Principles of Education and Training
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Transcript of Principles of Education and Training
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Principles of Education and
TrainingChapter 3: Understanding Human
Development
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Understanding Human Development
· Distinguish between growth and development · Identify the main types of human development · Develop examples that illustrate principles of
development· Define a developmental theory· Apply developmental theories to real-life situations· Analyze how developmental theories impact
teaching
Objectives:
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· Life is a process of growth and development · Growth refers to physical changes in size, such as
height and weight · Development is the gradual increase in skills and
abilities that occurs over a lifetime· Each person progresses in an individual way
· However, the stages of development are similar for almost everybody
Understanding Human Development
What is human development ?
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During each stage of life a person’s physical, cognitive and social-
emotional development can be identified.
Areas of Development There are four types of development:• Physical• Cognitive (or intellectual)
• Social• Emotional
• Social and emotional development are intertwined, and often referred to together as social-emotional development.
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· Physical development is advances in physical abilities · Example: a newborn cannot change positions, but a
two-year-old can run.
· Many aspects of development are happening at the same time. Often referred to as motor skills.
· Motor skills include:· Gross-motor skills --the development of large muscles
such arms, legs, back, and shoulders (walking and throwing)
Physical Development Period of rapid growth during the first year of life.
· Fine-motor skills--the development of small muscles such as hands and wrist (eating with a spoon)
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· Memorization, organization, knowing are all examples of cognition
· Cognitive Development—(aka intellectual development) is the way people change and improve their ability to think and learn throughout life.· Consider math skills as a first grader, eighth grader and
now.
· The development of connections between nerve cells in the brain is a key component to cognitive development at all stages of life.
Cognitive Development Process involving thought and knowledge are called cognition
· Brain connections grow and strengthen with new experiences and repetition of familiar ones.
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Social-Emotional Development Individuals must learn social skills and how to care about others.
· Social- Emotional· Must develop both self-confidence and self-esteem
· Social-emotional challenges increase at each stage development
· New skills must be developed to deal with increasing independence of childhood, adolescence, and adult relationships
· How well one meets these challenges depends on skills they develop earlier in life and how they adapt to new situations
Includes Areas of Relationships and Feelings
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· Basic Principles of what is already known:· Development is relatively orderly -a sequence of steps that consistently follow one another · Development is a gradual, continuous process -changes happen gradually and are apparent over time
· Development is interrelated -most development is not solely physical, cognitive, social, or emotional
Principles of Human Development
· Development varies among individuals -each individual’s progress is unique
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· Developmental Theories · Why should you as a future teacher learn about
developmental theories?
· They are useful because they help you understand what students are capable of doing and why
· This knowledge can make you a better teacher
· While these are theories, not proven facts, they can be useful
Theories of Development
Researchers analyze behavior and development to better understand how and why behavior occurs.
· The theories mentioned in this book have had a real influence on teachers and teaching
· Think about their potential impact in the classroom.
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· Nature (Heredity) vs. Nurture (Environment)· Are a person’s personality traits, abilities, skills,
and tastes a result of genetics?ORtheir environment?
· Most researchers would answer “both”· A challenge for researchers is that heredity and
environment interact in complex waysGenes carry a person’s biological inheritance and impact intellectual
potential and much more
Theories of Development
Heredity Versus Environment
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· Heredity - Genes· No single gene determines a particular behavior. · Behaviors, like all complex traits, involve multiple gene’s that
are affected by a variety of environmental factors.· Genes do influence human development .· Just because a person has a genetic make to have a trait does
not mean it will develop.
· Environment · Persons are shaped by his or her individual experiences · All developmental traits can be affected by the environment· The term applies to many aspects of life:
Theories of Development
· Family· Peers· Community
· Media· Health · Nutrition and physical activity
Heredity Versus Environment—Continued
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· Behaviorism—a theory based on the belief that individuals’ behavior is determined by forces in the environment that are beyond their control.· One of the earliest theories in development
· Heredity vs. Environment· Behaviorists think environment wins
· “Blank Screens” (aka “Tabula Rasa” or “blank slates”)· Behaviorists think infants come into the world this way
and all of their behaviors are direct results of their life’s experiences
· Ex: If a child bullies another child on the playground, it is assumed he or she learned this behavior
Theories of Development
Behaviorist Theories
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Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning· Pavlov was a Russian researcher
· Theory: behaviors can be associated with responses
· One of the earliest behavioral experiments
Theories of Development
Behaviorist Theories
Pavlov noticed that a dog naturally salivated at the sight of food.
He began ringing a bell at feeding time.
Eventually, if the bell was rung, the dog salivated, even if no food
was given to the dog!
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Skinner’s Operant Conditioning· B.F. Skinner, researcher, well known
for identifying the basic principle that if you have a pleasant experience, such as receiving a compliment, that you internalize the experience as positive
· Theory: People tend to repeat behaviors that have a positive result or are reinforced
Theories of Development
Behaviorist Theories
· He found that to make these behaviors permanent, they need to be removed gradually, in unpredictable patterns
· This also works to reduce unwanted behaviors as well when used with negative reinforcement, or punishments
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1) The Period ofSensori-Motor Intelligence (0-2 years)
3) The Period ofConcrete Operations(8-10 years)
2) The Period ofPreoperational Thought(2-7 years)
4) The Period ofFormal Operations(11-15 years)
· Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory· Albert Bandura argued that people are very different
from Pavlov’s dog· Theory: People of all ages observe and imitate the
behaviors of others, regardless of rewards and punishments involved.
· Piaget’s Cognitive Theory· Jean Piaget, a Swiss researcher, looked for a theory that
would better explain differences in how people think throughout the stages of life
· Four stages of cognitive development
Theories of Development
Behaviorist Theories
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Infancy – trust versus mistrustBirth to 1 year
Adolescence – Identity versus role confusion 13 to 18 years
Toddler – Autonomy versus shame and doubt1 to 3 years
Young adulthood – Intimacy versus isolation 18 to 40 years
Early childhood – Initiative versus guilt3 to 6 years
Middle Adulthood – Generativity versus self-absorption40 to 65 years
Middle childhood – Industry versus inferiority6 to 12 years
Older adulthood – Integrity versus despair65 and older
· Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory· Lev Vygotsky, a Russian theorist, challenged Piaget’s
theory, especially his beliefs that humans learn primarily through experimentation with objects
· Theory: Children are social beings and develop their minds through interactions with parents, teachers, and other students.
· Social interaction is critical to cognitive development · Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
· Focus was on development of personality· Personality development occurs during eight stages of life
Theories of Development
Behaviorist Theories
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· Kholberg’s Theory of Moral Development · Three levels of moral development
· Preconventional morality—decisions about what is right or wrong depend on whether you will be punished or rewarded
· Convectional morality —understanding that society depends on people to observe basic rules of behavior
· Postconventional morality—belief that there are universal moral laws related to human rights that are most important to follow
Theories of Development
· Children and teens should be moved to the next level of moral development with the help of adults
· Only men and boys were observed , the findings did not include the way women and girls make moral decisions
Behaviorist Theories
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· Many different, often conflicting, theories to explain human development· As a teacher, you can benefit from understanding
several approaches to development and applying them in your classroom
· As knowledge of human development grows, more theories will emerge
· Gaining a greater understanding of the ways in which humans learn will help teachers develop more effective teaching strategies
Theories of Development
Behaviorist Theories
Which Theory Is Correct?
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End of Chapter Three
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