Primary Sources

Audio:

Ford, Gerald R. Address on U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington D.C. 10 Apr. 1975. Miller

Center. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2013.

Ford's speech describes U.S. foreign policy in history, Cambodia, and Vietnam. We used an

audio clip to illustrate the United State's tradition of getting involved in other countries'

affairs, and it is located under the key leaders tab for President Ford.

MCamericanpresident. President Richard Nixon - Address to the Nation on the Situation in

Southeast Asia. Youtube. Youtube, 3 Sept. 2009. Web. 7 Dec.2013.

This is an audio clip from President Nixon's speech on the situation in Cambodia. It illustrates

the United State's motive for entering the war and involving Cambodia. We used this audio

under the key leaders tab for President Nixon.

Documents:

Dawson, Allan. "High Khmer Toll Is Cited in Saigon." Washington Post [Washington, D.C.] 2

July 1975: A17. History Study Center. Web. 16 Oct. 2013.

This newspaper article discusses the expulsion of Cambodians from Phnom Penh and how

they mainly fled to Saigon, Vietnam to take refuge. This source helped us to understand the

relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia during this situation.

Ford, Gerald R. Address on U.S. Foreign Policy. Washington D.C. 10 Apr. 1975 Miller

Center. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, n.d.Web. 29 Nov. 2013.

Ford's written speech describes U.S. foreign policy in history, Cambodia, and Vietnam. We

used a quote to illustrate the United States’ tradition of getting involved in other countries'

affairs.

Pilger, John. "The Friends of Pol Pot." The Nation 11 May 1998: n. pag. Third World Traveler.

Web. 3 Dec. 2013.

This was an article about the United States interaction and communications with Pol Pot, the

leader of the Khmer Rouge. We used a quote from Henry Kissinger on the website to illustrate

his selfish attitude towards the genocide in Cambodia.

Kamm, Henry. "Confusion in Cambodia: People Mystified as Direct U.S. Role Ends at a Time

of Military Adversity." New York Times [New York] 15 Aug. 1973, The Fall of Saigon ed.,

Special: n. pag. Print.

This primary source illustrates the confusion of Cambodia at the United States actions,

regarding aid, bombing, and withdrawal. It demonstrates the key role that the U.S. played in

leading to the fall and rise of Cambodian leaders, particularly Lon Nol and the Khmer Rouge.

It also signifies that although the U.S. felt they had a right to get involved in Cambodian

political affairs, they felt no responsibility to fix what they "technically" caused and aid them

in a time of political chaos. We can use this source to show how the U.S. actions during the

Vietnam War impacted economically, and socially.

United States. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States. President Nixon's Speech

on Cambodia. Doc. pp. 405-409. The Wars for Viet Nam. Web. 17 Nov.2013.

This primary source is a written form of President Nixon's speech on April 30, 1970. It is

beneficial because it provides the President's point of view on the U.S. bombing of Cambodia,

and it also includes many ironic statements from the President, where his actions do not match

his words. This will benefit our project to illustrate how the U.S. felt a responsibility to end

the Vietnam War and also how the actions of the U.S. were unjust.

United States. United States Department of State. Ford-Suharto Meeting. Doc. 0611412.

George Washington University: National Security Archives. Web. 22 Nov.2013.

This primary source explains different nations response to and involvement in the new

Cambodian political state. In particular, the United States continued to have a strong impact in

Southeast Asia in order to attempt to control the spread of Communism. This is important

because the United States felt it was their responsibility to end communism and protect the

"well-being" of the various nations of Southeast Asia.

United States. United States Department of State. Kissinger and Haig Telephone Conversation.

George WashingtonUniversity: National Security Archives. Web. 22 Nov. 2013.

This primary source demonstrated the blind obedience the military had to the president of the

United States, Nixon at the time. It can be used to illustrate the military strategies &

operations that the United States instituted in Cambodia, and the true intention of those

actions, which was to bomb the region and eliminate any potential Northern Vietnamese.

United States. United States Department of State. Secretary's Meeting with Foreign Minister's

Chatchai of Thailand. Doc. 200303692. George Washington University: National Security

Archive. Web. 22 Nov. 2013.

This primary source explains the United States interactions with other countries, particularly

Thailand during the time of the Vietnam War. It discusses the United States and Thailand's

strategy, as well as what their intentions and plans were, to "solve" the Vietnam War. This was

helpful because it demonstrated the United States' selfishness and lack of concern for the

people of Cambodia, and their focus on purely politics.

Images:

"Andrew Johnson." Image. Library of Congress. American Government. ABC-CLIO, 2013.

Web. 1 Dec. 2013.

We used this photograph of Andrew Johnson in our Key Leaders of America tab.

Bettmann, and Corbis. Blindfolded Khmer Rouge suspect. November 4, 1973. Time World.

TIME, 26 July 2007. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.

We used this image of Khmer Rouge soldiers mistreating a suspect in the Human Rights

Violations section of our project.

Bomb Squad. FB-111A. Philippe Colin, 2011. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.

This photograph is a primary source of the bomb squad who worked with the b-52s at the time

of the Cambodian bombings. This photograph is significant because it illustrates that "normal"

people bombed innocent civilians, and we can use it to help demonstrate the inhumaneness of

the bombings. Hopefully, it will trigger a realization in the audience that the bombings were a

real event and that people (military) in the United States worked on constructing and using

these bombs for warfare.

Brown, Dave. "Pol Pot." Cartoon. The Independent 30 July 1997: n. pag. British Cartoon

Archives. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.

This political cartoon is a primary source because it reflects on the Khmer Rouge trials

occurring at that time. It signifies that Pol Pot's accusers are all dead, and that is why there has

been a lack of justice for the victims. The cartoon also demonstrates that Pol Pot is responsible

for thousands of deaths, and ultimately the Cambodian Genocide that occurred during his rule

as leader of the Khmer Rouge. This was used under our Khmer Rouge Trials tab.

Cameron, Denis. "Lon Nol (center) in 1970." Cambodia: Beauty and Darkness. Mekong.Net,

n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.

We used this picture of Lon Nol in our Prezi on the History of Cambodia. It is a picture of him

in his military gear.

Duong, Dara. "The Killing Fields Gallery." The Killing Fields Museum. Dara Duong, n.d. Web.

24 Nov. 2013.

We used this website for the multiple photographs of the victims killed by the Khmer Rouge.

These pictures are displayed on the homepage of our project.

"Gerald Ford takes phone call from Henry Kissinger." Image. Gerald Ford Library. American

Government. ABC-CLIO,2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.

We used this photograph of Gerald Ford in the Key Leaders of America tab of our website. In

the image, Ford is taking a phone call from Henry Kissinger, the Secretary of State at this

time.

Gibbard, Leslie. "Domino Effect." Cartoon. Guardian 19 Mar. 1970: n. pag. British Cartoon

Archive. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.

This political cartoon illustrates the Domino Effect in Southeast Asia. We used it on our

website to illustrate the American fear of the spread of communism.

"Henry Kissinger speaks with Gerald Ford." Image. Gerald Ford Library. American

Government. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.

We used this picture of Henry Kissinger in the Key Leaders of America tab of our project.

Kissinger is talking on the phone with President Gerald Ford in this photograph.

"Khmer Rouge Killing." Phuong Nam Star Travel. WordPress, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2013.

This is a photograph of the skulls and bones remaining from the Cambodian genocide. We

used it in our slideshow that explains the impact that the Khmer Rouge had on Cambodia.

"Killing fields memorial in Cambodia." Image. Corel. Issues: Understanding Controversy and

Society. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 26 Oct. 2013.

This picture of two Cambodian children standing in front of a cage of bones is featured on the

Reforms tab of our project.

"Medical supplies captured in Cambodia." Image. National Archives. World History: The

Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.

This is a photograph of the Viet Cong sanctuaries in Cambodia where they stored supplies.

This was used to accompany our Prezi to illustrate when Prince Sihanouk officially aided in

providing supplies to the Viet Cong.

Norodom Sihanouk. The Notable Names Database. Soylent Communications, 2013. Web.

24 Nov. 2013.

This primary source photograph of Prince Sihanouk will be used in our Prezi on Cambodian

History. It can give a visual aid, so people can see who he was and what his demeanor was

like.

Phnom Penh 1979. Professor Olsen at Large. WordPress, 17 Apr. 2013. Web. 7 Dec.

2013.

This is a photograph of the aftermath of the Khmer Rouge reign. We used it in our slideshow

to demonstrate the impact of their rule on Cambodia.

"Pol Pot." Image. AP/Wide World Photos. World History: Modern Era. ABC-CLIO,

2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2013.

This photograph is an image of Pol Pot, the leader of the Khmer Rouge. He happens to be

smiling and appears happy, and it made us realize that Pol Pot was a real person with a family

and life; he was not just the leader of a genocidal political party. We used this image in the

Key Leaders of Cambodia page of our website.

"Pol Pot leads a column of Khmer Rouge soldiers." Image. AP Photo/Kyodo News. World

History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.

This is an image of Pol Pot leading men of the Khmer Rouge. It was used in the Prezi to

accompany the event of Pol Pot overthrowing the Lon Nol army, and this photograph

exemplifies this.

Ponchaud, Francois. "Cambodia Year Zero." The Guardian Apr. 1978: n. pag. The

Guardian. Web. 2 Dec. 2013.

This is an image of the newspaper article published on Cambodia's Year Zero. We used it to

illustrate the impact that the Khmer Rouge had on Cambodia, for the country was literally

demolished and rebuilt by the Khmer Rouge.

"Richard Nixon." Image. Library of Congress. American Government. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web.

1 Dec. 2013.

We used this photograph of President Richard Nixon in the Key Leaders of America tab of our

project.

Ryono, Angel. Cambodia Barbed Wire Foodline. Expats Post. Expats Post, 12 Jan.2012. Web.

7 Dec. 2013.

This is a photograph of the Cambodian people waiting on line, in the camps, for food. We

used this image to illustrate the conditions of the camps during the reign of the Khmer Rouge.

Sudhakaran, Pernaca. "United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia." United Nations

Photo. United Nations, 16 June 1992. Web. 3 Dec. 2013.

This is a photograph of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. We used it in

our website to symbolize the political chaos in Cambodia during the decades after the Khmer

Rouge fell from power.

"Tuol Sleng Museum 5." Ole. Ole Begemann, n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2013.

This is a rather graphic image of the deaths from the Tuol Sleng Prison camp. We used it in

our website to illustrate the conditions, and fates of those victims in the Cambodian prison

camps.

Student-Led Interviews:

Duong, Dara. E-mail interview. 2 Dec. 2013.

We conducted this interview over email with Dara Duong, a Khmer Rouge survivor. He is

currently in Cambodia, but we sent him our questions, and he responded with detailed

information on the condition of the camps, actions of the Khmer Rouge, reaction of the

public, and the lasting impact on him and Cambodia. We used numerous direct quotes from

his interview in our project because it provided the perspective of someone who actually

experienced the Khmer Rouge genocide.

Pike, Amanda. E-mail interview. 5 Dec. 2013.

Amanda Pike was the journalist and director of the documentary Pol Pot's Shadow. We asked

her questions about her documentary as well as her experience in Cambodia. We included some

of the direct quotes from this interview in our project.

Schanberg, Sydney. Videoconference interview. 26 Nov. 2013.

We conducted this interview over Skype with Sydney Schanberg, Pulitzer-prize winning

journalist for the New York Times and reporter during the rise of the Khmer Rouge. We

learned so much from this video because he provided us with a lot of background on the

situation in Cambodia before, during, and after the rise of the Khmer Rouge. We used several

direct quotes on our website regarding the United States responsibility and also the change in

United States foreign policy over the years.

Legislation:

Chigas, George, and Dmitri Mosyakov. "Literacy and Education under the Khmer Rouge."

Cambodian Genocide Program. Yale University, 2010. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.

Even though the website is a secondary source, it contained an outline of the Four-Year Plan,

which is a primary source. We used quotes from the outline in order to emphasize the reforms

of the Khmer Rouge.

Nixon Doctrine. Linn Benton Community College. Web. 29 Nov. 2013.

This is the Nixon Doctrine, which states that the United States should only provide materials

to aid allies in war versus fighting the war themselves. This primary source was useful

because it demonstrates how Nixon's actions contradict his words, because at this time Nixon

escalated his war tactics in Cambodia rather than attempt to slow them.

The United States of America. The White House. Life Inside Cambodia. By Brent Scowcroft.

Ann Arbor: Gerald R. Ford Library, 1976. SIRS Decades. Web. 24 Oct. 2013.

This previously confidential document has important quotes from people living under the

Khmer Rouge. It describes all the short-term effects and reforms of the party as well, and was

used in various sections of our website.

Totten, Samuel, Paul R. Bartrop, and Steven L. Jacobs. "Cambodian Genocide Justice Act."

Issues: Understanding Controversy and Society. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 26 Oct. 2013.

The Cambodian Genocide Justice Act is America's response to the Khmer Rouge years after

their power. This could be an example of America taking the initiative to accept responsibility

for what they did to Cambodia even if it took a while. We used it under our current events tab,

because it initiated the Khmer Rouge crimes against humanity trials.

United States. Cong. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Truman Doctrine. 80th Cong., 1st

sess. H. Doc. 171. Our Documents. Web. 24 Nov. 2013.

This primary source document is the Truman Doctrine; it clearly states the U.S. has the

responsibility as "peacekeepers", and can be applied to why the United States felt the right to

get involved with the Vietnam War and involve Cambodia. It was used to justify the U.S.

actions in Cambodia, but it was also be used to illustrate that since they had the responsibility

to be "peacekeepers", they also should’ve taken responsibility for their actions to reinforce

this position.

United States. Cong. House. Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975. H.

6755. SIRS Decades. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.

This primary source is a bill regarding America's Foreign Policy with Indochina. It states that

the government can spend no more than $455 million in efforts to assist refugees in Indochina,

including Vietnam and Cambodia. It illustrates the U.S. feeling of responsibility to aid

Cambodia, however it also represents their limited efforts to help.

United States. United States Department of State. Nixon and Kissinger Phone Call. George

Washington University: National Security Archives. Web. 22 Nov. 2013.

This primary source was very informative on Nixon's true intentions and plans for his

interactions with Cambodia. It clearly illustrated his political goals and lack of concern for the

Cambodian commoners. We can benefit from this document because it clearly explains why

the United States should claim partial responsibility for the rise of the Khmer Rouge, because

they clearly showed no interest in the consequences of their actions.

Videos:

Miller Center. Address on U.S. Foreign Policy (April 10, 1975). American President: Gerald

Rudolph Ford. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 2013. Web. 25 Nov. 2013.

This speech by President Ford illustrated why the United States got involved in Cambodia,

and how Lon Nol asked for their aid. We used this as justification for the United States’

actions.

Pheaktra, Neth, and Ung Chan Sophea, hosts. "Facing Justice." Episode #21. Duch on Trial.

East West Center. 8 Dec. 2011. Khmer Rouge Trial Monitor. Web. 31 Oct. 2013.

This video included the testimony of Duch, a Khmer Rouge leader, which served as

a primary source. Duch's testimony exhibits his acceptance of responsibility for the deaths at

Tuol Sleng, which can contribute to our project in illustrating the many different

people/groups who were responsible for the genocide in Cambodia.

Pike, Amanda, prod. Cambodia: Pol Pot's Shadow. Ed. Andrew Gersh and Adam Keker.

FRONTLINE/World. PBS, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2013.

This video contained interviews of Khmer Rouge survivors and Nuon Chea, and it gave the

point of view of Pol Pot worshippers in the video. We used a quote from Nuon Chea from this

video under the key leaders tab to illustrate his point of view on the Khmer Rouge.

Pran, Dith, and Sydney Schanberg. The Last Word: Dith Pran. New York Times. N.p., n.d.

Web. 23 Nov. 2013.

This interview with Dith Pran is a primary source because he was there during the Khmer

Rouge, and he recounts his experience. It was very interesting because it helped us to

understand the perspective of a survivor and the goals he developed in response to his

experience. It also made us realize how important it is not to let history repeat itself, and to

make sure people do not forget about Cambodian genocide. We included a video clip of Dith

Pran’s advice for the world. This video was also helpful in creating questions for our

interview with Sydney Schanberg

Websites:

Becker, Elizabeth. "Pol Pot Remembered." BBC News. BBC, 20 Apr. 1998. Web. 6 Dec.2013.

Even though it is news article from a website and considered a secondary source, the quotes

taken from this article are primary because they were written by someone who personally

met and spoke to Pol Pot.

"Interview with Chhit Do,1982." OpenVault. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2013.

This is a useful primary source because it provides the viewpoint of one of the previous

Khmer Rouge member. We used this interview (direct quote) in our website to illustrate how

the United States’ bombings were used as propaganda by the Khmer Rouge.

Llewellyn, Jennifer. "Laos and Cambodia." Alpha History. Alpha History, n.d.Web. 3 Dec.

2013.

This website describes the state of Laos and Cambodia after the war, however we only used

this source to cite a quote by Pol Pot on our website, which illustrates his ego and belief that

he was helping Cambodia.

Sou. "A Cambodian Refugee's Story." The Digital Archive of Cambodia Holocaust Survivors.

Ed. David Chandler. DACHS, 2011. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.

This primary source is very useful because it provides a detailed account of a boy's

experience during the reign of the Khmer Rouge. We learned how exactly people went from

a "normal" environment to the camps, where they were placed in harsh conditions. This

perspective benefits us by illustrating how the victims felt in regard to the genocide, and

provides an alternate view other than the political aspect of who was responsible. We will use

this to clarify the conditions of the Cambodian camps and the social impact the Khmer

Rouge had on the people.