Engineering is defined as the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experi

PRINCIPALS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGEvery science has a unique vocabulary associated with it, and mechanical engineering is no exception. Precise definition of basic concepts forms a sound foundation for the development of a science and prevents possible misunderstandings.

In this lecture, one of the main branches of mechanical engineering science, namely thermal-fluid sciences are reviewed. The italised vocabulary that should be known by every mechanical engineer is listed at the back of this note.

What is engineering and what does an engineer?

Engineering is defined as the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.

Both the engineer and scientist are thoroughly educated in the mathematical and natural sciences, but the scientist primarily uses this knowledge to acquire new knowledge, whereas the engineer applies the knowledge to design and develop usable devices, structures and processes. In other words, the scientist seeks to know, the engineer aims to do.

Engineering is a diverse profession. It is composed of several major branches or fields of specialization and dozens of minor branches. Engineers have created these branches in response to an ever-widening base of industry.

What is mechanical engineering and what does a mechanical engineer?

One of the most prominent and broadest branch of engineering is mechanical engineering. It is concerned with machinery, power, manufacturing or production, heat and mass transfer processes such as evaporation, condensation, conduction, convection, radiation, absorption, humidification and drying. Mechanical engineers design and manufacture machine tools, the machines that make machines, and machinery and equipment for all branches of industry. For example, they design turbines, compressors, printing presses, food processors, air-conditioning and refrigeration systems, engines for cars and aircrafts, diesel locomotives, trucks and public transportation vehicles, helicopters, hovercrafts, tractors etc.

Their machines move or lift loads, transport people and goods, produce energy and convert it to other forms. They are involved in the design, production, and operation of hydraulic turbines for driving electric generators. They also design boilers, engines, turbines, and pumps for the development of steam power. They concern themselves with the economical combustion of fuels, the conversion of heat energy into mechanical power, and use of that power to perform useful work. They apply the engineering principles to the design, development, and use of nuclear power systems.

Mechanical engineers provide controlled conditions of temperature and humidity in homes, offices, commercial buildings and industrial plants. They develop equipment and systems for the refrigeration of foods and the operation of cold storage ware-houses.

Mechanical engineering involves the efficient design of external surfaces of aerospace vehicles. They supervise the performance of wind tunnel tests, measure and predict the forces of lift and drag, develop and test theories of flight performance, stability and control. They also study the response of automotive, aircraft and spacecraft structures to mechanical vibrations and other dynamic forces and design these structures capable of withstanding these acting forces. Mechanical engineers may also be found working in marine engineering, designing machinery for boats, naval vessels, merchant ships, spacecrafts.

They design and operate plants for the production of materials that undergo physical and chemical changes during their manufacture. Such materials include paints, lubricants, fertilizers, petroleum products, foods, metals, plastics, ceramics, glass and even pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In these industries, mechanical engineers are responsible for creating systems for producing large quantities of materials and select appropriate processes and arrange them in proper sequence in order to produce the desired product.

They design, improve and install systems of people, materials, and energy in the production plants. They search for effective solutions to production problems while retaining high standards of quality.

They are concerned with the production of metals from ores and the development of metallic alloys. They explore the physical and chemical properties of the products made from these materials under different atmospheric conditions.

They work closely with medical and biological specialists to develop medical devices and instruments for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Matter

All matter may be classified as either solid, liquid or gas. Solids are firm and have a definite form. Rubber, wood, glass, iron and sand are all classified as solids. A considerable force would be needed to change the shape or volume of an iron bar, for example, because the atoms or molecules of a solid are densely packed.

Solids may be further divided into two classes: crystalline and amorphous. Rocks, wood, paper, and cotton are crystalline solids. They are made up of atoms arranged in a definite pattern. When they are heated, the change to a liquid, known as melting, is sharp and clear. Amorphous substances include rubber, glass and sulphur. In these substances, the pattern of the atoms is not orderly, and when heated, they gradually soften.

Liquids, on the other hand, are not rigid. If water, milk or oil is poured on a table, it will flow all over the surface. The atoms or molecules of liquids attract each other and thereby enable liquids to flow. But these atoms are loosely structured and do not keep their shape.

Gases, such as air, oxygen and carbondioxide, have no fixed shape or volume of their own. The atoms or molecules of gases are widely spaced and move very rapidly. They either compress or expand to adapt to any area.

Energy

Energy is the ability to do work. The movement of an object has the ability to do work and therefore has a form of energy that we call kinetic energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object may have energy not only because of its motion but also because of its position or shape. For example, when a spring is wound, it stores energy. When this energy is released, it will do the work of pushing. This form of energy is called potential energy. Potential energy is stored energy. Water in a dam is another example of potential energy. There are many types of kinetic and potential energy, including chemical, thermal, mechanical, electrical and nuclear energy.

Energy can be transformed or changed from one type to another. For example, an apple hanging on a tree has potential energy, or the energy of position. As it falls, it loses potential energy because its height decreases. At the same time it gains kinetic energy , or the energy of motion, because its velocity increases. Potential energy is being transformed into kinetic energy. Frequently, the transfer of energy involves a transfer from one body to another. When you lift up a rock, you are changing the chemical energy of the food you have eaten into muscle energy, as you lift the rock, your muscle energy is changing into rocks potential energy. As a conclusion, no energy is lost. When we measure energy, we discover that the total amount remains intact. Energy can thus be converted from one form to another but never created or destroyed. This is called the law of the conservation of energy.

Matter, like energy, can be converted from one form into another but neither be created or destroyed. The french chemist Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated that there is no gain or loss of mass in a chemical change. This is called the law of the conservation of mass. Albert Einstein theorized that the conservation of energy is not distinct from the conservation of mass, that is, that there is a single law, the law of conservation of matter and energy.

Thermal-fluid sciences

Many engineering systems involve the transfer, transport, and conversion of energy, and the sciences that deal with these subjects are broadly referred to as thermal-fluid sciences. Thermal-fluid sciences are usually studied under the subcategories of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics.

All activities in nature involve some interaction between energy and matter; thus it is hard to imagine an area that does not relate to thermal-fluid sciences in some manner. Therefore, developing a good understanding of basic principles of thermal-fluid sciences has long been an essential part of engineering education.

Thermal-fluid sciences are commonly encountered in many engineering systems and other aspects of life, and does not need to go very far to see some application areas of them. In fact, one does not need to go anywhere. The heart is constantly pumping blood to all parts of the human body, various energy conversions occur in trillions of body cells, and the body heat generated is constantly rejected to the environment. Other applications of thermal sciences are right where one lives. An ordinary house is, in some respects, an exhibition hall filled with wonders of thermal-fluid sciences. Many ordinary household utensils and appliances are designed, in whole or in part, by using the principles of thermal-fluid sciences. The size, location, and the power input of the fan of your computer is also selected after a thermodynamic, heat transfer, and fluid flow analysis of the computer.

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics can be defined as the science of energy. The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis (power), which is most descriptive of the early efforts to convert heat into power. Today the same name is broadly interpreted to include all aspects of energy and energy transformations, including power production, refrigeration, and relationships among the properties of matter.

Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar examples are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are those which are independent of the size of a system such as temperature, pressure, and density. Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size-or extend- of the system. Mass m, volume V, and total energy are some examples.

Density is computed by dividing the mass of the liquid by its volume. Weight is found by multiplying its mass by the gravitational constant g (9.81 m/s2). Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water. Specific volume is calculated by dividing the volume with mass of the substance.

Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a process, and the series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the path of the process. To describe a process completely, one should specify the initial and final states of the process, as well as the path it follows, and the interactions with the surroundings. The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular property remains constant. An isothermal process, for example, is a process during which the temperature T remains constant, an isobaric process is a process during which the pressure P remains constant.

In thermodynamics, there are a lot of properties to be measured or calculated. Some of them can be measured directly like temperarure and pressure, but many others, such as entropy (s), enthalpy (h) or internal energy (u), cannot. Therefore it is necessary to develop some relations between these groups so that the properties that cannot be measured directly can be evaluated.

A system is said to have undergone a cycle if it returns to its initial state (position) at the end of the process, which means the initial and final states of a cycle are identical.

A cycle during which a net amount of work is produced is called a power cycle, and a power cycle during which the working fluid remains a gas throughout is called a gas power cycle. The most efficient and probably the best known reversible cycle is the Carnot cycle, first proposed in 1824 by a French engineer Sadi Carnot. The carnot cycle is composed of four reversible processes, namely, isothermal expansion and compression and adiabatic expansion and compression. The Carnot cycle is not a suitable model for vapor power cycles because it cannot be approximated in practice. The model cycle for vapor power cycles is the Rankine cycle, which is composed of four reversible processes: constant pressure heat addition in a boiler, isentropic expansion in a turbine, constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser, and isentropic compression in a pump.

The production of more than one useful form of energy (such as process heat and electric power) from the same energy source is called cogeneration. Cogeneration plants produce electric power while meeting process heat requirements of certain industrial processes.

The transfer of heat from lower temperature regions to higher temperature ones is called refrigeration. Devices that produce refrigeration are called refrigerators, and the cycles on which they operate are called refrigeration cycles. The working fluids used in the refrigeration cycles are called refrigerants. Refrigerators used for the purpose of heating a space by transferring heat from a cooler medium are called heat pumps. The performance of heat pumps and refrigerators is expressed in terms of the coefficient of performance (COP), defined as;

COPrefrigeration = Cooling effect / work input

COPheat pump = Heating effect / work input

A substance that has a fixed chemical composition throughout is called a pure substance. A pure substance exists in different phases depending on its energy level. In the liquid phase, a substance which is not about to vaporize is called a compressed or subcooled liquid. In the gas phase, a substance which is not about to condense is called a superheated vapor. At a given pressure, a substance boils at a fixed temperature which is called the saturation temperature. Likewise, at a given temperature, the pressure at which a substance starts boiling is called the saturation pressure. During a phase change process, both the liquid and the vapor phases coexist in equilibrium, and under this condition the liquid is called saturated liquid and the vapor is called saturated vapor.

Any relation among the pressure, temperature, and specific volume of a substance is called an equation of state. The simplest and best known equation of state is the ideal-gas equation of state, given as

P v = R T

There are four temperature scales utilized in the world, namely the celsius scale (devised by swedish astronomer A. Celsius), Fahrenheit scale (named after german instrument maker G. Fahrenheit), Kelvin scale (named after Lord Kelvin), and Rankine scale (named after english William Rankine).

The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. It cannot be concluded from the other laws of thermodynamics, and it serves as a basis for the validity of temperature measurements. The first law of thermodynamics is simply the conservation of energy principle. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can only change forms. The second law of thermodynamics asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that energy has quality as well as quantity. As pointed out repeatedly, energy is a conserved property, and no process is known to have taken place in violation of the first law of thermodynamics. Therefore, it is reasonable that a process must satisfy the first law to occur. However, satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process willl actually take place.

Let us give an example to understand the basic concepts and laws of thermodynamics thoroughly. Consider the heating of a room by the passage of current through an electric resistor. First law dictates that the amount of electric energy supplied to the resistor wires be equal to the amount of energy transferred to the room air as heat. Now let us attempt to reverse this process. It will come as no surprise that transferring some heat to the wires will not cause an equivalent amount of electric energy to be generated in the wires, even though doing so would not violate the first law.

It is clear from above arguments that processes proceed in a certain direction and not in the reverse direction. The first law places no restriction on the direction of a process, but satisfying the first law does not ensure that that process will actually occur. This inadequacy of the first law to identify whether a process can take place is remedied by introducing another general principle, namely the second law of thermodynamics. We did show above that reverse processes violate the second law. And this violation is easily detected with the help of a property, called entropy, which can be viewed as a measure of molecular disorder or randomness. A reversible process is defined as a process which can be reversed without leaving any trace on the surroundings. A process will not occur unless it satisfies both the first and the second laws of thermodynamics. The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute zero temperature is zero.

Heat Transfer

The science of thermodynamics that deals with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes process from one equilibrium state to another, and makes no reference to how long the process will take. But in engineering, we are often interested in the rate of heat transfer, which is the topic of the science of heat transfer.

Temperature affects matter in many ways. As a substance gets hotter, its molecules move faster and its properties are altered. The physical state of a substance is affected by its temperature. For example, at a temperature below 0 oC, water is solid (ice), above this temperature it becomes liquid and at 100 oC it turns to a gas, namely steam. Temperature also does alter the color of a substance. For example iron turns into red, then orange and white with increasing its temperature. Size of the objects expand when heated and contract upon cooling. The properties such as pressure, ability to resist heat, mass and electricity transport vary with the temperature of the materials.

Heat is energy that warms our houses and cooks our food. Heat transfer is the transfer of energy from a warmer body to a cooler body. How does this heat transfer takes place? Let us present an overview of the three basic mechanisms of heat transfer, which are conduction, convection and radiation.

Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent, less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles. Conduction is one method of heat transfer that takes place when there is a difference in temperature between two objects. For example if a silver spoon is inserted into a pot of hot tea, the handle of the spoon will immeadiately become hot. This is because the molecules at the submerged end speed up, which causes the slow molecules at the cold end to move faster. Energy is thus transferred or conducted.

Heat flows from a warmer object to a cooler one until the temperatures are equal. Substances like metals are good conductors because heat transfers from one molecule to another. All substances conduct some heat, but substances like glass, plastic and wood act as insulators because their molecules transfers energy so slowly. Gases and liquids are poor conductors because the molecules make very little contact with which to pass on the energy. The warmest materials are those that trap pockets of air, such as wool, fiber glass, asbestos, and down. A vacuum would make an ideal insulator because it has no molecules to transfer the heat. The rate of heat conduction through a medium depends on the geometry of the medium, its thickness, and the material of the medium, as well as the temperature difference across the medium. We know that wrapping a hot water tank with glass-wool (an insulating material) reduces the rate of heat loss from the tank. The thicker the insulation, the smaller the heat loss. We also know that a hot water tank will lose heat at a higher rate when the temperature of the room housing the tank is lowered. Further, the larger the tank, the larger the surface area and thus the rate of heat loss. As a conclusion, the rate of heat conduction through a plane layer is proportional to the temperature difference across the layer and the heat transfer area, but is inversely proportional to the thickness of the layer. That is;

Qconduction= k A (T/(x

Where k is the thermal conductivity of the material. x is the thickness and T is the temperature. ( in front of T and x denotes difference.

Although molecules in a fluid do not conduct heat very well, they do transfer heat by convection. Convection is the mode of heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion. The faster the motion, the greater the convective heat transfer. Convection is the upward flow of masses of liquid and gas molecules as they are heated from below. Convection is called forced convection if the fluid is forced to flow over the surface by external means such as a fan, pump or the wind. In contrast, convection is called natural or free convection if the fluid motion is caused by buoyancy forces that are induced by density differences due to the variation of temperature in the fluid. The hot air rising above a radiator is an example of convection. As the heat causes the air to expand, it becomes less dense and rises. Convection is used in hot air furnaces, in which air is heated and then forced into a room to replace the cold air, which is then drawn into the furnace to be heated. Winds and ocean currents are examples of convection found in nature.

Heat transfer that involve change of phase of a fluid are also considered to be convection because of the fluid motion induced during the process, such as the rise of the vapor bubbles during boiling or the fall of the liquid droplets during condensation. Despite the complexity of convection, the rate of convective heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the temperature difference, and is conveniently expressed by Newtons law of cooling as

Qconvection= h A (Ts-Tf)

Where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient in W/m2. A is area through which convective heat transfer takes place, Ts is the surface temperature and Tf is the temperature of the fluid sufficiently far from the surface.

Radiation is the third method of heat transfer. It is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic waves as a result of the changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or molecules. All life on earth is dependent on the radiation of suns heat and light energy. One fascinating aspect of the suns radiation is that the electromagnetic rays that carry warmth and light to the earth are themselves invisible and without heat. Unlike convection and conduction, the transfer of energy by radiation does not require the presence of an intervening medium. We know this, because the space between the earth and the sun is dark and cold, but when the rays reach the earth, they light the atmosphere and warm our world. In contrast to conducted and convected heat, radiated heat passes through a vacuum. All objects emit, or give off, radiation. For example, when two objects are near each other, the one that is warmer will give off more energy than the cooler one, thus transferring energy from one to the other. Usually, objects do not absorb all the energy but reflects some of it. Light colors reflect more energy than dark colors. Highly polished surfaces reflect more energy than dull ones. The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an absolute temperature Ts (in Kelvin K or Rankine R) is given by Stefan-Boltzmann law as

Qradiation, max = ( A Ts4Where (=5.67 10-8 (W/m2K4). This is the idealized radiation emitted by a blackbody whose emissivity is 1. The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is expressed as

Qradiation, real = ( ( A Ts4Where ( is the emissivity of the surface, it is in the range between zero (0) and one (1). When a surface of emissivity ( and surface area A at an absolute temperature of Ts is completely enclosed by a much larger (or black) surface at absolute temperature Tsurr seperated by a gas (such as air) that does not intervene with radiation, the net rate of radiation heat transfer between these two surfaces is given by

Qradiation, real = ( ( A (Ts4-Tsurr4)

Where Tsurr is the absolute temperature of surroundings.

Heat transfer can simultaneously take place. For example, heat transfer is only by conduction in opaque solids, but by conduction and radiation in semitransparent solids. Thus, a solid may involve conduction and/or radiation, but not convection. However, a solid may involve heat transfer by convection and/or radiation on its surfaces exposed to a fluid or other surfaces.

The three modes of heat transfer, namely conduction, convection and radiation, are subject to two conditions. First, heat is transferred only when there is a disparity in temperature, and second, the flow is always from hot to cold.

Fluid mechanics

Everything around us is made of atoms and small groups of atoms form molecules. In gases, as the molecules are loosely attached, they move about bumping into each other and into any surface they touch. This constant drumming of the molecules on a surface is called pressure.(1) Pressure is the force exerted by a fluid per unit area. We speak of pressure only for liquids and gases. The counterpart of pressure in solids is stress.

The weight of the air under normal climatic conditions is equal to 14.7 pounds/inch2. This means that the air in a medium-sized room weigh more than 100 pounds. Why dont we feel this enormous pressure on our bodies? The reason is that atmospheric pressure is universal, it acts in all directions on all surfaces so that everything on the earth is in balance. The pressure inside your body equals the pressure outside.

Because the molecules are closer together in a liquid than in a gas, they slip and slide over and around each other, exerting pressure on the walls of their container. You feel this pressure when you dive beneath the surface of the water. The pressure of the water is directly proportional to the depth. The pressure on a diver thus equal to the weight of the atmospheric pressure plus the water pressure.

The actual pressure at a given position is called the absolute pressure, and it is measured relative to absolute vacuum; absolute zero pressure. The difference between the absolute pressure and the atmospheric pressure is called the gage pressure. Pressures below atmospheric pressure are called vacuum pressures and are measured by vacuum gages which indicate the difference between atmospheric pressure and the absolute pressure. Absolute, gage and vacuum pressures are all positive quantities and are related to each other by:

Pgage=Pabs-Patm (for pressures above Patm)

Pvac= Patm- Pabs (for pressures below Patm)

Atmospheric pressure is measured by barometer. Small and moderate pressure differences are often measured by using a device known as a manometer, which mainly consists of a glass or plastic U-tube containing a fluid such as mercury, water, alcohol, or oil. The differential fluid column of height h is in static equilibrium, a force balance in the vertical direction gives

A P1 = A Patm + W

Where

W = mg = (Vg = (Ahg

Thus

P1 = Patm + (gh

The force that makes objects float is buoyancy. This concept was established by the great Geek mathematician Archimedes, who also played in the bathtub. He observed that when he got into his bathtub, water was displaced, or pushed out. He determined that any object immersed in a liquid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. This is known as Archimedes principle.

The buoyant force of a liquid, or how much it pushes upward, depends on the density of the liquid. A body will float if its density is less than that of the liquid in which it is submerged, it will sink if its density is greater.

Fluid mechanics is defined as the science that deals with the behaviour of fluids at rest or in motion, and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries. Fluid mechanics itself is also divided into several categories. The study of the motion of the fluids that are practically incompressible (such as liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds) is usually referred to as hydrodynamics. A subcategory of hydrodynamics is hydraulics, which deals with liquid flows in tubes, pipes and open channels. Gas dynamics deals with flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes, such as the flow of gases through nozzles at high speeds. The category aerodynamics deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as aircrafts, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds. Some other specialized categories such as meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology deal with naturally occuring flows.

The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface is external flow, and the flow in a pipe is internal flow if the fluid is completely bounded by solid surfaces. A fluid flow is classified as being compressible or incompressible, depending on the density variation of the fluid during flow. The densities of liquids are essentially constant, and thus the flow of liquids is typically incompressible. The term steady implies, in fluid mechanics, no change with time. The opposite of steady is unsteady, or transient. The term uniform implies no change with location over a specified region. A flow is said to be one-dimensional when the velocity changes in one dimension only. A fluid in direct contact with a solid surface sticks to the surface and there is no slip. This is known as the no-slip condition, and it is due to the viscosity of the fluid. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its stickiness or resistance to deformation. The drag force per unit area is called shear stress and there is a linear relationship with the viscosity of the fluid. Flows in which the effects of viscosity are significant are called viscous flows. If the effects of viscosity are so small that can be neglected, one can speak of inviscid flows. Some flows are smooth and orderly while others are rather chaotic. The highly ordered fluid motion is called laminar flow. The flow of high viscosity fluids such as oils at low velocities is typically laminar. The highly disordered fluid motion characterized by velocity fluctuations are called turbulent flow. The flow of low viscosity fluids such as air at high velocities is turbulent. A fluid flow is said to be natural or forced, depending on how the fluid motion is initiated. In forced flow, a fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by external means like a pump or a fan. In natural flows, any fluid motion is due to natural means such a buoyancy effect, which manifests itself as the rise of warmer (thus lighter) fluid and the fall of cooler (thus denser) fluid.

References

H., Glendinning, English in mechanical engineering, Teachers Edition, Oxford University Press, 1973.

H. F., Trewman, Mechanical engineering as a career, B.T.Batsford Ltd., 1978, London.

J. O. Bird and A. J. C. May, Engineering science for mechanical technicians, Longman Group Ltd., 1979, London.

F., Zimmerman, English for science, Prentice Hall, 1989.

P. H., Wright, Introduction to engineering, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 1989.

Y. A. engel, M. A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An engineering approach, Second Edition, Mc-Graw Hill Inc., 1994.

Y. A. engel, R. H. Turner, Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences, International Edition, Mc-Graw Hill Inc., 2001.

Vocabulary

unique

: tek, esiz, benzersiz (uniquely)

to associate: -ile grmek, -i hatrlatmak (to be associated with: ile ilgisi olmak) (association: dernek, kurum; arm, iliki)

precise

: tam, kesin, hassas (precisely) (precision: kesinlik, aklk, doruluk)

concept

: kavram, gr, fikir (conception: kavram, dnce, gr)

sound

: salam, esasl; ses

to found: kurmak (founder: kurucu) (foundation: kurma, tesis etme, temel, vakf)

to develop: gelitirmek, gelimek (development: gelitirme, gelime, oluma) (developments: olaylar) (developing: gelien) (developer: gelitiren)

to prevent

: nlemek, engellemek (prevention: nleme) (preventive: nleyici)

possible: olas, muhtemel (possibly: olabilir, belki) (possibility: olanak, imkan olaslk)

to understand: anlamak, anlay gstermek (understanding: anlama, anlay) (understandable: anlalr)

to misunderstand

: yanl, ters anlamak (misunderstanding: yanl anlay)

branch

: blm, bran, dal, kol

thermal

: sl, termik (thermally)

fluid

: akkan, akc, sv

hence

: bu nedenle, dolaysyla, buradan (henceforth: bundan byle)

to be inherent to

: bir eye zg olmak, bir eyin aslnda olmak

profession: meslek, ikolu, iddia (professional: profesyonel) (professionally) (professionalism: profesyonellik)

natural sciences

: temel bilimler, doa bilimleri

to gain

: -i elde etmek, -e sahip olmak (gain: artma, art, kazan, kar)

experience: bizzat yaamak, bandan gemek, tecrbe etmek (experienced: deneyimli, tecrbeli) (experiment: deney) (experimental: deneysel)

to apply: -e bavurmak, tatbik etmek (application: bavuru, uygulama) (applicant: aday, bavuran) (applied: uygulamal) (applicable: uygulanabilir) (applicability: -e uygulanabilme)

to judge: yarglamak, hkm vermek (judge: hakim, yarg, bilirkii) (judgment: yargilama, hkm, karar)

utilize: kullanmak, yararlanmak (utilization: kullanm, yararlanma) (utility: yarar, fayda)

to benefit: -den yararlanmak (benefit: yarar, fayda) (for the benefit of: -in yararna) (beneficial: yararl, hayrl, faydal) (beneficially) (beneficiary: yararlanan, varis, miras) (beneficent: yardmsever, iyi, hayrl) (beneficence: yardmseverlik, ba) (benefactor: hayr iine ba yapan, ba)

thorough

: tam anlamyla, tam, esasl (thoroughly)

to acquire: elde etmek, kazanmak, edinmek (acquisition: elde etme, edinme, kazanma) (acquisitive: elde etmeye ok hevesli, agzl)

whereas

: -iken, oysa, -dii iin

to use: kullanmak (usage: kullanm) (usable: kullanlabilir, elverili) (used: kullanlm, eski) (useful: yararl, faydal) (useless: faydasz) (user-friendly: kullanm kolay)

to devise

: tasarlamak, planlamak (device: alet, aygt)

to structure

: biimlendirmek, dzenlemek (structure: yap) (structural: yapsal)

to process: ilemek, ilemlerden geirmek (process: ilem, sre) (processor: ilemci) (procession: alay, dizi, sra)

to seek

: aramak, aratrmak

to aim

: niyetinde olmak, nian almak (aim: ama, gaye) (aimless: amasz)

diverse: eitli, farkl (diversify: eitlendirmek) (diversion: saptrma, yanltmaca) (diversionary: dikkati baka yne eken) (diversity: eitlilik, farkllk)

to be composed of: -den olumak, -den ibaret olmak (composite: bileik, kark) (composition: bileim, oluum)

major

: asl bran, balca, asl (majority: ounluk)

to specialize: -in uzmanlk alan olmak, ihtisas yapmak (special: zel) (specialist: uzman) (specialization: uzmanlama) (specialty: uzmanlk alan) (especial: zel, hususi) (especially: zellikle, bilhassa)

field

: alan, saha

dozen

: dzine

minor

: yardmc bran, ikincil, nemi az (minority: aznlk)

to respond: cevap vermek, -e tepki gstermek (response: cevap) (in response to: -e karlk)

to widen: genile(t)mek (wide: geni) (widely) (width: en) (ever-widening: devaml genileyen)

prominent

: nemli, gze arpan (prominence: gze arpma, gze arpan ey)

broad

: geni, genel (broadly)

to concern: ilgilendirmek, ilgili olmak, kayglandrmak (concern: ilgi, kayg) (concerned: ilgili, endieli) (to be concerned with: ile megul olmak) (concerning: -e dair, hakknda)

machinery

: makineler, makine aksam (machine: makine) (machinist: makinist)

to manufacture: imal etmek, yapmak (manufacture: imal, yapm) (manufacturing: imal etme, yapma)

to produce: meydana getirmek, retmek (product: rn, arpm) (productive: verimli, retken) (production: retim, rn) (producer: retici)

to evaporate

: buharlamak (evaporation: buharlama) (evaporator: buharlatrc)

to condense: youmak, svlamak, younlamak (condensation: younlama, youma, svlama) (condenser: youturucu)

to conduct: iletmek, yrtmek (conduct: tavr, davran, idare) (conduction: iletim, nakletme) (conductive: iletken, iletici) (conductivity: iletkenlik) (conductor: iletken, klavuz, trende bileti)

convection:

: konveksiyon, s yaym

to radiate: n halinde yaylmak, samak (radiation: nm, radyasyon) (radiant: n yayan, parlak) (radiance: parlaklk, aydnlk) (radiator)

to absorb

: emmek (absorbent: emici) (absorption: emme, sourma)

to humidify: nemlendirmek (humidity: nem, rutubet) (humidifier: nemlendirici) (humidification: nemlendirme) (dehumidification)

to dry

: kuru(t)mak (dryer: kurutucu)

tool

: alet, ara

to equip

: donatmak (equipment: ara-gereler, donatm)

turbine

: trbin

to compress

: sktrmak (compressor: kompresr) (compression: sktrma)

to condition air

: havay artlandrmak (air-conditioner: klima)

to refrigerate: soutmak (refrigeration: soutma, dondurma) (refrigerator: buz dolab) (refrigerant: soutkan)

vehicle

: ara, tat, vasta

to transport: tamak, nakletmek (transport: askeri nakliye gemisi, nakliye, tama) (transportation: tama, nakliye)

to lift

: kaldrmak, ykseltmek (lift: kaldrma, ykseltme, asansr)

to load

: yklemek (load: yk, arlk) (loads: ok miktar, yn)

goods

: menkuller, tanrlar, mallar, eya, kargo

to convert: -e evirmek, -e deitirmek, dntrmek (conversion: dnme, deitirme) (convertible: evrilebilir, deitirilebilir) (converter: evirge)

to operate: iletmek (operation: ilem, iletme, ameliyat) (operational: ilemsel, kullanlmaya hazr) (operator: operatr, teknisyen)

to drive

: altrmak, araba srmek (drive: iletme mekanizmas)

to boil

: kaynamak, halamak (boiler: kazan) (boiling: kaynama)

engine

: motor (engineer: mhendis) (engineering: mhendislik)

to pump

: pompalamak (pump: pompa, tulumba)

steam

: buhar

combustion

: yanma, tutuma (combustible: yanc, kolay tutuan)

to fuel

: yakt almak, yakmak (fuel: yakt)

to perform: yapmak, yerine getirmek, tiyatro oynamak, mzik almak (performer:yerine getiren kimse, oyuncu) (performance: yerine getirme, yapma, tiyatro temsili, mzik dinletisi, performans)

to provide

: salamak, bulmak

temperature

: s derecesi, scaklk (temperate: lml, arya kamayan)

plant

: fabrika

to cool

: serinletmek, soutmak (cold: souk) (coolant: soutucu akkan)

to store

: bir eyi depolamak (store: stok, dkkan) (storage: depolama)

to house: barndrmak, yerletirmek (housing: kutu, mahvaza, muhafaza kutusu, barnacak yer) (ware-house: depo, ambar)

efficient

: verimli, randmanl (efficiency: verim, verimlilik)

external

: d, harici, yzeysel

to measure

: lmek (measure: l, nlem, tedbir) (measurement: lm)

to predict

: tahmin etmek (prediction: tahmin)

to drag

: srklemek, ekmek (drag: srkleme, ekme)

to fly

: umak, uakla gitmek (flight: uu)

to stabilize: dengeye getirmek, gelmek (stable: kararl, salam, dengeli) (stability: denge, kararllk) (stabilization: dengeye getirme, stabilizasyon)

to vibrate

: titre(t)mek (vibration: titreme, titreim) (vibrant: titrek, gr ses)

to be capable of: ehliyetli, yetenekli, yetkin olmak, yapabilmek (capability: yetenek, istidat) (capacity: yetenek, g, kapasite, istiap haddi)

to withstand

: -e dayanmak (withstanding: dayanma)

marine

: denize, denizcilie ait (marine: denizci, denizcilik)

vessel

: damar, boru

undergo

: maruz kalmak, geirmek, -e uramak

to lubricate

: yalamak (lubricant: yalayc madde) (lubrication: yalama)

to fertilize

: gbrelemek (fertilizer: gbre) (fertile: verimli) (fertility: verimlilik)

pharmaceutical

: ilaa, eczacla ait (pharmaceutics: eczaclk)

appropriate

: uygun, yerinde (appropriately: uygun bir ekilde)

to arrange

: yerletirmek, tertiplemek (arrangement: yerletirme, tertip)

proper: uygun, doru (properly: uygun bir ekilde, doru drst) (improper: uygunsuz, yakksz)

sequence

: ardklk, sra, seri (sequential: sral, ard arda) (sequentially)

to desire: istemek, arzu etmek (desire: istek, arzu) (desirable: cazip, arzu edilen)

to improve

: dzeltmek, gelitirmek (improvement: dzeltme, gelitirme)

to install: kurmak, tesis etmek (installation: kurma, tesis etme, tesisat) (installment: taksit, ksm, blm)

to retain

: alkoymak, tutmak, hatrda tutmak (retaining: istinat)

to qualify: hak kazanmak, nitelendirmek (qualified: kalifiye, nitelikli, snrl, kstl) (qualification: nitelik, zellik, art)

ore

: maden cevheri

alloy

: alam

to explore: keifte bulunmak amacyla dolamak, incelemek, aratrmak (exploration: inceleme, aratrma)

instrument

: alet, ara, alg (instrumental: yaral, yardmc)

to diagnose

: tehis etmek, tanlamak (diagnosis: tehis, tan)

to treat: ilemden geirmek, muamele etmek, tedavi etmek (treatment: ilem) (treatise: bilimsel inceleme)

firm

: salam, sallanmayan, sk (firmly)

to classify

: tasnif etmek (classification: snflama, tasnif etme)

to consider: zerinde dnmek, mtalaa etmek, dikkate almak, saymak, addetmek (consideration: gz nne alma) (to take into consideration: dikkate almak, hesaba katmak) (under consideration: incelenmekte) (considerable: nemli, hatr saylr) (considerably) (considerate: dnceli, hrmetkar) (considering: gz nnde tutulursa)

bar

: ubuk. srk

dense

: youn, sk, koyu (densely) (density: younluk)

amorphous

: ekilsiz, biimsiz, amorf (kimyada)

pattern

: model, patron, biim dzeni

to melt

: eri(t)mek (melting: eri(t)me)

to sharpen: sivriltmek, bilemek, iddetlendirmek (sharp: keskin, sert, ani, ok net, iddetli)

clear

: net, ak, effaf, bariz, aikar (clearance: aklk yer)

substance

: madde

substantial

: byk, nemli, salam (substantially: )

gradual

: derece derece olan, yava yava olan (gradually)

to soften

: yumua(t)mak (soft: yumuak, hafif)

rigid

: kat, sert, eilmez bklmez

to flow

: akmak (flow: ak)

to attract

: ekmek, cezbetmek (attraction: ekim, cazibe) (attractive: ekici)

to enable

: mmkn klmak, imkan vermek, yetki vermek

loose

: gevek, seyrek (loosely)

to fix

: tamir etmek, sabitlemek (fixed: sabit, deimeyen)

to space

: yerletirmek, koymak

rapid

: hzl, sratli (rapidly) (rapidity: hz, srat)

to expand

: genlemek, genilemek (expansion: genleme)

to adapt

: -e kendini altrmak, adapte olmak, intibak etmek (adaptable: adapte olabilen, uyarlanabilen) (adaptation: adaptasyon, intibak)

spring

: yay, pnar, memba

to wind

: sarmak, evirmek (wind: kol, manivela evirme)

to release

: serbest brakmak, kurtarmak (release: salverme, tahliye)

to transform

: biimini deitirmek (transformation: deiim, dnm)

velocity

: hz, srat

to accelerate

: hzlanmak, ivmeyi artrmak (acceleration: ivme)

to create: yaratmak, meydana getirmek (creation: yaratma, yaratl) (creative: yaratc) (creature: yaratk)

to destroy

: yok etmek (destruction: yok etme, olma, ykm) (destructive: ykc)

to conserve: korumak, muhafaza etmek (conserve: reel) (conservation: doal kaynaklar koruma) (conservative: tutucu, muhafazakar) (conservatory: konservatuar, sera) (conservatism: tutuculuk) (conservationist: doal kaynaklar koruma yanls)

to demonstrate: gstererek tantmak, kantlamak (demonstration: tantm gsterisi, ispat) (demonstrative: kantlayan, gsteren)

distinct: farkl, ayr, ak, belli (distinction: ayrt etme, fark, stnlk) (distinctive: farkl, kendine zg)

intact

: bozulmam, el srlmemi, dokunulmam, salam, eksiksiz

to refer: -e havale etmek, -e gnderme yapmak, -den bahsetmek, -e basvurmak (referee: hakem) (reference: gnderme, referans, bahsetme, bavurma) (with reference to: -ile ilgili olarak) (make reference to: -den sz etmek)

thermodynamics

: termodinamik

heat transfer

: s transferi

fluid mechanics

: akkanlar mekanii

to involve: iermek, kapsamak, gerektirmek (to be involved in: -e karmak, -ile megul olmak) (involvement: karma, bulama, ilgi)

to interact

: birbirini etkilemek (interaction: etkileim)

essential

: asl, esas, temel, zaruri (essentially)

to encounter

: bir eyle (olayla) kars karsya gelmek, rastlamak

aspect

: a, yn, bak as, grn

to reject

: reddetmek, skartaya karmak (rejection: kabul etmeme, ret)

respect

: bakm as, yn, husus, sayg, hrmet

household

: eve ait (household: ev halk)

utensil

: alet, kap

appliance

: aygt, cihaz

to locate: iskan etmek, yerletirmek, yerini saptamak (to be located in: -de bulunmak) (location: yer, konum)

input

: girdi, giri

output

: kt

to stem from

: -den kaynaklanmak (to stem: ak durdurmak veya yavalatmak)

effort

: gayret, aba (effortless: zahmetsiz, kolay)

to interpret: yorumlamak, evirmek (interpretation: yorum, aklama) (interpreter: yorumcu, tercman)

to include: iine almak, kapsamak, dahil etmek (inclusion: dahil etme, olma, katlma) (inclusive: -i kapsayan, dahil) (included: dahil)

to exclude (from): -in dnda brakmak (exclusion: dnda braklma) (exclusive: zel baz kiilere ak olan)

to be familiar to: -e aina olmak (to be familiar with: -i iyi bilmek) (familiar: bildik, tandk, aina, samimi) (to familiarize: bir eyi herkese tantmak)

to pressurize: basn altnda tutmak, yeterli basnta tutmak (pressure: basn, bask) (pressurization: basnta tutma, basnlandrma)

to intend: niyetinde olmak, tasarlamak, kastetmek (to be intended for: iin olmak) (intent: ama, niyet) (to be intent on: -e kararl, dalm) (intention: niyet, maksat, mana, kast)

to extend: uza(t)mak (extension: uza(t)ma, paralel telefon) (extensive: geni, byk, kapsaml) (extent: boyut)

to intensify: iddetlen(dir)mek, younla(tr)mak (intense: iddetli, kuvvetli, hararetli) (intensely) (intensity: iddet, younluk, keskinlik) (intensive: youn, iddetli)

intensive property

:

extensive property

:

to compute: hesap etmek, hesaplamak (to computerize: bilgisayarla donatmak) (computation: hesaplama) (computational: hesaplamal)

gravitational

: yer ekimiyle ilgili (gravitation: yer ekimi) (gravity: yer ekimi)

to specify

: belirtmek (specification: artname, belirtme) (specifically)

specific: zgl, belirli, apak (specific gravity: zgl arlk) (center of gravity: arlk merkezi)

equilibrium

: denge

path

: yol, patika

to describe: betimlemek, tanmlamak (description: betimleme, tanmlama, tarif) (descriptive: betimsel, tanmlatc)

to surrond: evrelemek, kuatmak, sarmak (surrounding: evredeki, etrafdaki) (surroundings: evre, muhit, ortam)

to prefix

: szck bana nek koymak (prefix: nek)

to designate: adlandrmak, iaret etmek (to designate to: -e atamak, -e tayin etmek) (to designate for: -e tahsis etmek) (designation: atama, unvan, sfat)

isothermal

: escaklk (isotherm: escak, izoterm) (isothermally)

isobaric

: ebas, izobar

entropy

: entropi

enthalpy

: antalpi

internal energy

: i enerji

to necessitate: gerektirmek, zorunlu klmak (necessary: gerekli, lazm, zorunlu) (necessarily) (necessity: gereksinim, zorunluluk)

cycle

: devir, devre

to initiate

: balatmak (initial: balangtaki, ilk) (initiation: balatma)

to identify:: tan(la)mak, tehis etmek (to identify with: ile zdeletirmek) (identity: kimlik, zde) (identical: ayn, tpk, zde) (identically)

to reverse: ters evirmek (to revert to: -e dnmek) (reverse: arka, ters) (reversible: tersinir, tersine evrilebilir) (reversion: eskiye dnme)

adiabatic

: evreyle s al-veriinde bulunmayan, yaltlm

to vaporize

: buharla(tr)mak (vapor: buhar) (vaporization: buharla(tr)ma)

to approximate: tahmin etmek, -e yakn olmak (approximate: yaklak, takribi) (approximately) (approximation: tahmin, -e yakn olma)

isentropic

: sabit entropi, entropisi deimeyen,izentrop

to generate

: retmek (generation: retim, nesil) (generator: jeneratr, dinamo)

to cogenerate: birleik s g retmek (cogeneration: birleik s g retimi)

to require: gerektirmek, -e ihtiyac olmak, talep etmek (requirement: gereksinim, ihtiya, gerek) (to meet the requirements of: ihtiyalarn, gereklerini karlamak) (to fulfill the requirements of/for: -in gereklerini yerine getirmek)

to fulfill: yerine getirmek, yapmak (fulfillment: yerine getirme, yapma) (fulfilling: tatmin edici, doyurucu)

heat pump

: s pompas, hem stma hem de soutma iin kullanlabilen klima

to express: ifade etmek, beyan etmek (expression: ifade, anlatm) (expressive: manal, anlaml)

in terms of

: o adan, o ekilde, -ile, -ce

coefficient

: katsay

to exist

: var olmak (existence: varolu) (existential: varolusal)

phase

: evre, safha, faz

be about to

: zere olmak

sub-

: alt (submarine: denizalt) (subcommittee: altkurul)

to subcool: gaz halinden sv hale geme noktasndaki (su iin 100 derece) scaklktan aa bir dereceye soutmak (100 derecenin altna)

to superheat

: 100 derecenin stne stmak

saturation: doyma

saturation temperature: svdan gaz, gazdan sv hale gei scakl, doyma scakl (su iin 100 derece)

likewise

: aynen, ayn biimde, keza

to coexist

: bir arada var olmak

equation of state

: durum denklemi

temperature scale

: scaklk lei (Celcius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)

to conclude: sonulandrmak, sonu karmak (conclusion: sonu) (in conclusion: son olarak) (conclusive: son, nihai)

to assert: emin bir ekilde ileri srmek, ne srmek (assertion: iddia, iddiay ne srme) (assertive: kendini hissettiren)

to occur

: olmak, meydana gelmek (occurence: olu, meydana gelme)

to point out

: -e dikkati ekmek, -i iaret etmek

to take place

: olmak, meydana gelmek, vuku bulmak

to violate

: inemek, bozmak, ihlal etmek (violation: ihlal)

to reason: muhakeme etmek, bir eyi akl yoluyla zmeye almak (reasonable: makul)

to satisfy: honut, memnun etmek (satisfaction: honutluk, memnuniyet, tatmin) (satisfactory: doyurucu, memnun edici)

to ensure

: temin etmek, garanti etmek

to resist: direnmek (resistant: direnli) (resistance: diren) (resistivity: z diren)

wire

: metal tel

attempt

: teebbs etmek, kalkmak

to be equivalent to

: -e eit olmak (equivalent: eit) (equivalence: eitlik)

to argue

: tartmak, -i iddia etmek (arguement: tartma, iddia)

to proceed: ilerlemek, -e devam etmek (proceeds: gelir, haslat) (proceedings: tutanak, zabt, kongre kitaplar)

to restrict

: kstlamak, snrlamak (restriction: kstlama) (restrictive: kstlayc)

adequate: yeterli, uygun, kafi (adequately) (adequacy: yeterlilik, uygunluk) (inadequate)

to remedy: aresini bulmak, dzeltmek (are, deva) (remedial: iyiletirici, dzeltici)

to detect: sezmek, farketmek, bulmak (detection: bulma) (detective: hafiye, dedektif) (detector: bulucu, dedektr)

disorder

: dzensizlik, kargaa (disorderly)

random

: rasgele, geliigzel (randomness: rasgelelik, geliigzellik)

trace

: iz, eser

to make reference to

: -den szetmek, bahsetmek

to rate

: deerlendirmek, deer bimek (rate: oran) (ratio: orant)

to alter

: dei(tir)mek (alteration: deiim) (alterable: deitirilebilir)

to affect

: etkilemek, tesir etmek (effect: etki)

to turn to

: -e dn()mek, olmak, kesilmek

to increase: artmak, oalmak (increase: art, oalma) (increasingly: gittike artarak)

to decrease

: azalmak, dmek (decrease: azal, d)

contract: daralmak, bzlmek, ekmek (contraction: daralma, bzlme, ekilme) (contractor: stlenici, yklenici mteahhit)

to vary: dei(tir)mek, -den farkl olmak, eitlen(dir)mek (variation: deiim) (variant: farkl, deiik) (variance: deime, ayrlk, deiiklik) (variability: deikenlik)

energetic

: enerjik, faal

adjacent

: -e bitiik, bitiikteki

to insert into

: iine, arasna sokmak, koymak (insertion: ekleme)

immeadiate

: acil (immeadiately)

to submerge

: -i suyun iine daldrmak, batrmak

to speed up/down

: hzlan(dr)mak/yavalamak

to trap: tuzaa drmek, kapanla yakalamak, set ekmek, engel olmak (trap: tuzak, kapan)

asbestos

: asbest, amyant

down

: ince ku ty

to wrap

: sarmak

glass-wool

: camyn

to reduce

: azaltmak, indir(ge)mek, drmek (reduction: azaltma, indir(ge)me)

heat loss/gain

: s kayb/kazanc

to lower

: indirmek, eksiltmek, azaltmak

proportion: oran, orant, hisse, pay (proportional: orantl) (proportionate: orantl) (proportionally)

inverse: ters, aksi (inversely) (inversion: ters dnme, altst olma) (to invert: tersyz etmek, tersine evirmek)

thermal conductivity

: s iletim katsays

to denote

: gstermek, belirtmek

to combine

: birle(tir)mek (combined: birleik) (combination: bileim, birleme)

means: ara, vasta, etken (by means of: araclyla) (external means: d etkenler)

forced convection

: zorlanm konveksiyon

natural/free convection: doal/serbest konveksiyon

to buoy up

: su iinde ykselmek (buoyancy: kaldrma) (buoyant: yzen)

to induce

: neden olmak (induction: tmevarm, sonu karma, indksiyon)

due to

: -den dolay, nedeniyle, yznden (in due time: vakti gelince)

furnace

: byk ocak, kalorifer oca

replace

: yenisiyle deitirmek, yerine gemek, yerini almak

bubble

: kabarck

droplet

: damla

convenient: uygun, msait, rahat (conveniently) (convenience: uygunluk, kolaylk, rahatlk) (at your convenience: size uygun bir zamanda, mmkn olduu kadar yakn bir zamanda)

to suffice: kafi gelmek, yetmek (sufficient: yeterli, kafi) (sufficiency: yeterlilik) (sufficiently)

to emit

: yaymak (emissivity: yayma)

to fascinate: birinin ilgisini/merakn ok ekmek (to be fascinated by/with: -e kendini kaptrmak) (fascinating: ok ilgin, enteresan) (fascination: byk merak, cazibe)

invisible: grlemez, ok ak olmayan (visible: grlebilir, ak, belli olan) (visibly) (vision: gr, ngr, nsezi) (visionary: hayali, nsezili)

presence: hazr bulunma, varlk (present: mevcut, imdiki, sunmak, arzetmek, takdim etmek, hediye, armaan)

to intervene: araya girmek, -e karmak (intervention: aracllk, karma) (intervening medium: arac ortam)

contrast

: kartlk, ztlk

give off

: koku, buhar vb. yaymak, karmak (emit)

to reflect: yans(t)mak (reflection: yansma) (reflective: yanstan, yansyan) (reflector: yansta, reflektr)

to polish

: cilalamak, parlatmak

dull

: donuk, snk renk, kr bak, skc, aptal

absolute

: mutlak, kesin, kati

to idealize: idealletirmek (ideal: ideal, lk) (ideally) (idealism: idealizm)

blackbody

: siyahktle, siyahcisim

range

: alan, saha, dalm (domain: nfuz alan, ilgi alan)

to enclose: bir eyi bir mektupla ayn zarf iine koymak, bir yeri duvar, it ile evirmek (enclosure: evrili olan yer) (enclosures: iliiktekiler)

simultaneous

: ayn zamanda, ezamanl (simultaneously)

opaque

: k geirmez, saydam olmayan

semitransparent

: yar effaf, saydam (transparent: effaf, saydam, ak, belli)

to expose: maruz brakmak, etkisine ak brakmak, tehir etmek (exposure: maruz brakma, kalma)

to be subject to

: -e tabi, bal olmak

disparity

: fark, eitsizlik (disparate: farkl, apayr)

to attach

: takmak, ilitirmek (attachment: aksesuar, taklabilen para)

to bump into

: vurmak, arpmak, bindirmek, toslamak

to exert

: g kullanmak, uygulamak (exertion: g uygulamas)

counterpart

: karlkl tamamlayc ey, ikinci nsha

stress

: gerilim, stres

to weigh

: tartmak, zihninde lp bimek (weight: arlk)

enormous

: kocaman, muazzam

climate

: iklim, hava

to slip

: kaymak

to slide

: kaymak,kaydrmak

to contain

: kapsamak, iermek, iine almak (container: kap, konteyner)

to dive

: suya dalmak, havada pike yapmak

beneath

: altn(d)a, aaya, aada

absolute vacuum

: mutlak vakum, boluk (absolute zero pressure: mutlak sfr basn)

absolute pressure

: mutlak basn

gage pressure

: efektif basn

vacuum gage

: vakum basnc

indicate: iaret etmek, gstermek (indication: bildirme, belirti, gsterme) (indicative of: -i belirten, gsteren)

moderate

: lml, orta

manometer

: manometre, basn ler

mercury

: cva

differential

: diferansiyel

vertical

: dey (horizontal: yatay)

to float

: su yznde yzmek (float: duba, amandra)

to establish

: kurmak (establishment: kurum, kurulu, kurma)

to displace

: yerini deitirmek, almak

to push out

: dar itmek

to immerse

: suya daldrmak, batrmak (immersion: suya daldrma, batrma)

to sink

: batmak

to bound: snrlamak, kuatmak, sramak (bounded: snrl) (unbounded: snrsz) (boundary: snr, hudut)

incompressible

: sktrlamaz (compressible: sktrlabilir)

pipe

: boru

to deal with

: ilgilenmek, stesinden gelmek

significant

: nemli, kayda deer, anlaml (significance: nem, anlam)

nozzle

: hortum iin azlk, meme

steady

: devaml, srekli (steadily) (unsteady: sreksiz) (unsteadily)

to imply

: ima etmek, -e iaret etmek

transient

: geici, sreksiz

uniform

: ayn, tekbiimli, deimez (uniformly)

one-dimensional

: tek-boyutlu

to stick to: -e yapmak, bir eye sadk kalmak (sticky: yapkan) (stickiness: yapkanlk)

viscosity

: viskozite (viscous: yapkan)

to deform

: biimini bozmak

shear stress

: kayma gerilmesi

viscous flow

: vizkoz ak

to neglect

: ihmal etmek

inviscid flow

: vizkoz olmayan ak

laminar flow

: laminar ak

to characterize

: karakterize etmek

to fluctuate

: deimek, dalgalanmak (fluctuation: deiim)

turbulent flow

: trblansl ak

to initiate

: balatmak (initiation: balatma)

to manifest

: aka gstermek, belli etmek (manifestation: aka gsterme, belirti)