PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE IN BANANA PREVIOUS NEXTEND.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE IN BANANATILLAGE IN BANANA

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE IN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE IN BANANABANANA

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Banana is cultivated in four systems, viz., Garden land

cultivation, homestead or backyard cultivation, mixed

cultivation and multi-storey system.

Of four, garden land cultivation contributes major

production. Tillage is the mechanical manipulation of soil, a

prime operation carried out in banana cultivation.

Though primary and secondary tillage operations are made

in banana cultivation, primary tillages are having greater

importance than the secondary tillage operations.

Abstract:


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Main primary tillage implements used in banana cultivation are

country plough, cultivator, mould board plough, disc plough and

chisel plough.

Among these, country plough and cultivator are mainly used,

though disc and mould board ploughing provides deep ploughing

and needed for banana growth.

Secondary tillages are not much important and implements such

as country plough, disc harrow, cultivator and puddler are used for

completing secondary tillages.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE IN BANANAPRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE IN BANANA

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To study the role of primary and secondary tillages in banana

cultivation.

To learn the different primary and secondary tillage implements

used for banana field preparation.

Learning objectives:


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Banana (Musa sp.) is widely grown with great socio-economic

significance in the world.

It is also a dessert fruit for millions, apart from a staple food owing to

its rich and easily digestible carbohydrates. Banana can be grown in

all kinds of soils having good drainage.

Tillage or ploughing the soil is the first and foremost operation carried

out in banana cultivation.

Tillage operations are carried out in two stages. viz., opening up of

soils (generally called as primary tillage) and pulverization of soils

(generally called as secondary tillage).

Introduction:


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Based on the availability of implement, land area required to plough

and technology available, different types of implements are used all

over the world.

Country plough was primitive plough used for carrying out tillage

operations in banana, but, now-a-days, many modern implements

such as mould board plough, disc plough, chisel plough, cultivator,

harrow etc. are replacing or used in addition.


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Depending upon resource availability, cultivars, traditions and

marketing, different production systems are adopted.

1. Garden land cultivation

Pit planting is commonly followed in garden land system of

cultivation. Pits of 60cm × 60cm × 60cm sizes are dug-out and

suckers are planted in the centre of the pit.

In Gujarat and Maharashtra (India), furrow planting is

practiced. After land preparation, 30–40cm deep furrows are

made, either manually or with a ridge plough. Suckers are

placed at required spacing

Systems of planting


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Trench planting is practiced in wet land cultivation of Tamil Nadu

(India). Land is prepared like in paddy cultivation (puddling).

Planting is done by simple pressing the suckers into the wet field.

After that, trenches are formed, deepened and widened.

2. Homestead or backyard cultivation

In traditional growing regions, homestead cultivation of banana is

common.

Homestead farming is characterized by improper spacing,

inadequate use of fertilizer and pesticides, high productivity and

longer crop duration.


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Banana is planted predominantly as a commercial shade

crop for coffee contributing to income in initial years.

Perennial system of cultivation is another important

feature.

Banana is intercropped with palm crops (coconut and

arecanut) and also inter planted with ginger, turmeric,

elephant-foot yam, cotton, gourd and other vegetables to

exploit maximum income/unit area.

3. Mixed cultivation


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4. Multi-storey system

High-density planting with coconut and arecanut forming the

upper-storey followed by banana, next with tapioca and lower-

most storey with Colocasia, turmeric, ginger and garlic. High

input management is its important feature.

Primary and secondary tillages in banana

Though there are four different systems of banana cultivation,

area and production is more in garden land cultivation.

In addition, mixed cultivation and multi-storey system are also

playing important role in banana cultivation


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In any of cultivation method, primary and secondary tillage

operations are to be practiced to ease planting of banana.

The tillage operations followed in various parts of the world

are given below.

Primary tillage implements

The following are the primary tillage implements used in

banana cultivation.

Country plough, Cultivator, Mould board plough, Disc plough,

Sub-soiler and chisel plough


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In traditional areas, country ploughs are used

for opening up of soil. Two or three repeated

ploughings are made to plough the soil to a

depth of 15-25 cm with country plough.

Cultivators attached to tractors are replacing

the country ploughs in recent past.

There are 5 or 9 or 11 tyne cultivators, put in

use for ploughing the lands. Five tyne

cultivators are used in opposite direction to

complete primary tillage operations.


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Mould board and disc ploughs are used as primary tillage

implements for preparing the banana fields.

The depth of ploughing due to these ploughs is deeper than the

country ploughs or cultivators which are required for banana

cultivation, because, at least 40-50 cm deep ploughing is required

for banana.

Hence, ploughing either using mould board plough or disc plough is

necessary.

Disc ploughing


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Sub soiler and chisel ploughs are not frequently used, however,

using these ploughs once in two to three years avoids the hard

pan formation below the plough layer which improve the root

penetration.

Secondary tillage implements:

Main secondary tillage implements used in banana fields are,

Country plough

Disc harrow

Cultivator

Puddler


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Banana is mainly planted in pits, the secondary tillage operations

are not playing greater role.

Country plough and cultivators (mainly 9, and 11 tynes) are

preferred for operating the ploughed soils.

Disc harrows are put in use in banana fields as secondary tillage

implements for getting finer soils.

The most realized implement in wetland cultivation of banana are

puddlers.

The puddlers are of three types based on draught power, viz.,

animal drawn, power tiller drawn and tractor drawn.

The fields are prepared using either of puddlers or after thorough

puddling, the banana suckers are pushed in to the soil gently at

required spacing.


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Banana is cultivated in four systems of cultivation, viz., garden

land cultivation, homestead or backyard cultivation, mixed

cultivation and multi-storey system. Of the four, garden land

cultivation has greater role.

Under garden land cultivation, pit planting is commonly followed.

Furrow planting and trench planting is also practiced

In homestead or backyard cultivation, the family requirement is

given preference and importance.

Summary:

CONT…


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In mixed cultivation, banana is grown predominantly as a

commercial shade crop for coffee contributing to income in

initial years.

High-density planting with coconut and arecanut forming the

upper-storey followed by banana, next with tapioca and lower-

most storey with Colocasia, turmeric, ginger and garlic in multi-

storey system.

Primary tillage implements used in banana fields are, country

plough, cultivator, mould board plough, disc plough, sub-soiler

and chisel plough. Among these, country plough and cultivators

are mainly used in developing countries. CONT…


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Mould board and disc ploughs, ploughs deeper than the country

ploughs and hence, these are more important.

Main secondary tillage implements used in banana cultivation

are country plough, disc harrow, cultivator and puddler.

Banana is mainly planted in pits, and hence, the importance of

the secondary tillage operations is not realized.

The most realized implement in wetland cultivation of banana are

puddlers.

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Assessment

1.Pit planting is commonly followed in garden land system of

banana cultivation (True/False).

2.Mixed cultivation of banana is practiced to satisfy the home needs

(True/False).

3.Ploughing either using mould board plough or disc plough is

necessary in banana cultivation since it needs deep ploughed

soils (True/False).

4.Sub soiler and chisel ploughs are used to break hard pan

formation in banana fields (True/False).

5.Secondary tillage operations are more important than primary

tillages in banana (True/False).


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Singh, S.P. 2000. Commercial fruits. Kalyani Publishers,

Ludhiana.

Kumar, N. 2000. Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi

Publications, Nagarcoil, Tamil Nadu.

Yellamanda Reddy, T. and G.H. Sankara Reddi. 2010.

Principles of Agronomy. Kalyani Publisher, Ludhiana.

References:

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TILLAGE IN BANANA PREVIOUS NEXTEND.

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