PRIMARY NEEDS HEALTH FEEDING CLOTHING … · TECHNOLOGY 1 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD...
Transcript of PRIMARY NEEDS HEALTH FEEDING CLOTHING … · TECHNOLOGY 1 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD...
TECHNOLOGY
1 1º ESO COLEGIO SANTÍSIMA TRINIDAD
TECHNOLOGY.TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES.
1. Technology in response to human needs
Technology is a body of knowledge used to create tools, develop skills, and extract or collect
materials. It is also the application of science (the combination of the scientific method and
material) to meet an objective or solve a problem.
Primary needs allow survival:
Secondary needs increase satisfaction and well-being:
PRIMARY NEEDS
HEALTH FEEDING CLOTHING HOUSING
SECONDARY NEEDS
WORK COMMUNICATION TRANSPORTCULTURE AND
ENTERTAINMENTSECURITY
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2. Technology, Science and Socity
Differences between science and technology
Technology Science
Solve problems. Generates curiosity.
Create a new reality. Explain and predict reality.
The technological method explores
alternatives and concretes solutions.
The method of scientific work establishes a
hypothesis.
Obtain artificial products. Make laws, principles, theories, theorems.
Technology aims to develop products to meet human needs based on scientific and technical
knowledge.
BENEFITS INCONVENIENCES Increased production.
Reducing the labor.
Better quality of life.
Air pollution.
Abusive use of natural resources.
Hazardous materials.
Excess waste pollutants.
3. Technological activity and products
Types of products Crafts Industrial products Major works
Made in small installations.
A single person perform all
operations.
Few parts that do not need a
complicated assembly.
Large facilities.
Manufactured in large
quantities.
Production of many identical
products.
Construction of buildings
and civil engineering.
Large number of
professionals.
Different materials (brick,
cement, sand, steel, wood,
etc.)
Process of creating technology
products
Invention InnovationMaterials and
tools
Planning and organization of
work
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4. Technological evolution
Paleolithic: It is characterized by the use of stone in the manufacture of items for survival.
Neolithic: It is still used stone as the main material. Wheel appears.
Age of metals: comprises three periods depending on the metal used: the Copper Age, Bronze
Age and Iron Age
Old Age: A great technological advancement in civilizations like those of Egypt, Greece and
Rome is generated.
Middle Ages: Occurs great technological and scientific advances.
Modern Age: Scientific revolution leading to the creation of objects that have been transcendent
for progress develops.
Contemporary Age: It begins in the industrial revolution and reaches our days. It consists on a
new organization of work.
5. Technological process:
The technological process consists in five important steps:
1. Need: detect a problem or need; define the problem.
2. Idea: investigate ideas.
3. Develop the idea: specify the solution
4. Construction: planning and building
5. Check
6. Analysis of objects
Descriptive analysis: the study of the shape and dimensions of the object, its constituent
parts, materials used, types of joints.
Functional analysis: what is it the object, how it works, what options it offers, how it is
used, if it meets safety standards.
Socioeconomic analysis: satisfying need, where it is purchased, price, problems that can
cause to the environment, when it was invented.
Comparative analysis: a study of the advantages and disadvantages comparing objects
with the same purpose.
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TECHNICAL APPLICATION MATERIALS: WOOD AND WOOD
PRODUCTS:
1. How are materials obtained?
2. Types of materials:
Materials Classification
CERAMIC AND STONED MATERIALS
Are obtained from rock, sands or clays.
Examples: natural stone (granite, slate); construction
materials (cement); ceramic (porcelain); glasses.
ORGANIC MATERIALS
Derived from plant or animal parts.
Examples: wood and wood products (paper,
cardboard); leather; cork; cotton fabrics.
•Raw material: material resources used for the production of materials.
•Minerals and rocks are mined in quarries, mines or wells (granite, silver).
•The materials of plant or animal origin are collected after planting or breeding (silk or wood).
EXTRACTION
•The raw materials are subjected to physical or chemical processes to get materials for technical use.
•Examples: metals from minerals in the metallurgical industries; plastics
from oil in petrochemical industries.TRANSFORMATION
•Once processed, the materials come in various commercial forms (strips of wood, cotton, sheet metal).
•With these, different technological products are made.ELABORATION
•Many times, the materials from Discarded products can be recovered for use as feedstock in the production of new materials.
RECYCLING
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METALS
Are obtained after separating them from the metallic
minerals that contain them.
The most important is steel, but also important are
aluminum, copper, brass and bronze.
SYNTHETIC OR PLASTIC MATERIALS
They are chemically combined substances derived
primarily from petroleum or natural gas.
Examples: Polyethylene, PVC, acrylic, polyurethane,
fibers and synthetic fabrics (nylon, lycra).
3. The properties of materials:
HARDNESS RESISTANCE TO
EXTERNAL FORCES
TENACITY OR
FRAGILITY
Resistance presented by
materials to be scratched, cut
or punctured. The metals are
harder than wood or plastic.
Capacity of a material to
support weight or pressures
without breaking. The steel is
more resistant than the
aluminium or the wood.
Aptitude to absorb blows or
impacts without breaking.
The metals or the wood are in
the habit of being tenacious
(they do not break easily),
whereas the glass and the
ceramics are very fragile.
ELASTICITY OR
PLASTICITY
THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL
CONDUCTIVITY CHEMICAL STABILITY
Capacity of a material to
recover the aspect when it
stops the force that deforms
it. If it recovers its shape is
named elastic, in opposite,
plastic. If it suffers almost no
deformation, it is rigid.
To allow or to block the way
of the heat or of the electrical
current across a material. The
metals are good drivers and
the plastic ones are
insulating.
Capacity of a material to
resist the chemical action of
the oxygen of the air
(oxidation) or of the
humidity (corrosion) or of
other aggressive substances
(acids, solvents).
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4. Working with materials:
PROCEDURE FOR THE UTILIZATION OF THE MATERIALS
Fit the dimensions. Draw the pieces from the
edges and one from each
other as close as posible.
Cut the pieces carefully.
Keep and take advantage of
the cuts.
Recover chunks of material
from previous works.
Classify and arrange all the
materials.
SAFETY PROCEDURE IN THE WORKSHOP
Keep the tools arranged. Hold the pieces with
firmness.
Clean the tools once used.
Put attention when using the
tools.
Use protection elements
(gloves, glasses).
Use the tools with correction.
5. Wood properties and applications:
PRODUCTION OF PAPER
AND PAPERBOARD CONSTRUCTION
MANUFACTURE OF
OBJECTS
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GETTING WOOD BOARDS
DEBARKING SHREDDING DRYING
WOOD APPLICATIONS
FUEL PRODUCTION OF PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
CONSTRUCTION
BUILDINGS, SHIPS, DOORS, WINDOWS,
FLOORS, ETC
MANUFACTURE OF OBJECTS
FURNITURE, HOUSEHOLD
UTENSILS, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, ETC
The paper
industry
Reduce wood
into tiny cellulose fibers up
to forming a
pasta named pulp.
Substances
(coloring) are added
to the pulp to achieve desired
properties
The pulp obtained is pressed to get a
thin sheet of paper.
Paper is stored for later sale.
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6. Types of Wood and Wood derivatives:
Natural Wood: solid wood obtained from sawing logs. According to the source tree, can be
classified into
CONIFERS HARDWOOD TROPICAL
They come from evergreens
(pine, fir, cypress, cedar) that
provide light, soft and easy to
work with wood.
They are extracted from
deciduous (oak, beech,
walnut, poplar, chestnut,
olive, ash) which often give
heavy, hard and sometimes
difficult to work with wood.
They are hardwood from
rainforests (mahogany,
ebony, teak, samba, raft,
ocume, sapele). The
properties of the wood are
more diverse, there are hard
or soft, heavy or light,
different colors and veining.
Used in construction
structures, interior or exterior
carpentry, rustic furnishings.
Used in interior carpentry,
furniture, tool handles,
housewares, shipbuilding,
sticks, matches.
Used in interior carpentry,
furniture, packaging, DIY
Parts, carvings and frames.
Woods Transformed have some advantages over natural: they can be prepared in large boards,
better use of wood, rot and deform less, are cheaper.
PLYWOODS
Plywood is a board made from
thin sheets of wood glued
transversely to the fibers on
each other with synthetic resins
under strong pressure and heat.
Having crossed veins deform
less and have equal strength in
both directions. They can be
deformed to obtain curved
pieces.
AGGLOMERATES
Boards are manufactured with
small wood chips glued
together under pressure and
without further finishing.
It is the cheapest board. Its use
is not recommended in wet
conditions, as absorbed
humidity, it swells and does not
recover with drying. They
break easily and do not support
unions with nails and screws.
BOARDS AND FIBER
MOLDINGS
Fiber board is constructed from
woods that have been reduced
to fibers and subsequently
reconstructed by applying
pressure and glue.
Deforms less and resist
moisture better than
agglomerates. They can be
worked similarly to the natural
wood. You can paint, varnish
or lacquer it.
EDGE-GLUED PANELS They are realized joining strips
of natural wood for its singing
with the help of resins.
It looks like a natural wood
board. They have the same
properties of wood with which
they are made. They work like
natural wood.
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Commercial forms:
7.
7. Woodworking:
MARKING AND TRACING
The measurements are
transferred from the edges or
reference lines using the ruler
or meter, and marked with
pencil.
To allow the saw cut it is
recommended to left two or
three millimeters of
separation between the
different pieces.
The layout square moves on
the wood to trace
perpendicular lines to the
same line.
SAW TOOLS
The handsaw is used to cut
large pieces of wood and
when the court does not
require high precision. The
backsaw is a tool similar to
the handsaw, differing from
it by bringing a metal
reinforcement called rib on
top of the sheet.
The backsaw is used to make
straight, accurate cuts. The
start of the court should be
slow, making sure it is
aligned.
To cut slats or moldings
cutting guides should be
used, which direct the
movement of the backsaw
with great precision.
MAKING HOLES
Choose the right bit and set it in the drill. Hand drill:
Place he tip of the drill on the center of the
hole
Press vertically
Turn the handle
BOARD SLAT MOLDING
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FILE TOOLS
WOOD FILE: LOWER THE WOOD TO
ACHIEVE THE DESIRED SHAPE.
SANDPAPER: THE EDGES ARE
SHARPENED, ELIMINATING CHIPS OR
DEFECTS. TO FACILITATE THE WORK,
IT IS MOUNTED ON A WOODEN
BLOCK.
8. Work with wood: joints and finishes
NAILED AND GLUED JOINS (PERMANENT JOINS)
Before joining together the pieces, start
nailing at the edge of one of them, without
allowing it to pass through.
White glue is applied on one of the pieces.
One piece rests on the other to finish nailing.
Then the excess glue is removed.
SCREW CONNECTIONS (DISMOUNTABLE JOINS)
Place the higes on the pieces together and
mark the position of the holes.
In the market there are a variety of hinges,
depending on the pieces to join.
A small hole is made on the marks using the
auger or drill. After THAT, the HIGES are
placed and pieces ARE screwed.
APPLYING PAINT AND VARNISH
Paints and varnishes are
extended with paintbrushes. It
should be done in ventilated
places and gloves should be
used.
The paint is applied with a
lightly loaded brush in the
same direction. For
consistent color, several
layers are needed.
Pieces should be stored dry.
The brushes are cleaned
with water or solvent,
depending on the paint used
and stored dry.
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9. Environmental impact of the exploitation and use of wood
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE EXPLOITATION AND USE OF WOOD
Deforestation of primary or virgin forest Pollution of water and air
More than a third of timber world trade comes
from illegal logging.
Produced by the processing industry of
wood, especially paper, employing highly
polluting chemicals such as chlorine.
RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION OF WOOD AND PAPER
Acquire certified wood products Use artificial boards Recycle and use recycled paper