Primary effects Ground shaking, tilting, and ground rupture Loss of life and collapse of...

• Primary effects Ground shaking, tilting, and ground rupture Loss of life and collapse of infrastructure Landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis

• Secondary effects Fires, floods, and diseases

Effects of Earthquakes (1)

• Depending upon the frequency of seismic waves Body waves (P and S) having higher frequency

than surface waves High frequency waves posing more threats on

low structures Low frequency waves posing more impact on tall

structures High frequency waves attenuated faster over

distance, higher buildings far away from the epicenter can be damaged

Effects of Earthquakes (2)

Surface displacement along strike-slip fault: 2

Stanford University,

Geology Quad,1906 Earthquake

Fault rupture

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ChiChi, Taiwan, 1999

Fotos from geot.civil.metro-u.ac.jp/ archives/eq/99taiwan/

Ground Amplification

Liquefaction





Nijgata earthquake, 1964 Ml7.5

Ismitz, turkey, 1999

Fotos from USGS web site

Liquefaction

Chichi, 1999

Fotos from geot.civil.metro-u.ac.jp/ archives/eq/99taiwan/



Landslides





Chichi earthquake 1999

Kingston and Port Royal Jamaica 1692





Faults in San FranciscoBay Area

Damage to San Francisco from 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

Damage to Bay Bridge from 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

Faults in Los Angeles

Damage from 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake

Failure of Van Norman Dam from 1971 San Fernando Earthquake

Failure of freeway overpasses during 1971 San Fernando Earthquake

Primary effects Ground shaking, tilting, and ground rupture Loss of life and collapse of...

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