primary sourceswed april 8

today’s line-up

hand out status reports

annotated bibliography – due Monday - example

primary sources

what are primary sources?how & why are they collected?how are they organized?where & how could I access them?why would I ever use them?

prep for trip to Wilson Library on Monday

Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past.

American Psychologist, 63(3), 182-196. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X. 63.3.182

This article analyzes the topic of leadership from an evolutionary perspective and proposes three conclusions. Although it offers an historical perspective, I use only one of the the authors’ points about leader-follower relations in early human societies. To support my project question of what makes one person a better leader than others, I will focus on the point that, “leadership cannot be studied apart from followership and that an adequate account of the leadership process must consider the psychology of followers” (p. 193) .

The authors have a wide range of expertise in the area of business leadership. Van Vugt is on faculty at University of Kent; Hogan and Kaiser work in business systems assessment. The article appears in the highly cited, peer-reviewed journal, American Psychologist.

Relevancy what does this item provide for your story?

Source evaluation use criteria from the mid-term to assess the quality of the information*

Citation in APA format of each item (5-10 total sources)

*handout

Pop Quiz

1) Describe one significant difference between an “archive” and a “library” (e.g. in terms of access to material, type of material, organization of material and/or acquisition of material)

2) Think about material in the digital collection you explored…what sort of questions/inquiries would the collection support? In other words, who would want use this collection and why?

primary sources

provide first-hand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation

created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented

often these sources are created at the time when the events or conditions are occurring…but could be recorded later

“they are not just a commentary of real life- they are real life. real people, what real people said, how they acted, what they were feeling.” (-May)

primary sources

autobiographies diaries & journals

memoires legal and financial documents

oral histories photographs

business correspondence maps

personal correspondence architectural drawings

computer tape objects

video & audio recordings government regulations and treaties

hearings & debates of legislative bodies; court cases census data

records of government expenditures & finances

regalia / artifacts (e.g. war memorabilia)

scientific data music (e.g. music scores, musical instruments, sound recordings)

visual materials (e.g. original art, graphic art) dissertations

primary sources

archivesthe records made or received and maintained by an institution or organization in pursuance of its legal obligations or in the transaction of its business

manuscriptsa body of papers of an individual or a family

manuscript and archival materials are unique resources that can be found in only one library or institution (though digital copies or copies on microfilm/microfiche may be available elsewhere)

how & why are primary sources collected?

required by law – usually “records”birth/death certificates; marriage license; property records; law enforcement

company / organization policypersonnel files; incorporation docs; marketing/advertising; product info

historical societiesphotos; military garb; maps

religious groupsmembership; sermons; pamphlets

for profitancestry.com; background records

intentional collecting – e.g. research, endowment or grantNorth Carolina Collection (UNC)

familybirth certificates; medical records; photos; scrapbooks; journals

archives: what do they keep?

• records which are no longer required for current use but have been selected for permanent preservation because of their evidential or informational value.

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is a state agency, and its offices and departments are obligated to follow the requirements of the North Carolina Public Records Law (North Carolina General Statute 132) for retention and disposition of records.

ARCHIVES LIBRARIES MUSEUMSWhat do they keep?

Inactive records that have been selected for permanent preservation usually unpublished (can be in any format and unique)

Published materials (can be in many formats) that is not unique

Objects and artifacts (and associated documentation) which may or may not be unique

How is the material arranged?

In the order determined and used by the creator(s)

According to a pre-determined classification system (LC, DDC)

Arrangement is not significant, control is.

ARCHIVES LIBRARIES MUSEUMSWhat is their objective?

Protection of archives and their evidential and informational values

Building appropriate and comprehensive collections that are properly housed and effectively used

Collection and protection of selected objects for the community

Who can consult the material?

Depends on archives policy and conditions imposed by donor

Any member of community

Any member of the public

Differences between archival and library materials

Category Libraries Archives

Nature PublishedDiscrete itemsAvailable elsewhere

UnpublishedGroups of related itemsUnique

Method of receipt Selected as single items Appraised in aggregates

Arrangement Predetermined subject classification

Provenance and original order

Level of description

Individual items Aggregate (record group or series)

Descriptive media Online catalog Inventories, finding aids

Access Open stacks Closed stacks

how can I find things in an archive?

• depends…• “Finding Aid” - description of an archival

collection, usually containing a history of the person or organization that produced the collection and an inventory of its contents

• EAD Encoded Archival Description – XML standard used to encode data about archival

materials– makes things easier to find in an electronic environment

• Ask the librarian / archivist

This made me wonder how archivists choose/decide what is important, significant, or worth keeping?

-Lucy

appraisaldef: process of evaluating records to determine

their value and ultimate disposition

– physical volume– frequency of use– administrative and operational need served by the

record– legal and fiscal regulations governing retention– historical significance– economic advantage of moving the records from high

cost office storage to low cost records storage space or direct disposal

– whether this is the record copy or a duplicate

archival appraisal as powerThe appraisal process determines the fate of our documentary heritage. Archivists are arbiters of the fabric of history itself

Schaeffer, R.C. (1992). Transcendent concepts: Power, appraisal, and the archivist as “social outcast”. American Archivist, 55, 608-619.

The facts are in our keeping. The whole aim of the archivist’s work is to preserve them. Without the archivist’s science and research the historian will not know either what facts are or where they can be found

Bolotenko, G. (1983). Archivists and historians: Keepers of the well. Archivaria, 16, 20.

Archivists are now the servants of society at large, called upon to ensure a record of all aspects of its culture. According to the contemporary archival ethic, records must be acquired from all elements of society and must be accessible to a range of users

Schaeffer, R.C. (1992). Transcendent concepts: Power, appraisal, and the archivist as “social outcast”. American Archivist, 55, 608-619.

Wallace, D.A. (2011). Memory ethics – or the presence of the past in the present. Archival Science, 11, 1-12.

Archivists normatively position themselves as impartial and honest brokering custodians of the past, immune from the pressures and persuasions that conflict the rest of contemporary society.

Consider the politics of record-making and record keeping and how they shape and often mis-shape the construction of the past and present.

Action or inaction

where & how to access

• think about who might have relevant records/material– government entity (international, national, state, county)– professional organization/society (e.g. state geological

society)– dedicated entity (special collection – e.g. TWU’s WASP

collection)

• ask librarian

why would I ever use an archive?

• legislation (statutes, regulations, and orders-in-council) and case law (decisions of courts and administrative tribunals)

• genealogy / family tree• popular culture / period pieces

December 1963: Members of several civil rights organizations staged this holiday march, carrying letters addressed to political leaders to urge anti-discrimination legislation. They requested that fellow Chapel Hill citizens follow suit to "Send Freedom Letters for Christmas.

Drafts of Langston Hughes's poem "Ballad of Booker T.,” 30 May-1 June 1941

https://archive.org

Our field trip to Wilson on Monday

Wils

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Federal Writers’ Project Papers Southern Historical Collection http://www2.lib.unc.edu/mss/shc

Sam Ervin Papers (Senate Records – relating to Civil Rights Act of 1964)

Southern Historical Collection http://www2.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/e/Ervin,Sam_J.,Senate.html