1 Anatomy & Physiology of Cells Chapters 3 & 4 Anatomy & Physiology.
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CHAPTER 4 The Tissue Level of
Organization
Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Principles of Anatomy and
Physiology 14th Edition
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The purpose of this chapter is to: § Learn about the various types of tissues and their
origins
§ Discuss how cells of a tissue are held together
§ Compare and contrast epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue
§ Learn about the structure and function of membranes
§ Understand tissue repair
Introduction
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1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscular 4. Nervous
The 4 Tissue Types
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Cells can be held together in a number of ways. These points of contact between cells are called cell junctions.
Cell Junctions
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Intercellular Junctions
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Interactions Animation: Intercellular Junctions
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Tight Junctions
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Adherens Junctions
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Desmosomes
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Hemidesmosomes
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Gap Junctions
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What differences can you see?
Epithelial vs. Connective Tissue
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Epithelial Tissue
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§ Cells are arranged in sheets § Cells are densely packed § Many cell junctions are present § Epithelial cells attach to a basement
membrane § Epithelial tissue is avascular but does
have a nerve supply § Mitosis occurs frequently
General Features of Epithelial Tissue
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Surfaces of Epithelial Cells and the Basement Membrane
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Covering and lining epithelia are classified according to the shape of the cells and how many layers thick they are
Classification of Epithelial Tissue
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The name of the specific type of stratified epithelial tissue depends on the shape of the apical cells
§ Table 4.1 in your textbook shows examples of each of the epithelial tissues – notice the similarities and differences!
Covering and Lining Epithelial Tissue
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Epithelial Tissue
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Anatomy Overview:
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Epithelial Tissues
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Epithelial Tissue Naming Combinations
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Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
Simple
x x x
Pseudostratified
x
Stratified
x x x
Transitional
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A gland is a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
§ Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
Glandular Epithelium
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A gland is a single cell or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
§ Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands
Glandular Epithelium
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§ Unicellular – single cells § Multicellular – composed of many cells
that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ § Sweat glands
§ Oil glands
§ Salivary glands
Structural Classification of Glandular Epithelium
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§ Merocrine § Apocrine § Holocrine
Functional Classification of Glandular Epithelium
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Connective Tissue
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§ Consists of two basic elements § Cells
§ Extracellular matrix
§ Cells do not cover or line (they do not have any free surfaces)
§ Epithelial tissue is highly vascularized and has a nerve supply § Except tendon and cartilage
General Features of Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue Cells
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§ Extracellular matrix is located in the spaces between connective tissue cells
§ Extracellular matrix is composed of: § Fibers
§ Ground substance
Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix
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§ Fibers in the extracellular matrix provide strength and support to a tissue § Collagen fibers
§ Elastic fibers
§ Reticular fibers
Connective Tissue Fibers
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§ Embryonic § Mesenchyme
§ Mucous
Classification of Connective Tissue
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§ Mature § Loose
§ Dense
§ Cartilage
§ Bone
§ Blood
Classification of Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissues
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§ Membranes are flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
§ 2 types of membranes 1. Epithelial membranes
§ Mucous membranes
§ Serous membranes
§ Cutaneous membranes
2. Synovial membranes
Membranes
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Muscle Tissue
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§ Muscle tissue consists of fibers that provide motion, maintain posture, and produce heat
§ 3 types of muscle tissue 1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
General Characteristics of Muscular Tissue
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Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Tissue
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Nervous Tissue
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§ Two kinds of cells: 1. Neurons
2. Neuroglia
§ Most neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and axons. They carry sensory and motor information and perform integrative functions.
§ Neuroglia protect and support neurons
General Characteristics of Nervous Tissue
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Nervous Tissue
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Nervous Tissue
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Tissue Repair, Aging, and Disorders
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§ Tissue repair is the process that replaces worn out, damaged, or dead cells. § Epithelial cells are replaced by the division of stem
cells or undifferentiated cells
§ Not all connective tissue cells have the ability to repair
§ Muscle cells can perform limited repair
§ Some nervous cells can perform limited repair, others cannot
§ Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue
Tissue Repair
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§ Younger bodies generally experience: § A better nutritional state
§ A better blood supply to tissues
§ A faster metabolic rate
§ Aging slows the process of tissue repair
Aging
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§ Disorders of epithelial tissues tend to be specific to individual organs § Skin cancer
§ Disorders of connective tissues tend to be autoimmune in nature § Lupus
§ Disorders of muscular and nervous tissues will be discussed in later chapters
Disorders
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End of Chapter 4
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