Prezentatsia2 History of English
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Transcript of Prezentatsia2 History of English
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Middle English and New
English
THE PHONEIC SYSTEM
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Chronological Divisions
in Middle English
Early Middle English, starts after 1066 and covers
the 12th, 13th and half of the I4th . It was a time of
great changes at all the levels of the language,
especially in lexis and grammar, caused by foreigninfluences Scandinavian and French.
Late (Classical) Middle English,the period from the
later 14th . till the end of the 15th is the age of
Chaucer. It wasthe time of the restoration of English
to the position of the state and literary language and
the time of literary flourishing.
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ME SPELLING
Spelling was created in ME under the
influence of French.
It preserves its principal features in
modern times.
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ME SPELLING
1. The runic letters were lost.
2. New letters: K, Q, W, V, J
3. New spelling devices: digraphs (ou, gh, th, ch, sh, dg , qu , wh)
doubling of the letters to show the
length of the root syllable: stoon final e (for the same purpose): stone
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Word Stress in ME and Early NE
Word stress acquired greater positional
freedom in word derivation but not in form-
building.
Changes in word stress are mostly connected
with the phonetic assimilation of thousands of
loan-words adopted during the ME period.
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Sound Changes in
ME and Early NE
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CHANGES IN
THE VOWEL SYSTEM
IN THE UNSTRESSED POSITION
in OE
5 short vowels
o / u a e / i
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ME
VOWELS IN THE UNSTRESSED
POSITION reduced to the neutral sound [] or [i]OE ME
talu tale
bodig body
effect upon the system of grammatical
endings:
many homogeneous suffixes,
many homonymous forms
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Homonymy in the Nominal
System
OE ME NE
Nom.pl fiscas fishes fishes Gen.sg fisces fishes fishs
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Verbal System
OE wrtan wrt writon writen
ME wrten wrt writen writen
NE write wrote written
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Middle English
a period of levelled endings
H.Sweet
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Vowels under Stress
prevailing type of qualitative vowel
changes:
OE ME
assimilative largely
independent
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Typical features of
Germanic languages
There was a tendency for long
monophthongs to becomecloser.
A reverse tendency for short
monophthongs - to become
more open.
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Changes of LongMonophthongs
OE ME OE ME
pronunciation spelling
> stn stn stone> slpan slpn sleepen > fr fr fire
3 long monophthongs became closer.
The rest remained unchanged.
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Changes of Short Monophthongs
2 short monophthongs in ME were
changed:
OE ME OE ME
> a t that
y > i fyrst first
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Dialectal Differences
Most NE forms descend from the East
Midland dialect.
However, some modern words have
traces of other dialects:
NE bury (OE byrian)
the letter uis a trace of the Western form the sound [e] is traced to the South-East
(Kent)
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Development of Diphthongs
AllOE diphthongs were lost (became
monophthongs) at the end of the OE
period:
eo: > e: deo:p deep
ea: > e: rea:d reed red
eo > e seofon seven ea > a eald ald
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Development of ME Diphthongs
OE ME NE
+j > ai d dai day
+j > ei gr grei grey e+j > ei we wei way
a+ >a draan drawen draw
+ >o an owen own o+ >o boa bowe bow
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QUANTITY OF VOWELS
in Late OE and ME
Many vowels became short and long
depending on the phonetic condition
and irrespective of their origin.
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First Lengthening of Vowels
9th c. Late OE
All vowels before mb, nd, ld became
long:
OE ME
bindan bnden [i:]
climban clmben
cild chld hund hound [u:]
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Second Lengthening of Vowels
12-13th c.
The vowels a, o, e were lengthened in
the open syllable:
OE ME
talu tale [ta:l]
hopian hopen [o:]
sprecan speken [e:]
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Shortening of Vowels in ME
All OE vowels were shortened before
clusters of 2 or 3 consonants
other than mb, nd, ld:
OE cpan cpte
ME keepen kept(e)
NE keep kept
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Traces of Quantitative Changes
Vowel interchange developed in many
cases between:
forms of the same word:
child /i:/ - children /i/
keepen /e:/ - kept /e/
words built from the same root:wis /i:/ - wisdom /i/
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ENGLISH CONSONANTS
more stable than the vowels
A large number of consonants haveremained unchanged since the OE
period. The OE system of consonants
contained neither sibilants (except s / z)
nor affricates. In OE some phonemes had more than
one positional phonetic variant.
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appearance of affricates and
sibilants in ME
they developed from palatal consonants or
consonant combinations:
OE ME
k' > t cild chld
cin chin
sk' > scip ship g' > d bryc bridge
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CHANGES IN
THE VOWEL SYSTEMIN THE NE PERIOD
Vowels in unstressed position are dropped
in the endings:
OE ME NE
wrtan wrten write
New English - a period of lost endingsH. Sweet
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THE GREAT VOWEL SHIFT
A SERIES OF INDEPENDENT
CHANGES
OF LONG VOWELSbetween 1417th cc.
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THE GREAT VOWEL SHIFT
the narrowing of all ME long
monophthongs
the diphthongization of thenarrowest ones [i:] and [u:]
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THE GREAT VOWEL SHIFT
ME NE ME NE
a: >ei maken make
o: (open)>ou stone stone o: (close)> u: roote root
: > i: see see
i: > ai time time u: > a hous(e) house
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The influence of the consonant
/R/on THE GREAT VOWEL SHIFT
When the long vowel was followed bythe consonant /r/, the resulting vowelwas more open than without the
following /r/:[ei] ~ [] fate but fare
[i:] ~ [i] steep butsteer
[ai] ~ [ai] time but tire [u:] ~ [] moon butmoor [a] ~ [a] house buthour
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the influence of the consonant /r/
upon the GVSh
3 new diphthongs:
[]
[i] []
2 thriphthongs:
[ai] [a]
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Changes of Short Vowels
isolated and inconsistent
1.a > that [at] that [t]
2. > cut [kt] cut [k t]
But: 1. When preceded by [w] a > o was ~ was
2. When preceded by p, f, b -
no change: bull, pull, full. But: but
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Changes of Diphthongs
2 of 4 (ai, ei, , a) ME diphthongschanged in NE:
ai > ei, which merged with the ME ei
ME day NE day
a > o: ME lawe > NE law
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QUANTITATIVE CHANGES
EARLY NEW ENGLISH
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Lengthening of Vowels before /r/
Short vowels followed by /r/ became long dueto the vocalization of /r/ at the end of theword or before another consonant:
a > a: farm farm
o > o: hors(e) horse
I first
E + R > : her
U fur(the quality of the resulting vowel is alsodifferent)
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Lengthening of vowels as the result of
the vocalization of other consonants
i + x > i: OE Late ME NE
niht nyght night [i]+ [x] [i]+ [j]>[i:] [ai] (GVSh)
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CHANGES OF
CONSONANTSNEW ENGLISH
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Voicing of Fricatives/s, f, , ks, /
They were voiced
after unstressed vowelsthe so-called
Verners law in New English:
possess , observe, exh ibi t
in many functional words:
the, this , that, though , o f, was, his
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Assimilation of borrowed words
Borrowed words of Romance originbore stress on the last or the last butone syllable.
Due to the recessive tendency thestress gradually shifted closer to thebeginning of the word.
The syllables became unstressed andthe sequences of sounds in them fusedinto one.
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Simplification of Consonant Clusters
the first consonant was dropped
OE ME NE
/kn/ /n/
cnwan knowen known
/gn/ /n/
ntt gnat gnat
/hw/ /w/ hwnne whan when