PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES 3D Medical Imaging. Introduction (I) – Purpose and Sources of Medical...
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Transcript of PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES 3D Medical Imaging. Introduction (I) – Purpose and Sources of Medical...
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PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES
3D Medical Imaging
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Introduction (I) – Purpose and Sources of Medical Imaging
Purpose Given a set of multidimensional images, output qualitative /
quantitative information about the object/object system under study in these images.
Sources of Images 2D: digital radiography
Computerized tomography (CT) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Positron emission tomography (PET) Single Photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) Ultrasound (US) Functional MRI (fMRI)
3D: A time sequence of 2D images or a volume of tomography 4D: A sequence of 3D images of a dynamic object 5D and up Among tomographic modalities, CT, MRI, and US provide
structural/anatomical information; PET, SPECT, and fMRI as well as doppler US provide functional information
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Introduction (II) – Objects and Classification of Study
Objects of Study Rigid (e.g., bones) vs. deformable (e.g., soft-tissue structures) Static (e.g., skull) vs. dynamic (e.g., heart, joints) Mixed characteristics, such as MRI 3D study of the head:
white matter, gray matter, and cerebrospinal fluid Qualitative (e.g., visually) vs. quantitative information (e.g.,
statistically)Classification
Operations: preprocessing, visualization, manipulation, analysis
Viewing medium: computer monitor, holography, head-mounted display
Systems physician display console (by imaging device vendors) Image processing/visualization workstations supplied by
workstation vendors 3D imaging software (commercial products) University-based 3D imaging software (often freely available)
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Introduction (III) – Schematic Representation of 3D Imaging Systems
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Introduction (IV) – Basics and Terminology
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Introduction (V) – Basics and Terminology
Object, Object system (a collection of objects)Body regionImaging devicePixel, voxelScene, scene domain, intensity, binary sceneK-th slice, pixel size, slice thickness, slice
location, slice spacingStructure, structure systemRendition of a scene/structure/structure systemCoordinate systems: imaging device, scene,
structure, display (viewing)
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Introduction (VI) – Object Characteristics
Graded composition Voxels constituting the femur have a
gradation of density values; however, they “hang together” to form the femur
Hanging-Togetherness (Gestalt) A configuration, pattern, or organized
field having specific properties that cannot be derived from the summation of its component parts; a unified whole
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Preprocessing – ROI/VOI
Region of Interest (ROI)/Volume of Interest (VOI)A sub-scene with reduced sized of the scene domain
and/or the intensityROI/VOI operations may
Specify a rectangle/rectangular volume, or Drawing and painting, or Specify ROI/VOI loosely, indicate a region containing ROI but
exclude unwanted regions with similar property[Figure; from left to right, top to bottom]
A region of interest specified by a rectangular box in the scene (a); the output is shown in (b); region of arbitrary shape by drawing (c) and painting (d)
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Preprocessing – Filtering (Enhancing)
Filtering operations convert a given scene into another scene to enhance wanted (object) information and to suppress unwanted (noise, background) information Edge Enhancing
Gradient
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Preprocessing – Edge Enhancing
A slice of a 3D MR scene ofa patient’s head (a) and itsedge-enhancing filtered output with a 2D (b) and a 3D neighborhood (c).
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Preprocessing – Filtering (Suppressing)
Edge suppressing, smoothing, or averaging – low-pass filtering
Illustration of a smoothing 2D GaussianFilter (b), a 3D Gaussian filter (c), anda median filter (d) for the scene in (a)
Interpolation Scene-Based Interpolation Methods Object-Based Interpolation Methods
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Preprocessing – Diffusion
Intensity gradients in a given scene are considered to cause a “flow” within the scene whose functional dependence on gradient is controlled through a parameter K.
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Preprocessing
Registration Scene-Based Registration Methods
Rigid Deformable
Object-Based Registration Methods Rigid Deformable
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Preprocessing
Segmentation Hard, Boundary-Based, Automatic Methods
Iso-Surfacing Methods Gradient-Based Methods
Fuzzy, Boundary-Based, Automatic Methods Hard, Boundary-Based, Assisted Methods
Active Contours Live Wire/Lane
Hard, Region-Based, Automatic Methods Thresholding Clustering
Fuzzy, Region-Based, Automatic Methods Hard, Region-Based, Assisted Methods Fuzzy, Region-Based, Assisted Methods
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Visualization
Scene-Based Visualization Methods Slice Mode Volume Mode
Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) Surface Rendering Volume Rendering
Object-Based Visualization Methods Maximum Intensity Projection Surface Rendering Volume Rendering
Misconceptions and Challenges in Visualization
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Further Topics
Manipulation Rigid model Deformable model
Analysis Scene-Based Object-Based
Sources of difficulty in 3D imaging Qualitative validation Quantitative validation
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