Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for

Secretion

Cell Type

responsible for

Secretion

Target Organ or

Tissue

1Physiological changes

activated by a stressful

event.

Relaxed and calm states of being Norepinephrine Noradrenaline and levarterenolAdrenal Glands

(adrenal medulla) Chromaffin cells Brain

2 Melatonin receptors Atenolol and luzindole Melatonin N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine Pineal Gland Pinealocytes Brain

3 ACTHRegulate male reproductive

processes Gonadocorticotropic Hormone GnRh

Adrenal Glands

(adrenal cortex) Brain

Anterior pituitary

gland

4Low level of cortisol,

stress, fever Increased levels of cortisol Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Corticotropin Anterior Pituitary Corticotrophs Adrenal cortex

5Syncytiotrophoblast during

pregnancyIt inhibits insulin.

Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin

(hCS)Growth hormone (GH) Anterior pituitary gland. Somatotroph cells

Peptides released by

neurosecretory nuclei

of the hypothalamus

Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones

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Item #

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2

3

4

5

Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones

Target

Organ/Tissue

Illustration

Principle ActionConsequences of

deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess

Feed Back

System

Molecular

StructureReference

Fight or flight response to stress, also

known as adrenaline. Prepares the

body for increased activity.

Orthostatic hyptension and

blood vessel disease.Amino acid

Increased heart contraction rate,

constriction of blood vessels,

bronchiole dilation, and increased

metabolic rate.

NegativeNeurogenesis.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Norepinephrine

Influences daily rhythms, sleep and for

some people seasonal changes in

mood.

Insomnia, trouble sleeping Circadin

Increase hormone can cause a

sleeping disorder .( Also sleep can

help growth development and energy.

Only if you sleep for 8-10 hrs.)

Negative

www.springerlink.com/i

ndex/M6621743540748

70.pdf Biology of

Humans

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M

Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland

to release LHUnderproduction of testosterone Peptid Sexual Infantilism Negative

Biology of humans

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Gonadotropin

Stimulates synthesis and release of

hormones from adrenal glands.Hypoadrenalism Peptide Hyperadrenalism Negative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Adrenocorticotropic_hormo

ne

Stimulates growth and cell reproduction

in humans and other animals.Growth failure and short stature Polypeptide

Thickens the bones of the jaw,

fingers and toesNegative

http://medical-

dictionary.thefreedictio

nary.com/human+chori

onic+somatomammotr

opin

Primary Endocrine Organs, Tissues and Cells that produce Hormones

2 OF 16

Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for

Secretion

Cell Type

responsible for

Secretion

Target Organ or

Tissue

6Low levels of thyroid

hormonesHigh levels of thyroid hormones Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyrotropin Anterior Pituitary

Neurosecretory Cells,

ThyrotrophsThyroid Gland

7 T cells (lymphoctes) Low level of T cells Thymosin Thymopoietin Thymus Cortex Lymphoid

8

It is released in response

to atrial stretch and a

variety of other signals

induced by hypervolemia,

exercise or caloric

restriction.

Low blood pressure. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF),

or atriopeptin

It is released in response to

atrial stretch and a variety of

other signals induced by

hypervolemia, exercise or

caloric restriction.

Atrial myocytes Heart

9High Calcium

concentration in bloodLow levels of calcium in blood Parathyroid Hormone PTH and Parathormone Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid chief cell Blood

10Blood glucose levels start

to fall too lowGlucagon-like peptide-1 Glucagon Pancreatic Peptide Pancreas

Alphn cells of b ilet of

langerhansBlood stream

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Item #

16

7

8

9

10

Target

Organ/Tissue

Illustration

Principle ActionConsequences of

deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess

Feed Back

System

Molecular

StructureReference

Stimulates synthesis and release of

thyroid hormones, growth and function

of thyroid gland

Hypothyroidism Glycoprotein Hyperthyroidism Negativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Thyroid-

stimulating_hormone

Promotes maturation if white blood

cells

Decrease T cells can occur in

infection and disease.

Blood (white blood

cells)No consequences Negative

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih

.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2

138952/ Biology of

Humans

ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium

and adipose loads on the circulatory

system, thereby reducing blood

pressure.[1]

Increased blood pressure. Polypeptide Low blood pressure. Negativehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih

.gov/pubmed/8897999

Increases blood levels of calcium

Hypoparathyroidism, increased

concentrations of Calcium, and

decreased concentrations of

Phosphorous.

PeptidPrimary and secondary

hyperparathyroidism.Negative

http://www.webmd.com/a-to-

z-guides/parathyroid-

hormone

Cause liver to convert stored glycogen

into glucose and release it into the

bloodstream, raising blood glucose

levels

Hypoglycaemia 29 amino acid polypeptideCausing pancreatic tumors as

glucagonoma.Negative

http://www.springerlink.

com/content/w0l1768t5

354vk25/

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Glucagon

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Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for

Secretion

Cell Type

responsible for

Secretion

Target Organ or

Tissue

12Mechanical or infant

sucklingAbsence of nipple stimulation Prolactin (PRL) Luteotropic Hormone Anterior Pituitary Lactotrophs Breasts

13 Pregnancy

Aromatase inhibitors work by

inhibiting the action of the

enzyme aromatase

Estrogen AndrogenCorpus luteum, and the

placenta.Developing follicles

Breast and uterus,

brain, bone, liver,

heart and other

tissues.

14Physical stimulation of the

breasts

Stress that causes

catecholamines to be released.

The Catecholamines repress the

oxytocin neurons.

Oxytocin (OT) Pitocin Posterior Pituitary Neurosecretory Cells Breasts and Uterus

15 Phospholipase A2 Decrase the glucose in the

blood strreamInsulin

NPH Insulin, Lente Insulin,

Insulin Aspart, Insulin glarginePancreas B islet cells

Liver and skeletal

muscules

16Falling levels of EPO,

moderate bleeding

Chemotherapy and PO2 is

normal, EPO derease Erythropoietin (EPO) Epoetin alfa Kidneys

Extraglomerular

mesangial Liver

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Item #

112

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14

15

16

Target

Organ/Tissue

Illustration

Principle ActionConsequences of

deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess

Feed Back

System

Molecular

StructureReference

Stimulates breasts to produce milk. Absence of milk production ProteinEnlarge mammary glands in both

male/females, infertility, galactorrheaNegative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolac

tin

They promote the development of

female secondary sexual

characteristics, such as breasts, and

are also involved in the thickening of

the endometrium and other aspects of

regulating the menstrual cycle.

Low estrogen levels during

pregnancy can reduce future

fertility for female offspring.

Steroid

High estrogen levels during

perimenopause and menopause can

have effects such as headaches,

breast tenderness and even in some

cases breast cancer if left untreated.

Positive

http://www.natural-

hormones.net/estrogen-

high-levels.htm

Stimulates uterine muscle contraction,

and secretion of milk

Impairs maternal skeletal

remodeling, gives problems with

nursing and uterine contractions.

PeptideThere is no known effect for the

excess of Oxytocin. Positive

http://www.gfmer.ch/Endo/L

ectures_10/Oxytocin.htm

Use and remove glucose Diabetes Peptide Low blood glucose Negative/www.diabitieslife.com

http://www.medicinenet.

com/insulin/article.htm

Hormone released from th e kindeny

that stimulates thr production of red

cells in the bone morrow

Anemia Peptid Polycythemia Negative

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Hormone

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Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for

Secretion

Cell Type

responsible for

Secretion

Target Organ or

Tissue

17 Angiotensin IISodium ions, and dopamine,

ANHAldosterone

11β,21-dihydroxy-3,20-

dioxopregn-4-en-18-al

Adrenal Glands

(adrenal cortex) Zona glomerulosa cells

Kidneys, and

increases blood

volume

18 Blood vessels Increased Ca & phosphate Calcitrol (1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3) Kidneys Parathyroid cells Kidneys

19It is initiated by the

interaction of angiotensin

II with the AT1 receptor.

Angiotensin II (ANG II) inhibits

bTREK-1 (bovine KCNK2) K(+)

channels.

Angiotensin II Renin substrate. Liver Adrenocortical cells Kidneys

20 Gastric luminade peptides The presence of acid Gastrin Gastric acid GI Tract G cellsStomach and

duodenum.

21 Lipoprotein lipase Small meals Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic

Peptide

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

(GIP)Small intestine K cells Small intestine

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Item #

117

18

19

20

21

Target

Organ/Tissue

Illustration

Principle ActionConsequences of

deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess

Feed Back

System

Molecular

StructureReference

Increases blood pressureHyperkalemia with an increase

in total body potassium Steroid Addisons disease Negative

health.allrefer.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Aldosterone

It increases the level of calcium in the

bloodHypocalcemia and osteoporosis.

Active form of

vitamin DHypercalcaemia Negative

http://www.news-

medical.net/news/2009

/02/05/45634.aspx

Angiotensin II acts as an endocrine,

autocrine/ paracrine, and intracrine

hormone.

Hypotension Oligopeptide Hypertension Negative

http://hyper.ahajournal

s.org/cgi/content/full/hy

pertensionaha;29/1/40

1

Stimulates secretion of gastric acid by

the parietal cells of the stomachIndigestion Peptide hormone

Acid hypersecretion, ulcer disease,

and malignant potentialNegative

http://www.wrongdiagn

osis.com/f/functioning_

pancreatic_endocrine_t

umor/symptoms.htm

Neutralizes gastric acids to protect the

small intestine from acid damageConstipation Peptide

Abdominal bloating and upset

stomachNegative

http://ajpgi.physiology.o

rg/cgi/content/full/279/3

/G561

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Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for

Secretion

Cell Type

responsible for

Secretion

Target Organ or

Tissue

22Acidification of the

duodenumNormal pH level Secretin None Duodenum S cells Pancreas

23Secreted by the

duodenumPC synthesis Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Previously called

pancreozymin

Specific receptors present in

the basolateral membraneI-cells

Pancreas and

gallbladder

24Is primarliy from the L-

CellsPancreatic Polypeptide Glucagon Pancrease PP Cells Pancreas

25Secreted by the

adipocytes

During proestrus may trigger the

preovulatory release of

luteinizing

Leptin, and Estrone Lepton and estrone Andipose Tissue Adipocytes

Ovaries, skeletal

muscle, stomach

(lower part of fundic

glands),, bone

marrow.

26 Pregnancy Inhibited angiogenesis Human Chorionic Gonadotropin HCG Placenta

Seminoma,

choriocarcinoma, germ

cell tumors, hydatidiform

mole

Corpus luteum of the

ovary

27 GnRH secretion Absence of GnRH secretion Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Gonadotropins Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrophs Testes and Ovaries

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Item #

1

22

23

24

25

26

27

Target

Organ/Tissue

Illustration

Principle ActionConsequences of

deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess

Feed Back

System

Molecular

StructureReference

Controls the secretions into the

duodenumUnregulated ph level Peptide hormone

When they receive too much secretin

they experienced nightmares and

sensory overload.

Negative

http://www.autismcons

ultingservice.com/secr

etin.htm

Responsible for stimulating the

digestion of fat and proteinLess bile secretion Peptide

Tumorally synthesized and secreted

gastrin Negative

http://www.statemaster

.com/encyclopedia/Cho

lecystokinin

Self regulate the pancreas secretion

activities (endocrine and exocrine), it

also has effects on hepatic glycogen

levels and gastrointestinal secretions.

Impaired Glucose Tolerance Polypeptide Supresses excessive weight gain Negative

http://linkinghub.elsevie

r.com/retrieve/pii/S0022

480408007129

Lays a key role in regulating energy

intake and energy expenditure,

including the regulation (decrease) of

appetite and (increase) of metabolism.

Increased appetite Protein Decreased appetite Negative

http://users.rcn.com/jki

mball.ma.ultranet/Biolo

gyPages/L/Leptin.html

Promotes the maintenance of the

corpus luteum during the beginning of

pregnancy, causing it to secrete the

hormone progesterone.

Hypogonadism Peptide hormone

Widespread choriocarcinoma and

relatively few symptoms of

thyrotoxicosis

Negative

http://users.rcn.com/jki

mball.ma.ultranet/Biolo

gyPages/S/SexHormon

es.html

Stimulates gamete formation and

secretion of estrogen by ovariesPolycystic ovarian syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, hypopituitarism, and hyperprolactinemiaGlycoprotein

Primary hypogonadism,

cryptorchidism(undescended testes)Negative

http://en.wikipedia.o

rg/wiki/Follicle-

stimulating_hormon

e

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Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for

Secretion

Cell Type

responsible for

Secretion

Target Organ or

Tissue

28 PregnancyProgesterone inhibits lactation

during pregnancyProgesterone "Hormone of pregnancy"

Secreted by the corpus

luteum of the ovary and by

the placenta

Progesterone secretion

by luteinizing human

granulosa cells

Uterus

29 Testes High levels of the hormone LH. Testosteone Androgen Teste Adrenal Cortex

Testis and

prostatemuscle and

bone mass and hair

growth.

30

BY FSH ( Follicle

stimulating hormone) and

LH (luteinizing) hormone in

the ovaries.

Aromatase inhibitors Estrogen Oogenesis Ovary Adrenal Cortex Gonads

31 Dioscorea High levels of the hormone FSH Progesterone Oogenesis Ovary(Corpus lutem) Adrenal Cortex Gonads

32

Insulin induced

hypoglycemia, low levels

of progesterone and

testosterone, and GnRH

secretion.

High levels of, (in the testes

testosterone, in the overies

estrogen and progesterone)

Luteininzing Hormone (LH) Gonadotropins Anterior Pituitary Gonadotrophs Gonads

33Ultraviolet radiation

exposure to the epidermis

Absence of UV radiation

exposure to the epidermis and

excessive production of pro-

inflammatory cytokines.

Melanocyte -stimulating hormone Lipotropin Anterior Pituitary Corticotropes Dermis

11 OF 16

Item #

128

29

30

31

32

33

Target

Organ/Tissue

Illustration

Principle ActionConsequences of

deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess

Feed Back

System

Molecular

StructureReference

Irregular periods, ovarian cysts,

infertility, miscarriage, weight gain,

bone loss, sugar craving

Headaches,Mood

disorder,Bloating,Abdominal

pain, Breast tenderness,

Lowered levels of HDL ("good"

cholesterol)

,

Steroid

Involved in the female menstrual

cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation)

and embryogenesis

Negativehttp://www.answers.co

m/topic/progesterone

Development of male reproductive

tissues

Disease or damage to the

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, or

testicles

Lipids Loss of brain cells Negative

http://www.urologychan

nel.com/testosteronedef

iciency/index.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Testosterone

Primary female sex hormone

Hot flashes, Fatigue,

Forgetfulness, Irregular

bleeding, Depression

LipidsAcne, Facial hair, Ovarian cyst, Mid-

cycle pain, Irritable, AngryNegative

http://www.jacemedical.

com/articles/Hormonal

%20Health%20and%20

Balance%20Informatio

n.pdf

www.breastcancer.org/t

Steroid hormone involved in the female

menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports

gestation) and embryogenesis

Infertility, Carbohydrate cravings,

Irregular periods, Breast

tenderness, lower body

temperature

Lipids

Inhibits pituitary secretion of FSH and

LH; As a result the developent of new

follicles are inhibited.

Negative

http://highered.mcgraw-

hill.com/sites/00724958

55/student_view0/chapt

er28/animation__positiv

e_and_negative_feedba

ck__quiz_1_.html

Causes ovulation and stimulates

ovaries to secrete estrogen and

pregesterone. Stimeulates testes to

synthesize and secrete testosterone.

Secondary hypogonadism

(Kallmann syndrome)Glycoprotein Primary hypogonadism Negative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lut

einizing_hormone

Produces melanin, modulates the

immune system and controls nerve

function.

Underlies damage caused by the

exposure to biologically

produced toxins.

Polypeptide No melain produced, Albinism Negative

http://www.bio-

medicine.org/medicine-

products/MELANOCYTE-

STIM-HORMONE--BETA-

23678-1/

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Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for

Secretion

Cell Type

responsible for

Secretion

Target Organ or

Tissue

34

Control by central nervous

system, occurs in burts,

most released during

early sleep,

Somatostatin an anterior

pituitary regulating hormone

produced in hypothalamus,

Human Growth Hormone Somatotropin Anterior Pituitary Somatotropes All body cells

35 Circulation of Iodine Somatostatin Thyroid Hormone Thyroxine and triiodothyronine Thyroid Gland Follicular Cells All body cells

36Blood calcium levels

above normal

Blood calcium levels below

normalCalcitonin CT, Calcimar, and Miacalcin Thyroid Gland Parafollicular cells Bone tissue

37Danger threatens or in

emergency, physical

threats, and excitement.

Relaxed or calm states of being Epinephrine AdrenalineAdrenal Glands

(adrenal medulla) Chromaffin cells

Sympathetic

effectors, cardiac and

other muscles

13 OF 16

Item #

134

35

36

37

Target

Organ/Tissue

Illustration

Principle ActionConsequences of

deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess

Feed Back

System

Molecular

StructureReference

Stimulates growth and breakdown of

fat.

Low levels of growth, decreased

bone aging process, and

delayed physical maturation.

Protein

Abnormally increased rates of human

growth (giantism), and Acromegaly

disease.

Negativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Growth_hormone

Regulates the body's metabolic rate,

and the production of heat. TH also

maintains blood pressure and promotes

normal development.

Hypothyroidism ( Cretinism ,

Myxedema)Peptid Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease) Negative

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Thyroid_hormone

Regulate calcuim and phosphoros

blood levels, stimulates absorption of

calcium by bone.

Decreased bone density,

problems with bone repair and

remodeling, and Osteoporosis.

Polypeptide

Increased calcium blood levels

(hypercalcemia), weakened kidney

function, constipation, and calcium

stones.

Negativehttp://www.medicinenet.co

m/calcitonin/article.htm

Fight or flight response to stress, also

known as adrenaline. Prepares the

body for increased activity.

May cause low blood glucose

levels, depression, and anxiety.Amino Acid

Increased heart contraction rate,

constriction of blood vessels,

bronchiole dilation, and increased

metabolic rate.

Negativehttp://en.wikipedia.o

rg/wiki/Epinephrine

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Item # Secretion Initiated by Secretion Inhibited by Hormone Hormone Illustration Alternate NameOrgan responsible for

Secretion

Cell Type

responsible for

Secretion

Target Organ or

Tissue

38 Growth horomone (GIHH) Inhibiting factor (SRIF) Somatostatin Growth hormone Hypothalamus

Neuronedocrine

neurone of the

periventricular nucleus

Digestive system,

Brain, and

Endocrince system

39 Internal-external stimuli Low levels of secretion Releasing Hormones Releasing factor Hypothalmus Adrenal Cortex Throughout the body

40 Stress and anxietyCorticotropin-releasing hormone

(CRH) Cortisol / Cortisone Stress hormone

Adrenal Glands

(adrenal cortex)

Zona fasciculata and

zona reticularis cells.All tissues

41Corticosteroids inhibit their

release.

Inhibition by probenecid and

indomethacinProstaglandins Prostaglnadins Many All tissues and organs

All tissues and

organs

15 OF 16

Item #

138

39

40

41

Target

Organ/Tissue

Illustration

Principle ActionConsequences of

deficienyChemical Class Consequences of excess

Feed Back

System

Molecular

StructureReference

Regulates the endocrine system and

affects neurotransmission and cell

proliferation

Persistent Helicobacter pylori

infection and reduced

somatostatin in chronic gastritis

Peptide

Persistent Helicobacter pylori

infection and reduced somatostatin in

chronic gastritis

Negative

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih

.gov/pubmed/15533778

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Somatostatin

Control the release of another hormone Isolated gonadotropin-releasing

hormone Peptid Congenital gigantism Negative

http://emedicine.medsc

ape.com/article/255152-

overview

http://jcem.endojournal

s.org/cgi/content/abstra

ct/76/1/216

Increase blood sugar and stores of

sugar in the liver as glycogen, and also

suppresses the immune system

Over inflammation of tissues Glucocorticoid,

steroid

Can suppress bodys defense system,

including the inflammatory response.Negative

http://en.wikipedia.org/

wiki/Cortisol

Contracts and relaxes smooth muscle

tissues, inflammatory

May lead to inflammatory

diseasePeptide

Prostaglandins are harmful and many

diseases are directly linked to

excessive inflammation and blood

clotting

Both negative

and positive

http://www.endo-

resolved.com/prostagla

ndins.html

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