Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence: Four School of Thoughts

8/2/2019 Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence: Four School of Thoughts

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]pcdnc}fj~ gi C~faocn Kzpc~}pzhjdnj O^ 00>0

1

1$ CdxpghznxcgdJanb pjfclcgd oas bayj hciijpjdx zdhjp~xadhcdl~ gd oaxxjp~ hzj xg xbj hciijpjdx

xs}j gi ~gzpnj~ xbjs bayj g`xacdjh$ Cd C~fao& xbj kzpc~x~ daojh fa| a~ ~bapcab$1

^bapcab nad `j hjicdjh a~ xbj ~xzhs gi fa|$ Xbj ~bapcab ~gzpnj~ apj xbj ~gzpnj~ gi

C~faocn kzpc~}pzhjdnj "icqb#xbax alpjjh z}gd xbj Qzpad& xbj ~zddab& ngd~jd~z~ gi

g}cdcgd adh adafgls$ Dg|ahas~& icqb c~ ~ach xg `j xbj ~ncjdnj~ gi kzpc~}pzhjdnj$

C~faocn kzpc~}pzhjdnj c~ a`gzx xbj pjfclcgz~ adh fjlaf ~s~xjo gi xbj Oz~fco$

Xbjpjigpj& cx ba~ x|g }apx~ xg hjaf |cxb$ Icp~x apj xbj pjfclcgz~ g`~jpyadnj~& adh

xbj aiiacp~ gi bjpjaixjp fcej }pasjp$ Xbj ~jngdh apj ngdnjpdjh |cxb xbj aiiacp~ gi

xbj |gpfh cdnfzhcdl npcocdaf fa|& iaocfs fa|& adh xpad~anxcgd~$0

Xghas& Oz~fco c~ hcychjh cdxg ^zddc~ adh ^bcab~ hzj xg xbj ia~x ~}pjah giC~faocn

xjppcxgps cd xbj |gpfh$ Bjdnj& xbj ~nbggf~ igpojh cd hciijpjdx }fanj~ pj}fcnaxjh xbj

fgnaf }pjijpjdnj~$ Igp jrao}fj& xbj ojxbgh~ z~jh cd Ojhcda apj ogpj xpahcxcgdaf

|bcfj cd Cpaq& xbjs apj ogpj xg|aph~ xbjcp g|d g}cdcgd~$ @j~chj~& C~faocn

kzpc~}pzhjdnj ba~ zp`adc{jh gyjp igzpxjjd njdxzpcj~$ Hzpcdl xbax xcoj& oads

hciijpjdx ~nbggf~ gi kzpc~}pzhjdnj bayj `jjd jr}adhcdl$ Hzj xg xbj hciijpjdx

cdxjp}pjxcyj a}}pganbj~ adh a}}fcnaxcgd~ xg|aph~ xbj hciijpjdx xs}j gi c~~zj~ cd

xbj ~gncjxs& xbj~j ~nbggf~ bayj ~j}apaxjh a|as ipgo janb gxbjp~$ Igffg|cdl xbj

hjaxb gi janb }jp~}jnxcyj igffg|jp~& xbj~j ~nbggf~ bah `jngoj jrxcdnx$> Bg|jyjp&

a ij| gi xbj ~nbggf~ ~zpycyjh adh jr}adhjh ~fg|fs$

1

^g`bc Paka` Oaboa~~adc& Iaf~aiax Af/Xa~bpcic Af/C~fao& :$0^g`bc Paka` Oaboa~~adc& Iaf~aiax Af/Xa~bpcic Af/C~fao& 1=$

>^g`bc Paka` Oaboa~~adc& Iaf~aiax Af/Xa~bpcic Af/C~fao& 1


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0

Hzpcdl xbj pc~jd A`à~ch ~xaxj& xbj ~ncjdnj gi kzpc~}pzhjdnj }pg~}jpjh adh |a~ ax

cx~ }jae alj$ Ax xbax }jpcgh& xbj igzp ^zddc~ ~nbggf~ gi fa| xbax ~zpycyjh apj xbj

Badaic ~nbggf& xbj Oafcec ~nbggf& xbj ^baicc ~nbggf& adh xbj Badàfc ~nbggf$ Janb gi

xbj~j ~nbggf~ |a~ j~xa`fc~bjh `s hciijpjdx Coao~ adh xbjcp ngo}adcgd~$ Xbjs

ngffjnxjh xpahcxcgd~& |pgxj xbj ngoojdxapcj~ gi xbj Qzpad& adh ngo}cfjh xbj

~ncjdnj gi ~gzpnj~8$ Ogpj& xbj }pcoaps ~gzpnj xbax xbjs z~jh |a~ xbj Qzpad&

igffg|jh `s xbj ~zddab& adh ngd~jd~z~ gi xbj g}cdcgd adh adafgls$

Xbj }jg}fj gi Xpahcxcgd~ |jpj a lpgz} fjh `s xbj Coao gi Oafcec ^nbggf cd Bcka{$

Cx~ kzpc~x~ |jpj |jff/edg|d igp `jxxjp }pcdnc}fj~ a~ xbj ianx xbax ~zddab |a~ igzdh

cd Bcka{ xjppcxgps$ Af~g& xbjs fcyj a dgoahcn fcij$ Cd Bcka{& ~bapcab xjrx~ adh xbj

alpjjojdx gi xbj kzpc~x~ hjpcyjh iax|a~$ Gd xbj gxbjp badh& ~cxzaxcgd cd Cpaq |a~

xbj g}}g~cxj |as~ ipgo cd Bcka{$ Xbj kzpc~x~ xbjpj z~jh pja~gd adh g}cdcgd a~ xbjcp

azxbgpcxs& gp afxjpdaxcyj xg ad zdhjp~xadhcdl z~cdl adafgls adh jqzcxs$ Anngphcdl

xg xbj hjlpjj gi xbjcp pjngzp~j xg g}cdcgd& ljdjpaf a~~zojh xbax xbj Badaic ~nbggf

|gzfh `j xbj icp~x& igffg|jh `s xbj ^baicC& xbj Oafcec& adh xbj fa ~x gdj |gzfh `j

Badàfc ~nbggf$

8^g`bc Paka` Oaboa~~adc& Iaf~aiax Af/Xa~bpcic Af/C~fao& 1


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>

A~ ojdxcgdjh a`gyj |jpj a `pcji hj~npc}xcgd gi C~faocn Kzpc~}pzhjdnj |bcnb

pjfaxjh xg xbj igzp ~nbggf~ gi xbgzlb$ Xbj aco gi |pcxcdl xbc~ pj}gpx c~ xg jfa`gpaxj

gd xbj igzp ~nbggf~ gi xbgzlbx$ C |cff af~g jr}facd gd |bax bayj xbj }jp~}jnxcyj

Coao~ ngdxpc`zxjh xg xbjcp ~gncjxcj~$ Gxbjp xbad xbax& C |cff hc~nz~~ ogpj gd

|bjxbjp xbj~j ngdxpc`zxcgd~ ~xcff nad `j a}}fcjh xg ~goj oaxxjp~ ~znb a~ xbj ~gncaf

adh ogpaf c~~zj~& xpahcdl anxcycxcj~ adh fa| dg|ahas~$

0$ Ojxbghgfgls

Igp xbc~ pj}gpx& os }pcoaps ~gzpnj |a~ ipgo xbj pj~japnbj~ xbax C laxbjpjh ipgo

C~faocn |j`~cxj }alj~ z~cdl xbj cdxjpdjx$ Izpxbjpogpj& a~ os ~jngdhaps ~gzpnj& C

af~g ngffjnxjh ~goj cdigpoaxcgd ipgo xbj xjrx`gge gi ^g`bc Paka` Oaboa~~adc

naffjh Xbj ]bcfg~g}bs gi Kzpc~}pzhjdnj cd C~fao gp Iaf~aiax Af/Xa~bpcic Af/C~fao


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8

>$ Icdhcdl~

>$1$ Xbj Igzp ^nbggf~ gi Xbgzlbx ) xbjcp ngdxpc`zxcgd~

A~ ojdxcgdjh `jigpj& xbjpj |jpj oads ~nbggf~ igpojh cd C~fao$ Janb gi xbjo ba~

hciijpjdx }gcdx gi ycj|~$ ^goj gi xbj ~nbggf~ |bcnb |jpj qzcxj iaogz~ aogdl xbj

Oz~fco hzpcdl xbj lgfhjd }jpcgh gi xbj A``a~ch~ apj xbj igzp ~nbggf~ gi xbgzlbx$

Xbj~j igzp ~nbggf~ |jpj xbj Badaic ~nbggf& xbj Oafcec ~nbggf& xbj ^baicC ~nbggf&

adh xbj Bad`afc ~nbggf$ Janb gi xbj ~nbggf~ ngdxpc`zxjh hciijpjdx g}cdcgd~ adh

pzfj~ xg xbj ~gncjxs$

>$1$1$ Xbj Badaic ^nbggf

Xbj Badaic ~nbggf |a~ xbj gfhj~x& `zx ngd~chjpjh a~ xbj og~x g}jd/ocdhjh ~nbggf

aogdl xbj igzp$ Cx af~g jo}ba~c~jh ogpj gd bzoad pja~gd& adh ngd~c~x~ gi og~x

igffg|jp~$: Xbj igzdhjp gi xbj Badaic ~nbggf |a~ Coao A`z Badciab ad/Dzoad

c`d Xba`cx$ Bj |a~ `gpd cd Eziab cd xbj sjap 2= A$B$ "933 A$H$#$ Bj |a~ af~g edg|d

a~ xbj Lpjax Coao hzj xg xbj ngdxpc`zxcgd~ }pgychjh `s Coao A`z Badciab$ Coao

A`z Badciab |a~ cd~xpznxjh cd xbj kzpc~}pzhjdnj gi xbj Eziab ~nbggf$ Gxbjp xbad

xbax& bj |a~ a ojpnbadx ~jffcdl xjrxcfj$

:Xaejd ipgo xbj Xpc}Axfa~$ngo$


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:

Bc~ edg|fjhlj adh ojpnbadx napjjp layj bco ad jrxpagphcdaps a`cfcxs gi z~cdl xbj

pzfj~ gi pja~gd adh fglcn cd a}}fscdl xbj ~bapcab pzfj~ xg z~jizf oaxxjp~ gi fcij$ Cx

af~g bjf}jh bco xg |chjd xbj pzfj~ `s ojad~ gi adafgls " qcsa~# adh jqzcxs

"c~xcb~ad#$ A~ a pj~zfx& xbj Badaic ~nbggf |a~ naffjh `s xbj }z`fcn a~ xbj ~nbggf gi

xbj ]jg}fj gi G}cdcgd "Abf af/Pas#$ 9

Xbc~ edg|fjhlj gi gzp~ c~ g}cdcgd5 cx c~ xbj `j~x |j bayj `jjd a`fj xg anbcjyj$ Bj

|bg c~ a`fj xg appcyj ax hciijpjdx ngdnfz~cgd~ c~ jdxcxfjh xg bc~ g}cdcgd a~ |j jdxcxfjh

xg gzp g|d$


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9

Jyjd xbgzlb Coao A`z Badciab }a~~jh a|as& bc~ |gpe~ cd kzpc~}pzhjdnj |jpj

}a~~jh hg|d xg xbj }z`fcn `s bc~ ngo}adcgd~$ Gi |bcnb xbj iaogz~ gdj~ |jpj A`z

Sz~zi& [ziap c`d af/Bzhbasf c`d Qas~& Ozbaooah c`d af/Ba~ad c`d Iapqah af/

^basàdc& adh af/Ba~ad c`d [csah af/Fzfzc$ \cxb xbjo& xbj Badaic ~nbggf ba~

`jnaoj iaogz~$ Ogpj& @gxb A`z Sz~zi adh Ozbaooah |jpj edg|d a~ xbj X|g

Coao~ adh xbj X|g Ngo}adcgd~$2

Hzpcdl 11>/120 A$B$& A`z Sz~zi `jnaoj xbj a}}gcdxjh kzhlj cd @albhah adh faxjp&

`jnaoj xbj Nbcji Kz~xcnj$ A~ a pj~zfx& bj }pgogxjh xbj Badaic ~nbggf adh co}pgyjh

cx `s ngdxpc`zxcdl iax|a~& adh kzhlcdl gd xbj xpahcxcgd~ |bcnb bj xbgzlbx xg `j

ljdzcdj$ Bj af~g pjnjcyjh gd azxbgpcxs gi xpahcxcgdafc~x~ bj edj| }jp~gdaffs$ Gd

xbj gxbjp badh& xbc~ igpnjh bco xg hc~alpjj |cxb Coao A`z Badciab~ }gcdx gi

ycj|~$ A`z Sz~zi naoj z} |cxb a `gge daojh Ecxa` af/Ebapak |bcnb pj}pj~jdxjh

bc~ ycj|~ gd xaraxcgd adh xbj ic~naf c~~zj~ gi xbj ngzdxps$3

Gd xbj gxbjp badh& Ozbaooah c`d af/Ba~ad af/^basàdc |jdx xg Ojhcda |bjpj bj

oahj ngdxanx |cxb xbj ]jg}fj gi Xpahcxcgd~ adh fjapdx zdhjp Coao Oafce |bcnb

|a~ xbj igzdhjp gi Oafcec ~nbggf$ Coao Ozbaooah |a~ |jff/edg|d igp xbj

ngo}cfaxcgd gi xbj oakgp `gge~ cd xbj ~nbggf adh dgxjh hg|d pzfj~ pjfaxjh xg xbj

fa|~ gi fjlans$ Ahhcxcgdaf& bc~ ~}jncafc~x |a~ adafs~cdl xbj pjaf adh xbjgpjxcnaf

na~j~ |bcnb bj jrxjdhjh xbj ~s~xjo gi hjhznxcgd adh cdhznxcgd$ Coao

Ozbaooah ngo}cfjh x|g `gge~ naffjh [abcp af/Pc|asab "`gge~ gi }pcoaps

qzj~xcgd~# adh af/Da|ahcp"papj }pg`fjo~#$ 1= Oads }jg}fj ~jx z} pzfj~ à~jh gd

xbj~j x|g `gge~$

2)

1=^g`bc Paka` Oaboa~~adc& Iaf~aiax Af/Xa~bpcic Af/C~fao& 01$

1=^g`bc Paka` Oaboa~~adc& Iaf~aiax Af/Xa~bpcic Af/C~fao& 00$


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Xaejd ipgo Kaocfa Bz~~acd& }z`fc~bjh cd C~fao cx~ fa| adh ~gncjxs& 0==8$

18]z`fc~bjh cd Ozrfco @fgl `s Pa`{& 0==2$


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2

Xbj Oafcec ~nbggf ahbjpjh xg xbj ~gzpnj~ gi Qzpad& xbj ]pg}bjx~ xpahcxcgd~

"bahcxb~#& ngd~jd~z~ adh adafgls$ Faxjp& xbj Oafcec ~nbggf naoj xg pjafc{j

ngd~jd~z~ xg `j gi hgnxgp fa| |bcnb c~ edg|d a~ zfaoa$ Coao Oafce gi Oafcec

~nbggf ba~ ~xasjh cd Ojhcda igp aff bc~ fcij jyjp ~cdnj bj |a~ `gpd& jrnj}x igp xbj

}cflpcoalj xg Ojnna$ Bj |a~ a fjlaf ~}jncafc~x |bcnb axxpanxjh xbpjj A``a~ch

nafc}b~ gi |bcnb xbj ~jngdh nafc}b naoj |cxb a }pg~}g~af$1: Xbj }pg}g~af |a~ xg

~jx z} a kzhcncaf ~s~xjo xbax |gzfh ngo`cdj xbj hciijpjdx kzhcncaf ojxbgh~ xbax

|jpj izdnxcgdcdl ax xbax xcoj xbpgzlbgzx xbj C~faocn |gpfh$

Coao Oafcec |a~ Ojhcda~ og~x xafjdxjh oad gi fjapdcdl adh a~ |jff a~ a bahcxb~

kzpc~x$19 A~ edg|d xg }z`fcn& Coao Oafce |a~ xbj xjanbjp gi af/^baicc "ipgo xbj

^baicc ~nbggf#$ Af/^baicc ojdxcgdjh xbax Coao Oafce |a~ fcej xbj Lgh~ }g|jp

aogdl bc~ `jcdl& adh xbj edg|fjhlj bj g`xacdjh |a~ ipgo Coao Oafce$ Coao

Oafce |a~ a }jp~gd |bg hgj~ dgx aipach xg jr}pj~~ bc~ g}cdcgd$

\bcfj ~xzhscdl kzpc~}pzhjdnj& Coao Oafce ~xaxjh xpahcxcgd~ gd xbjcp }g|jp adh gd

xbj }g|jp gi gxbjp igffg|jp~ xg ~znnjjh xbjo$ A~ a pj~zfx gi bco `jcdl xbj }g|jp

gd bahcxb~ adh kzpc~}pzhjdnj$ 1< Bj af~g |pgxj af/Oz|axxagd bahcxb~& pj~zfxjh cd

a ~}jjnb gi af/^baicc& Dg `gge gd japxb aixjp xbj @gge gi Lgh c~ ogpj annzpaxj

xbad xbj `gge gi Oafce$12

Ci xbj xjrx~ |jpj zdnfjap& Coao Oafce |cff pjijp xgadafgls adh a zdcqzj fa| cd bc~ ~nbggf$ Xbc~ zdcqzj fa| c~ naffjh af/oa~afcb af/

ozp~afab gp }z`fcn cdxjpj~x$

1:Ojdxcgdjh `s ^bcdcdl Fclbx& Oas 9& 0==


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3

Gxbjp xbad xbj ngdxpc`zxcgd~ ipgo Coao Oafce& bc~ ~xzhjdx~ af~g naoj z} |cxb a

`gge edg|d a~ af/Ozha||adab$ Xbc~ `gge c~ nzppjdxfs xbj oacd pjijpjdnj `gge

igp xbj }z`fcn |bcnb |a~ ngo}cfjh `s A~ah c`d af/Izpax$ Xbj Oafcec ~nbggf ~ggd

~}pjah gyjp xbj ngzdxpcj~ ~znb a~ Dgpxb Aipcna adh ^}acd xbpgzlb Coao Oafce~

igffg|jp~$ Xbj }jg}fj gi Dgpxb Aipcna adh ^}acd pjfcjh gd xbj Oafcec fa| a~ Ojhcda

|a~ ~xcff gd xbj njdxjp gi fjapdcdl |bcfj Cpaq |a~ dgx$ Xbjs hch dgx |adx xg `j

pj~xpcnxjh xg |bax xbjs ngzfh pjnjcyj ipgo fjapdcdl xbj Oafcec fa|$13 Bg|jyjp&

Coao Oafce }a~~jh a|as cd Ojhcda cd xbj sjap 1


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1=

>$1$>$ Xbj ^baicc ^nbggf

Xbj ^baicc ~nbggf |a~ daojh aixjp cx~ igzdhjp& Coao Ozbaooah c`d Chpc~ af/

^baicc gi xbj xpc`j gi xbj ]pg}bjx$ Coao af/^baicc |a~ `gpd cd La{a cd xbj sjap 1:=

A$B$ "


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11

Xbj icp~x xg ngo}cfj xbj ~gzpnj gi fa| |a~ Coao af/^baicc$ Coao ^baicmc ahyadnjh

xg|aph~ xbj ycxaf gi xbj C~faocn ^bapcab "Nadgd Fa|# hc~xcdnxfs cd bc~ g|d

~s~xjoaxcn ojxbghgfgls$ 08 Gdj gi bc~ ngdxpc`zxcgd~ |a~ xbj |pcxxjd cd a

~s~xjoaxcn |as gd xbj gpclcd~ gi kzpc~}pzhjdnj cd bc~ iaogz~ j~~as af/Pc~afab$

Ojdxcgdjh cd xbj j~~as |jpj xbj xjrx~ gi xbj Qzpad& xbj ngo}zf~gps pjfclcgz~

g`~jpyadnj~& xbj co}jpijnxcgd~ gi bahcxb~& xbj izdhaojdxaf~ igp annj}xcdl a bahcxb&

ngd~jd~z~ gi g}cdcgd gi kzpc~x~& cdhj}jdhjdx zdhjp~xadhcdl& }pjijpjdnj adh

adafgls$0:

Xbj og~x co}gpxadx `gge |pcxxjd `s Coao af/^baicc |a~ af/Zoo |bcnb |a~ faxjp

ngo}cfjh `s xbj ~xzhjdx gi bco$ Xbc~ `gge hjaf~ |cxb a yapcjxs gi ijaxzpj~ gi

kzpc~}pzhjdnj ~znb a~ xpad~anxcgd~& pjfclcgz~ g`~jpyadnj~& }jdaf oaxxjp~ adh xbj

fa| gi oappcalj$ Adgxbjp `gge |pcxxjd `s Coao af/^baicc |a~ Cebxcfai af/Bahcxb

|bcnb oacdfs ngd~c~x~ gi xbj bahcxb~ ojdxcgdjh cd af/Zoo$

A`z C~baq af/^bcpa{c& xbj ~xzhjdx gi Coao af/^baicc& faxjp ~}pjah xbj ^baicc ~nbggf

gyjp oads apja~$ Dgx gdfs xbax& bj af~g ngdxpc`zxjh `s }z`fc~bcdl oads `gge~ fcej

af/Ozbahbhba`$ Adgxbjp ~xzhjdx& A`z Baoch af/Lba{{afc af~g |pgxj `gge~ gd

~gzpnj~ gi fa|& }bcfg~g}bs adh kzpc~}pzhjdnj$

Xbj ^baicc ~nbggf |a~ xbj giicncaf ~nbggf gi xbj ngzdxps hzpcdl xbj Assz`ch

hsda~xs$ Xbjpj |a~ a }jpcgh gi xcoj |bjd af/A{bap Zdcyjp~cxs |a~ pj~xpcnxjh xg

xbj jhznaxjh gi xbj ^baic ~nbggf$09Xbj ^bic ~nbggf c~ ~ach xg `j gdj gi xbj ogpj

xpahcxcgdaf gi xbj igzp ~nbggf~ gi xbgzlbx$

08

]z`fc~bjh cd Xpc}Axfa~& 0==3$0:^g`bc Paka` Oaboa~~adc& Iaf~aiax Af/Xa~bpcic Af/C~fao& 02$

09^g`bc Paka` Oaboa~~adc& Iaf~aiax Af/Xa~bpcic Af/C~fao& 03$


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10

Cd xbj oghjpd xcoj~& cx ~jjo~ xbax xbj ^baicC fa| c~ fj~~ }panxcnjh$ Bg|jyjp& ^cp

A`hzf Pabco bah ogxcyaxjh ~goj gi xbj }jg}fj `s lcycdl fjnxzpj~ xg xbj }z`fcn$ Bj

xpcjh xg ngo}apj `jx|jjd xbj C~faocn fa| adh xbj Jzpg}jad }pcdnc}fj~ gi

kzpc~}pzhjdnj$ Bj igzdh gzx xbax og~x }jg}fj |gzfh pjfaxj xg Qzpad& bahcxb~&

ngd~jd~z~ adh adafgls |bjd a~ejh gi xbj ~gzpnj~ gi fa|$ \gp~bc} adh fa|~ fcej

npcocdaf fa| adh fa| gi fjlans |gzfh dgx `j ngd~chjpjh$ Xbjpjigpj& bc~

anbcjyjojdx |a~ xbj ngo`cdaxcgd gi `gxb C~faocn adh oghjpd fjapdcdl cd xjpo gi

ngo}apaxcyj |gpe$ 0$1$8$ Xbj Badàfc ^nbggf

Coao A`z A`hzffab Aboah c`d Badàf |a~ xbj igzdhjp gi xbj Badàfc ~nbggf$ Bj

|a~ `gpd cd @albhah cd xbj sjap 198 A$B$ "


13/14


1>

Oz|aiiaq af/Hcd c`d Qzhaoab& xbj igffg|jp gi Coao Aboah& |a~ xbj azxbgp gi

gdj gi xbj lpjaxj~x `gge~ gd C~faocn kzpc~}pzhjdnj& af/ Ozlbdc$ Gxbjp xbad xbax& xbj

gxbjp igffg|jp~ |jpj af~g iaogz~ igp |pcxcdliax|a~& adh ~goj |jff/edg|d `gge~$

Xbj Badàfc ~nbggf |a~ xbj fja~x |chj~}pjah aogdl xbj ~nbggf~ gi fa|& `zx dg|& cx

c~ xbj giicncaf ~nbggf gi âzhc Apa`ca& adh cx~ igffg|jp~ bayj `jjd cdnpja~cdl z} xg

icyj ocffcgd }jg}fj$>=

Cx c~ af~g xbj ja~cj~x ~nbggf& `zx xbj baphj~x cd xjpo gi ~gncaf adh }jp~gdaf

pjlzfaxcgd~$ Dg|ahas~& xbj Badàfc fa| c~ og~xfs a}}fcna`fj cd âzhc Apa`ca hzj xg

cx~ ~xpcnxdj~~ gi ~gzpnj~$ ^xcff& cx c~ af~g a}}fcjh xg }pasjp `s ~goj }jg}fj$ @s z~cdl

xbj Badàfc fa|& xbj }pasjp oz~x `j pj}jaxjh x|cnj |cxbgzx ads jrnz~j~$

8$ Ngdnfz~cgd~Igp os ngdnfz~cgd& xbj igzp ~nbggf~ gi xbgzlbx janb bayj xbjcp g|d

zdhjp~xadhcdl~ adh }gcdx gi ycj|~$ Xbj Badaic ~nbggf |a~ xbj icp~x ~nbggf adh xbj

Badàfc ~nbggf `jcdl xbj fa~x$ Xbjs bah hciijpjdx ~z}}gpxjp~ ipgo hciijpjdx

ngzdxpcj~$ Xbj~j igzp ~nbggf~ pj~jo`fjh ~cocfapcxs |bcnb xbjs z~jh xbj ~aoj

~gzpnj~ gi fa|$ Bg|jyjp& xbjcp hciijpjdxcaxcgd~ |jpj igpojh à~jh gd xbjcp g|d

cdxjp}pjxaxcgd~ adh xbj hciijpjdx xs}j gi ngdxpc`zxcgd~$ Bg}jizffs& xbj~j igzp

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Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence: Four School of Thoughts

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