An introduction to molecular biology/ Bobert C. Tait
12. Recombinant DNA and Biotechnology, Second edition, Helen xreuzer and
Adrianne marrey.
13. Cedric Grillot, Entomology, second edition
14. B.mathur and textbook of entomology, first edition
15. Bobert Matheson, entomology and introductory courses, first edition.
60
III YEAR – V SEMESTER
IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT I
History, lymphoid organs and cells: History of Immunology: Edward Jenner, Eli
Metchnikoff, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch; Innate immunity- barriers; acquired
immunity-cells involved; humoral and cellular immunity; lymphoid organs-
primary & secondary-Hematopoiesis; immunogens and antigens– characteristics
of ideal antigens; classes of antigens, cross reactivity, haptens and adjuvants.
UNIT II
Antibody and complement: Antibody – isotypes – Domain structure, biological
properties, kinetics of antibody response. Primary interaction, secondary
interaction; Mechanism of generation of antibody diversity. Classical and alternate
pathways.
UNIT III
Biology of lymphocyte, TcR and MHC: Ontogeny of B and T lymphocytes;
TcR: interaction of TcR with MHC molecules; Thymic selection and T-cell
differentiation. Role of MHC in immunity. Mechanism of allograft rejection.
Cytokines in immune regulation.
UNIT IV
Hypersensitivity, autoimmunity and tumor immunology: Immediate
hypersensitivity – general characteristics, activation and effector phases, clinical
aspects – role of IgE; Clinical aspects of Type II, III and IV Hypersensitivity;
Etiology of autoimmune disease – systemic and organ specific. Tumor antigens:
types; effector mechanism in tumor immunity; Immunodiagnosis and
immunotherapy.
UNIT V
Immunotechnology: Principles, methodology and application of LTT,
Hybridoma technology and antibody engineering; ELISA; ELISPOT; RIST;
RAST and Immunoblotting; FACSCAN, Immunofluoresence and RIA;
Immunoinformatics and vaccine designing; Cloning strategies for vaccine
production. T cell cloning and stem cell technology.
61
REFERENCES:
1. Benjamini E, Coico R and G. Sunskise (2000) Immunology a short course. IV
edn. (Chapters 1-13) Wiley – Liss publication, NY.
2. Kuby, J (1997) immunology, III edn, WH Freeman &Co, NY.
3. Goldsby R.A. Kindt T.I and Osborne B.A (2000) Kuby Immunology IV edn.
4. WH Freeman &Co, NY.
5. Janeway, C.A. Travers P. Wolport M and Capra J.D (1999) Immunology IV edn.
Current Biology, NY.
6. Roitt, I (2000). Essential Immunology, IV edn. Blackwell Sci NY.
7. Brown, F, Chanock, R. M., Lerner R.A. (Editors) (1986) Vaccines 86: New
approaches to Immunization.
8. Fathman, C. G. Fitch, F.W (1982) Isolation, characterization and utilization of
9. T-lymphocytes clones, Academic Press, London.
10. Goding, J. W (1998) Monoclonal antibodies: Principles and practice, Academic
Press, London.
11. Roitt, Male and Brostoff (1998) Immunology 4th
edn. Pub. Mocby, New York pp
28.14.
12. Springer T. A (Editor) (1985) Hybridoma technology in Biosciences and
Medicine, Plenum Press, New York.
62
III YEAR – V SEMESTER
LAB I: PLANT AND ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Practicals:
1. Medium preparation
2. Explant preparation
3. Seed Germination
4. Micropropagation
5. Suspension culture
6. Multiple shoot induction
7. Transformation
8. GUS assay
9. Somatic embryogenesis
10. SNP
11. Plant DNA isolation
12. GFP cloning
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY Practicals:
1. Isolation of Genomic DNA from Blood
2. Isolation of Plasmid DNA by Alkaline Lysis Method
3. Restriction Digestion
4. Isolation of RNA from Mammalian Tissue
5. Isolation of Histone
6. Bacterial Transformation
7. Electroporation
8. Quantification of DNA/RNA
63
III YEAR – V SEMESTER
LAB II: IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY
LIST OF PRACTICAL – IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY:
1. Bleeding techniques and immunization protocols.
2. Dissection of chick & wild rat for lymphoid organs.
3. Immunodiffusion & electrophoresis techniques.
4. Fraction of T & B sub-populations from peripheral blood.
5. Microlymphocytotoxicity assay (ALS titration assay).
6. Detection of cancer markers.
7. Immunofluorescence.
8. ELISA.
9. Immunoglobulin estimation.
64
III YEAR – V SEMESTER
ELECTIVE I – NANO BIOTECHNOLOGY, BIOPHYSICAL
PROCESSES & BIOSTATISTICS
UNIT I
Introduction to Nanoworld, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology -
nanoparticles, nanowires, thin films and multilayers; Biomolecular Structure
Determination X-ray crystallography - NMR spectroscopy - Electron microscopy -
Atomic force microscopy Nanobiotechnology: Introduction, Biomolecules as
nanostructures and their applications in nanotechnology viz. Biosensors,
separation of cells and cell organelles, drug delivery, gene therapy.
UNIT II
Synthesis of nanostructures: Natural in inorganic, Natural in organism,
chemical and physical methods –Sol Process, Micelle, Chemical Precipitation,
Hydrothermal Method, Pyrolysis, Bio-based Protocol, Chemical Vapor
Deposition, Sputtering; Functionalization of nanoparticles for biological
applications; Recent trends in Nanobiotechnology - Applications in life Sciences
and ethical issues
UNIT III
Some interactions of electromagnetic radiations and living matter:
Radioactivity and biological tracers ionization and detection: Positive ions,
electrons, gamma rays, neutrons. Disintegration half-life, energy distribution,
decay products, biological effects of ionizing radiations. Biological tracers in
metabolic studies radioactive mapping.
UNIT IV:
Laws of thermodynamics, statements, heat content of foods, free energy
and entropy, free energy released role of adenosine triphosphate and mechanism
of ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplast the mobile power supply,
measurement of H, F and TS membrane potentials, negative entropy change in
living systems, equilibrium vs. steady-state, rate controlling steps, effects of
concentration and temperature, the specific rate constant, catalysis by enzymes,
diffusion-co-efficient - permeability constant.
65
UNIT V:
Data: Collection, sources and methods, presentation, tabulation, graphical
and diagrammatic representation, histograms, ratio and percentage, and their
limitations. Measures of central tendencies, mean, median, mode. Dispersions,
skewness, coefficient of variations. Probability, binomial-poison and normal
distributions Simple correlation, linear regression. Statistical inference, confidence
intervals, chi-square method, „f‟ and„t‟ tests, variance ratio test. Principles of
experimental design-replication, randomization.
REFERENCES :
1. Cotterill RMJ (2002). Biophysics. John Willey & Sons Ltd, England.
2. Chandra R (2004). Nuclear Medicine Physics. The Basics. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, New York.
3. Buchholy K, Kasche V, Bornschever VT (2005). Biocatalysts and Enzyme
Technology. Willey- VCH Verlag Gm bh & Co. KGaA Weinheim.
4. Renugopalakrishnan V, Lavis RV (2006). Bionanotechnology- proteins to
nanodevices, Springer, Dordrecht.
5. Goodsell D.s.(2004). Bionanotechnology, Lessons from Nature. Willey –
Liss, New Jersey.
6. Biostatistical Analysis (4 th edition) by Jerrold H. Zar.
66
III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
UNIT-I
Immunodiagnostics
Lymphoid organs and cells: Types of Immunity: Innate & acquired immunity-
cells involved; humoral and cellular immunity– Hematopoiesis -Stem cell
markers.Antibody – isotypes – Domain structure, biological properties.
Serodiagnostics: agglutination, immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis and
immunoprecipitation – Role of MHC in immunity – HLA typing. Cytokines and
interleukins: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. p53 & its role.
Immunoinformatics and vaccine designing.
UNIT –II
Microbial Diagnostics
Microbial pathogens, types: bacteria, viruses, virions, mycoplasmas – biology:
type study – M. tb, HIV, HCV and Dengue. Detection of infectious agents and
molecular epidemiology: M. tb, HCV & HIV; Conventional Vs Molecular
diagnostics-merits and demerits. Biological warfare-Bacillus anthracis, H5N1,
Chikungunya, plague – biology, pathogenesis – diagnostic methods. National and
international status of pathogen transport – Regulations, quarantine and organizations.
Molecular epidemiology – definition. Environmental molecular diagnostics –
Pathogens of importance in aqua culture (WSSV) and agriculture- plant molecular
genetic markers.
UNIT III
Diagnostics for Human Diseases
Genetic testing: Practice of genetic testing, genetic testing for carrier detection,
genetic testing to predict disorders, presymptomatic testing, and disease-susceptibility
testing. Molecular aspects of mutation- Detection of genetic defects. Gene
polymorphism: candidate genes approach Metabolic and genetic disorders: diabetes,
cardiac disorders- DNA analysis in Duchene Muscular Dystrophy- Sickle cell anemia
and beta thalassemia: molecular aetiology and detection - Prenatal molecular
diagnosis: CVS and amniocentesis - preimplantation test - methods and applications.
Social, ethical and legal aspects of molecular diagnostics.
67
UNIT IV
Forensic and Cancer Diagnostics
Molecular Forensics: Contributions of Alec Jeffrys - DNA as evidence. DNA
fingerprinting - Paternity dispute- Personal identification and identity of descent by
molecular methods – Case studies - National laboratories – CDFD – Medico legal
aspects. Types of cancer-Diagnosis of cancer: tumor markers, tumor imaging and
staging –p53 and its role. Monoclonal and engineered antibodies and fluorescent
antibodies in cancer diagnosis - Antigen specific therapy, cytokine therapy, gene
therapy.
UNIT V
Molecular Techniques
Approaches, methods and tools for molecular diagnostics: SDS-PAGE, blotting
techniques, RFLP, RAPD and PCR methods. In situ hybridization methods: FISH and
fluorescent methods. Microarray technique: principle of global screening and
diagnosis. Principles, methodology and application of ELISA, ELISPOT, FACSCAN,
Immunofluorescence and RIA; Fluorescence tag chromophore-tagged DNA and
protein probes, chip-based molecular diagnostics.
REFERENCES:
1. Benjamini E, Coico R and G. Sunskise (2000) Immunology a short course. IV
edn. (Chapters 1-13) Wiley – Liss publication, NY.
2. Kuby, J (2005) immunology, III edn, WH Freeman &Co, NY.
3. Goldsby R.A. Kindt T.I and Osborne B.A (2000) Kuby Immunology IV edn. S
WH Freeman &Co, NY.
4. Roitt, I (2006). Essential Immunology, IV edn. Blackwell Sci NY.
5. Strachan, T. and A.P. Read. 2004. Human Molecular Genetics. 3rd
Edition.
Garland Science, UK.
6. Clinical chemistry-Principles, Procedures and correlations 5th
edn/. Michael L.
Bishop, Edward P. Fody, Larry Scoeff – Lipincott Williams and Wilkins – Indian
Reprint 2005.
7. Julian Little, Muin J. Khoury, Wylie Burke 2003. Human Genome
Epidemiology: A Scientific Foundation for Using Genetic Information to
Improve Health and Prevent Disease, Oxford University Press.
8. BROCK Biology of Microorganisms. Eleventh Ed., Michael T. Madigan, John
M. Martinko. Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2006.
68
9. A Practical Guide to Clinical Virology. 2nd
Ed. L.R. Haaheim., J.R. Pattison.
R.J.Whitley. John Wiley &Sons, 1994.
10. Biomedical Methods Hand Book- John M. Walkser, Ralph Raplay. Humana
Press, 2005.
11. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry & Molecular Diagnostics – 4th
Ed. Carl A.
Burtis, Edward R. Ashwood, David E. Bruns. Saunders – Elsevier, 1999.
12. CDC epidemiology manuals.
13. Medical Genetics at a Glance. Dorian J. Pritchard & Bruco R. Korf, Blackewell
publishers.
14. An introduction to Human Molecular Genetics Mechanisms of Inherited
Diseases. IInd Ed. Jack J. Pasternak, Wiley-Liss & Sons Inc., 2005. N J, USA.
15. Elements of Medical Genetics. II th edition-Muller, Young – Churchill
Livingstone, 2002.
69
III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT I
Biological pest control- Advantages and disadvantages of chemical and
biopesticides –Bacillus thuringiensis B.T Diversity-ORY genes- Classification- Mode of
Action of BT toxin Species other than thuringiensis-B.Popllliae-Bacillus lentiomorbus-
Bacillus Spaericus- Mode of Action-Baculo Viruses Nuclear Poly hedrosis
Virus(NPV)Advantages-Mode of Action.
UNIT II
ABE (Acetone- Butanol -ethanol) Fermentation by olostridium acetobutylloum-
strategies to improve ABE fermentation. Ethanol Fermentation by Yeast and Zymomonas
entner doudoroff pathway.Basis of ethanol Tolerance- Formation of Various byproducts
in the fermentation pathways
UNIT III
Biodegedaration- Significance- factors affecting general reactions involved in
Biodegradations- Biodegradations of alkanes Benzenes Toluenes catechol-Ortho and
Meta Pathways Tol Plasmid. Ore leaching by Microbes- Bioleaching- Advantages-
Chemical reactions involved in leaching of Copper Thiobacillus Ferroxidans
UNIT IV
Aminoacid Fermentations-Significance of amino acids-Strategies to improve
amino acid Productions-Production of Lysine, Proline and Glutamic acid
Antibiotics-Definition, Chemical Nature-Classification-Mode of Action-Penicillin-
Streptomycin-Tetracycline-Macrolides-Improvement of Strains of Higher and new
antibiotic production.
UNIT V
Microbes to help plant growth and yield –biofertilizers –phytopathogens
controlling microorganisms-rice nucleation genes
Single cell protein- photosynthetic microorganisms and non photosynthetic
microorganism –substrates and growth conditions –protein quality
Decomposition of organic matter-biomass degradation of cellulose, Hemi
cellulose and lignin.
70
REFERENCES:
1. Glazer, A N. and Nikaldo, H.1995 Microbial Biotechnology -W H Freeman and
company network.
2. Encyclopedia of microbiology 1992-Vol 1-4.Academic press
3. Prave et al.1987-Fundamentals of Biotechnology-V C Publishers.
4. Prescott, L M., Harley, J P and Klein, D A.1999.Microbiology 4th
edition Mc Graw
Hill.
5. Stainer, R Y, Ingrtham, J L., Wheels, M.L and Painter P.R.1987-General
Microbiology.Maomillan.
71
III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY
UNIT I
Fermenters - Design & Operation: - Basic functions, design and components –
aseptic and containment requirements – body construction and temperature
control – aeration and agitation systems – sterilization of fermenter, air supply and
medium, aseptic inoculation methods, value systems – a brief idea on monitoring
and control devices.
UNIT II
Classes of Fermenters: - Mechanical – CSTR, Pneumatic – airlift fermenters,
Hydrodynamic – jet fermenters; acetator and caritator, enzymatic membrane
reactors, photobioreactors, solid state fermenters, anaerobic solid stage silage
fermenters, animal cell culture reactors and plant cell culture reactors, tower
fermenters, bed fermenters, rotating disc fermenter, bubble cap fermenter and
cylindro conical vessel.
UNIT III
Downstream processing: - Objectives and criteria – foam separation –
precipitation methods – filtration devices and filter aids – industrial scale
centrifugation and cell disruption methods – liquid – liquid extraction – solvent
recovery – chromatography – two-phase aqueous extraction - super – critical fluid
extraction – ultrafiltration, drying devices, crystallization and whole broth
processing.
UNIT IV
Media for industrial fermentations: - Typical media, media formulation, water,
energy and carbon sources, nitrogen sources, minerals, growth factors, buffers,
precursors, inhibitors, inducers and antifoams – media optimization.
UNIT V
Improvement of industrially important microorganisms: - Isolation, screening
methods – primary and secondary, preservation methods, methods of strain
improvement, recombination and molecular methods for improvements, yield and
other desired properties for improvement of strains.
72
REFERENCES :
1. Stanbury P.F., Whitaker A., Hall S.J. (1995) Principles of Fermentation
Technology, Butterwoth Heinemann.
2. Casida L.E. (1968) Industrial Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Flickinger M.C., Drew S.W. (1999) Encyclopedia of Bioprocess Technology –
5 Volumes, John Wiley & Sons.
73
III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
LAB I: MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS
List of Practical:
1. Bleeding techniques and immunization protocols.
2. Dissection of chick & wild rat for lymphoid organs.
3. Immunodiffusion & electrophoresis techniques.
4. Viral & bacterial DNA extraction.
5. mRNA extraction and cDNA synthesis.
6. HLA-Class I Class II - PCR-SSP.
7. Immunofluorescence-two color (AO/PI).
8. Serodiagnostics for microbial & viral pathogens.
9. PCR diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
10. PCR-RFLP for pathogens.
11. DNA Fingerprinting for leptospiral pathogen.
12. White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) by single tube/ nested PCR.
13. In-Situ Hybridization (FISH).
14.PCR based detection of cancers.
74
III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
LAB II: MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND
BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY
MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. Extraction of phycobili proteins
2. Estimation of phycobili proteins
3. Spectral analysis of phycobili proteins
4. Ammonium sulphate precipitation of phycocyanin
5. Dialysis purification of phycocyanin
6. Gel filtration chromatic purification and estimation of phycocyanin
7. Ethanol fermentation by yeast production and estimation
8. Bacterial growth curve
9. Yeast growth curve
10. Assay of invertase
BIOPROCESS TECHNOLOGY
1. Pure culture and maintenance of culture
2. Bacterial growth curve
3. Yeast growth curve
4. Effect of temperature on bacterial growth
5. Effect of temperature on yeast growth
6. Effect of pH on yeast growth
7. Effect of pH on bacterial growth
8. Effect of carbon sources on yeast growth
9. Effect of substrate concentration on yeast growth
10. Effect of inoculum size on yeast and bacterial growth
11. Effect of inoculum age on yeast and bacterial growth
12. Determination of thermal death point
13. Determination of thermal death time
14. Utilization of substrate and alcohol production in fermentation
75
III YEAR – VI SEMESTER
ELECTIVE – I : GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY
UNIT – I
Introduction
Introduction to Pharmacology, Sources of Drugs, Dosage forms and routes of
administration, Mechanism of action, combined effect of drugs, Factors modifying drug
action, tolerance and dependence, Pharmocogenetics.
UNIT - II
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption – Structure of cell membrane, Gastro-intestinal absorption of drugs,
Mechanism of drug absorption, Absorption of drug from non-per oral routes. Distribution,
Metabolism – Phase-I, and Phase-II reactions, Excretion of drugs, Principles of basic and
clinical Pharmacokinetics.
UNIT – III
Adverse drug reactions and treatment of poisoning, drug interactions, Bioassay of
drugs and Biological standardization, Discovery and development of new drugs.
UNIT –IV
Pharmacology of Central Nervous System
a. Neurohumoral transmission
b. Anesthetics
c. Sedatives, hypnotics, antianxiety agents and centrally acting muscle relaxants
d. Analgesics, anti-inflammatory antipyretics, anti gout drugs
e. Narcotic analgesics and antagonists
f. C.N.S.Stimulants
UNIT – V
Pharmacology of C.V.S and Respiratory System
a) Antihypertensive drugs
b) Anti – anginal and Vasodilator drugs
c) Anti – arrhythmic drugs
d) Anti asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators
76
REFERENCES:
1. Rang, M.P. Dale M.M. Reter J.M – Pharmacology
2. Pharmacology and Therpeutics – Satoskar
3. Goodman and Gilman‟s, The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics
4. Kulkarni S.K., Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
5. Chronppharmacology by B. Lammer
6. Topicss of Molecular Pharmacology I & II by Nurger and Roberts
7. Medical Pharmacology by K.D. Tripathi
8. Essential of Pharmacotherapeutics by F.S.K. Barar
9. Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics by Das & Dutta
10. Lippincotts Pharmacology
77
IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER
BASIC BIO-INFORMATICS
UNIT-I
BASICS OF BIOINFORMATICS:
Role of computers in biology (biocomputing )_ Origin and Overview of
bioinformatics- Applications of bioinformatics – National and International
bioinformatics Institutes and Industries – Research in bioinformatics- Job Opportunities
of bioinformaticians- various OMES and OMICS
UNIT -II
BIOLOGICAL DATABASES:
Open access bibliographic resources and literature databases: PubMed, PMC and
Public library of Sciences (PLoS)- Sequence Databases: GenBank ,DDBJ,EMBL, PIR
and Swiss-Prot- Pattern and Motif Searches: PROSITE, BLOCKS, PRINTS,PFAM-
Structure databases: PDB and NDB- Structural classification databases: SCOP, CATH-
Metabolic pathways database: KEGG – Biodiversity databases: World Biodiversity
Database (WBD)
UNIT-III
SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT:
Pairwise Sequence alignment –Local and alignments – Dotplot- Dynamic
Programming methods – Scoring or Substitution matrices (PAM and BLOSUM)-
Statistics of alignment score –Database Searching – FASTA and BLAST searches-
Multiple Sequence alignment –CLUSTALW –TCOFFEE –Neural Networks and Hidden
Markov Model methods – Sequence - Function Relationships – Tools for Drug Discovery
/ Drug Design
UNIT- IV
GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS:
Genome Database: GOLD – Genome Features of Prokaryote and Eukaryote –
Genome annotation – Gene finders: GLIMMER and GENSCAN - Genome browser:
UCSC –Genome projects: E.coli, A. thaliana and Human – Genomic Variations (SNP) –
Genome Expressions (Microarray) – Computational approaches in Comparative
Genomics: CMR, MUMMER and ACT Features of Protein Sequence and Structure –
Proteomics tools in Expasy Server- Protein Identification Programs: Mascot, PeptIdent
and Protein prospector – Secondary structure Prediction: GOR and Chou nFasman –
78
Tertiary structure prediction: Homology modeling – Interactomics – Protein structure
Visualization tools: RasMol Swiss PDB Viewer
UNIT –V
PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS:
Sequence –based taxonomy – From Multiple Alignment to Phylogeny –
Orthologs, Paralogs and Xenologs – Phylogenetic tree representation – Construction of
dendrogram – Computer Tools for Phylogenetic analysis: PAUP and PHYLIP
REFERENCES:
1. Arthur M.Lesk, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University press,
New Delhi, 2003.
2. A.Baxevanis and B.F. Ouellete. Bioinformatics: A practical Guide to the
Analysis of Genes and proteins, Third edition, Wiley –Interscience (Wiley
Student Edition), 2005.
3. D.W.Mount, Bioinformatics – Sequence and Genome Analysis, Second edition,
CBS Publishers, New Delhi, 2005.
4. D.Higgins and W.taylor (Eds), Bioinformatics - Sequence, Structure and
Databanks, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000.
5. A.M.Campbell & L.G. Heyer , Discovering Genomics , Proteomics &
Bioinformatics, Pearson Education ,New Delhi ,2003.
1. S.R.Pennington & M.J.Dunn, Proteomics –from Protein sequence to function,
Viva Books Pvt .Ltd, New Delhi, 2002.
79
IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER
GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS
UNIT I
Introduction to genomics – structure and organization of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic genomes- nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes – interaction
between nuclear and chloroplast genome- recognization of coding and non coding
regions and annotation of genes. Tools for genome analysis rDNA, cDNA, genomic
library, blotting techniques- RFLP, DNA finger printing, RAPD, PCR and automated
DNA sequencing. Linkage and pedigree analysis- physical and genetic mapping
UNIT II
Genome sequencing projects-Microbes plants and animals. Comparative genomics
of relevant organisms such as pathogens and non pathogens. Taxonomic
classifications of organisms using Molecular Markers-16SrRNA typing/Sequencing.
Computational Analysis sequence analysis Similarity searches and pairwaise
alignment-Global and Local Alignment Multiple sequence alignment-Phylogenetics
UNIT III
Functional genomics-Global gene expression analysis. Microarray-Spotted
Microarray and oliogonucleotide arrays- Genotypic Microarrays-Comparative
Transcriptomics- Differential Gene expression, Transplastomics
UNIT IV
Proteomics-Definition, Identifications and analysis of Proteins by 2D analysis,
Mass spectrophotometry, MALDI TOFF NMR,CD,FTRI, Small angle X-ray
scattering, Differential Proteomics, Protein-Protein Interactions, Yeast Two Hybrid
systems and Phage Display
UNIT V
Pharmacogenetics- High Throughput Screening for Drug Discovery-Identification
of Drug targets, Pharmacophore, Pharmacogenetics and Drug development. ADME
Properties, Metabolome and Metabolomics. Systems Biology-Model systems. Global
databases and analysis and statistical Modelling
80
REFERENCES:
1. Genomics: The Science and technology behind the human genome project (2000.)
Edited by C. Cantor and C.L Smith, Wiley-interscience. Newyork
2. Genome Analysis- A practical Approach(19995)by J.M Davis, Oxford University
press, Oxford
3. 3. Genome Mapping A practical Approach(1997) by P.H Dear, Oxford University
press, Oxford
4. DNA microarrays: A practical Approach(1999) Edited by M.Schena, Oxford
University press, Oxford
5. TWYMAN, R.M. (2004) Principles of proteomics. Bios Scientific Publishers,
New York ISBN 1859962734
6. Westerneir.R&T.Navn.2002 Proteomics in practice: A laboratory manual of
proteome analysis. Wiley-vch,weinheim.ISBN3527303545 liebler.D.C.2002
7. Introduction to proteomics: Tools for the New Biology. Humana Press Tottava,
NJISBN0585418799
8. Proteome Research: New frontiers in functional genomics (1997). Edited by M.R.
wilkins, K.L.Wiliams, R.D.Appel and D.F. Hochstrasscr- Springrt Vereag, New
York
81
IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER
BIOINSTRUMENTATION
UNIT-I: MICROSCOPY AND RELATED TECHNIQUES
Light Microscopy - Microscopic optics, components of microscopes, Basic principles and
methods of Bright field, Dark field, Phase contrast Fluorescence, Polarization and
confocal microscopes - Microscopic measurement techniques. Electron Microscopy –
Principle, Techniques and applications of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
UNIT – II: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES:
Centrifugation – Principles, various types including density gradient - rate zonal and
Isopycnic centrifugation - Spectrophotometer – Principles and application. Radioactive
Analysis - Basic of radioactivity, GM counter, LS Counter.
UNIT – III: CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES:
Basic Principles and different types of Chromatographic techniques - Adsorption – Ion
exchange, affinity chromatography; Non adsorption chromatography – gel permeation-
Separation of compounds using Gas chromatography and High Pressure Liquid
Chromatography and HPTLC.
UNIT – IV: ELECTROPORETIC TECHNIQUES
Protein Electrophoresis – SDS PAGE, Native, Iso, Gradient gel and 2D gel - Nucleic acid
– Vertical – submerged - Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis - Immuno Electrophoresis –
various types - Gel Documentation
UNIT – V: MOLECULARE BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES:
Basic Principles of Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Gene transfer technique –
Electroporation, Gene Gun – Particle gun
REFERENCES :
1. Principles of Bioinstrumentation by Richard Normann
2. Biophysical Chemistry by Canter & Canter (1996).
3. Molecular Biotechnology by Glick and Pasternack. ASM Press (1994).
4. Physical chemistry, P.L.. Soni, S. Chand publications
5. Physical chemistry, Puri & Sharma
6. Biophysical chemistry, David Freifelder
82
IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER
LAB I: BIOINFORMATICS (Genomics and Proteomics)
BIOINFORMATICS:
List of Practical:
1. Study of Internet resources in Bioinformatics- E.g. NCBI, ICGEB, EMBL-EBI.
2. Searches on NCBI- Pub Med bibliographic databases Concept of Boolean
operators.
3. Expert protein Analysis System (ExPASy)- Primary & Secondary structure tools-
analysis & prediction
4. Multiple alignment- Domain/Motif databases-BLOCKS, PRINTS, SBASE and
PFAM
5. Protein Structure and classification databases-PDB, SCOP,CATH,
FSSP,PDBSUM
6. Evaluation of protein structure by Swiss PDB viewer or by any other suitable
programs like Insight-II.
7. Calculation of Phi-Psi angles and Ramachandran plot for given protein structure.
8. Multiple alignment-CLUSTALW
9. Phylogenetic Trees-PHYLIP
83
IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER
ELECTIVE-I : IPR, BIOSAFETY and BIOETHICS
UNIT I
Definition and requirement – biosafety and biodiversity – Cartagena
protocol on biosafety - biosafety for human health and environment – social and
ethical issues – biosafety in relation to transgenic research and applications –
biotechnological products and ethical issues – Governing of biosafety - bioethics
and patenting.
UNIT – II
Ethical issues in human genome project – ethical issues in the prediction of
predisposition to diseases – gene cloning and bioethics – ethical aspects of
transgenic plants, animals and microbes – biosafety of Genetically Modified
Fruits (GMF).
UNIT – III
Safety and ethical issues related to Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMO), Bt genes and gene transfer, marker free transgenics, transfer of herbicide
resistance, super weed creation, organ transplantation, piracy of organ
transplantation, biological warfare, super virulent microbes – safety and
containment of microbiological laboratories.
UNIT – IV
General agreement on trade and tariffs (GATT) and WTO – forms of
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) – Industrial rights – patents, trademarks,
designs, geographical indications etc., - copy rights and related rights
UNIT V
Patents and patentability – patenting in India – patent co-operation Treaty (PCT)-
convention on Biological diversity (CBD) – Biological diversity act of India – sui-
generis system for animal varieties and the protection of plant varieties and
farmers Rights act of India
84
REFERENCES:
Bioethics related information sources
1) Ethical issues in human stem cell research. Nut field council/National
Bioethics vol. 1 (1999). www.bioethics.org
2) Ethics, morality and animal biotechnology.
www.bbsrc.ac.uk/tools/download/ethics_animal_biotech
3) Welfare science and animal biotechnology.
www.library.wur.nl/frontis/ethics/07athompson.pdf
Biosafety and Bioethics related book.
Rajmohan Joshi (Ed.) 2006. Biosafety and Bioethics. Isha Books, Delhi.
85
IV YEAR – VII SEMESTER
ELECTIVE-II : CANCER BIOLOGY AND STEM CELLS
UNIT I:
Introduction: cancer cell and its properties, Classification of cancer (carcinoma,
sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma), Clonal nature of cancer, Cell cycle (Phases of cell cycle,
cyclins and CDKs G2/M checkpoint).
UNIT II:
Mechanisms: Chemical carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion and progression),
Radiation and cancer, genetic effects of ionizing radiation, oncogene activation (c-MYC,
RAS superfamily, BCL-2 family) Apoptosis (Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways). Risk
factors (oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes).
UNIT III:
Diagnosis and Treatment: Methods in cancer cytogenetics (Karyotyping, FISH).
Tumor markers, genetic markers of cancer predisposition, Chemotherapy (classification
of cytotoxic drugs: Alkylating agents, Platinum drugs, Topoisomerase inhibitors) and
Radiotherapy.
UNIT IV:
Cancer epidemiology. Inherited susceptibility to cancer. Disease staging. Tumor
suppressor (P53 and Rb pathways in cancer) Genetic instability (Aneuploidy, Tolomere
attrition).Tumor Metastasis.
UNIT V:
Stem cells: Definition, classification and sources. Human Embryonic Stem cells:
Nature and Properties (phenotype & behavior), Maintenance (culture, sub cloning,
spontaneous and controlled differentiation). Clinical applications of hESCs.
Haemopoietic stem cells: Definition, isolation of human HSC, Clinical applications of
Hematopoietic stem cells. Ethical implications of National Policies governing ES cells
research for Science and the Scientist.
REFERENCES:
1. Cancer Biology, 2nd
edition, Ruddon R.W., Oxford University Press, 1987.
2. The molecular biology of Cancer. Ed. Stella Pelengaries and Michael Khan.
Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
3. Stem Cells (Bench to Bedside) Ariff Bongso, Eng Hin Lee (editors)-2005-world
Scientific Publishing Co.
86
IV YEAR – VIII SEMESTER
---------------- PROJECT WORK ---------------------