iv

Previewing Your Textbook . . . . xiv

How Do I Study History . . . . . xx

Reading Skills Handbook RH1

Reference AtlasUnited States Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2United States Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4United States Territorial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA6Middle America Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8Canada Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Middle East Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12World Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA14United States Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA16

GeographyHandbook

What is Geography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1How Do I Study Geography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2How Do I Use Maps? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4How Does Geography Influence History? . . . . . . . . . . 6Geographic Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Reading for Information . . . . 10

Different Worlds Meet 12Beginnings to 1625CHAPTER 1The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1 Early Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Cities and Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 North American Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

CHAPTER 2Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625 . . . . 36

1 A Changing World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Early Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Spain in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Exploring North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Colonial Settlement 661587–1770CHAPTER 3Colonial America, 1587–1770 . . . . . . . . . . . 68

1 Early English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 New England Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 Middle Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

CHAPTER 4The Colonies Grow, 1607–1770 . . . . . . . . . 98

1 Life in the Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002 Government, Religion, and Culture . . . . . . . . 1083 France and Britain Clash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164 The French and Indian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Creating a Nation 1281763–1791CHAPTER 5Road to Independence, 1763–1776 . . . . 130

1 Taxation without Representation . . . . . . . . . 1322 Building Colonial Unity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363 A Call to Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414 Moving Toward Independence . . . . . . . . . . . 147

The Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . 154

CHAPTER 6The American Revolution, 1776–1783. . . 160

1 The Early Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622 The War Continues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723 The War Moves West and South . . . . . . . . . . 1774 The War Is Won . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

CHAPTER 7A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790 . . . . . 190

1 The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 Convention and Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 A New Plan of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Civics in Action: A Citizenship Handbook . . . 216The Constitution of the United States . . . . . . 232

iv

Previewing Your Textbook . . . . xiv

How Do I Study History . . . . . xx

Reading Skills Handbook RH1

Reference AtlasUnited States Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2United States Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4United States Territorial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA6Middle America Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8Canada Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Middle East Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12World Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA14United States Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA16

GeographyHandbook

What is Geography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1How Do I Study Geography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2How Do I Use Maps? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4How Does Geography Influence History? . . . . . . . . . . 6Geographic Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Reading for Information . . . . 10

Different Worlds Meet 12Beginnings to 1625CHAPTER 1The First Americans, Prehistory to 1492 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1 Early Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Cities and Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 North American Peoples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

CHAPTER 2Exploring the Americas, 1400–1625 . . . . 36

1 A Changing World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Early Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Spain in America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Exploring North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Colonial Settlement 661587–1770CHAPTER 3Colonial America, 1587–1770 . . . . . . . . . . . 68

1 Early English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702 New England Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 Middle Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

CHAPTER 4The Colonies Grow, 1607–1770 . . . . . . . . . 98

1 Life in the Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002 Government, Religion, and Culture . . . . . . . . 1083 France and Britain Clash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164 The French and Indian War . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Creating a Nation 1281763–1791CHAPTER 5Road to Independence, 1763–1776 . . . . 130

1 Taxation without Representation . . . . . . . . . 1322 Building Colonial Unity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1363 A Call to Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1414 Moving Toward Independence . . . . . . . . . . . 147

The Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . 154

CHAPTER 6The American Revolution, 1776–1783. . . 160

1 The Early Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1622 The War Continues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1723 The War Moves West and South . . . . . . . . . . 1774 The War Is Won . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

CHAPTER 7A More Perfect Union, 1777–1790 . . . . . 190

1 The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 Convention and Compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 A New Plan of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Civics in Action: A Citizenship Handbook . . . 216The Constitution of the United States . . . . . . 232

The New Republic 2541789–1825CHAPTER 8A New Nation, 1789–1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

1 The First President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2582 Early Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2633 The First Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

CHAPTER 9The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816 . . . . . . . . . 276

1 The Republicans Take Power . . . . . . . . . . . . 2782 The Louisiana Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2823 A Time of Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2884 The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

CHAPTER 10Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825. . . . 304

1 Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3062 Westward Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3143 Unity and Sectionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

The Growing Nation 3301820–1860CHAPTER 11The Jackson Era, 1824–1845 . . . . . . . . . . . 332

1 Jacksonian Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3342 Conflicts Over Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3413 Jackson and the Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

CHAPTER 12Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853 . . . . . . . . . . 354

1 The Oregon Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3562 Independence for Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3623 War with Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3694 New Settlers in California and Utah . . . . . . . 375

CHAPTER 13North and South, 1820–1860 . . . . . . . . . . 384

1 The North’s Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3862 The North’s People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3913 Southern Cotton Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3974 The South’s People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

CHAPTER 14The Age of Reform, 1820–1860. . . . . . . . 410

1 Social Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4122 The Abolitionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4183 The Women’s Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Civil War andReconstruction 4321846–1896CHAPTER 15Road to Civil War, 1820–1861 . . . . . . . . . 434

1 Slavery and the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4362 A Nation Dividing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4413 Challenges to Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4454 Secession and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

CHAPTER 16The Civil War, 1861–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

1 The Two Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4602 Early Years of the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4663 A Call for Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4734 Life During the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4785 The Way to Victory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

CHAPTER 17Reconstruction andIts Aftermath, 1865–1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

1 Reconstruction Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5002 Radicals in Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5043 The South During Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . 5094 Change in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

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The New Republic 2541789–1825CHAPTER 8A New Nation, 1789–1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

1 The First President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2582 Early Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2633 The First Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

CHAPTER 9The Jefferson Era, 1800–1816 . . . . . . . . . 276

1 The Republicans Take Power . . . . . . . . . . . . 2782 The Louisiana Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2823 A Time of Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2884 The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

CHAPTER 10Growth and Expansion, 1790–1825. . . . 304

1 Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3062 Westward Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3143 Unity and Sectionalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

The Growing Nation 3301820–1860CHAPTER 11The Jackson Era, 1824–1845 . . . . . . . . . . . 332

1 Jacksonian Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3342 Conflicts Over Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3413 Jackson and the Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

CHAPTER 12Manifest Destiny, 1818–1853 . . . . . . . . . . 354

1 The Oregon Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3562 Independence for Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3623 War with Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3694 New Settlers in California and Utah . . . . . . . 375

CHAPTER 13North and South, 1820–1860 . . . . . . . . . . 384

1 The North’s Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3862 The North’s People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3913 Southern Cotton Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3974 The South’s People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

CHAPTER 14The Age of Reform, 1820–1860. . . . . . . . 410

1 Social Reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4122 The Abolitionists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4183 The Women’s Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

Civil War andReconstruction 4321846–1896CHAPTER 15Road to Civil War, 1820–1861 . . . . . . . . . 434

1 Slavery and the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4362 A Nation Dividing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4413 Challenges to Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4454 Secession and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

CHAPTER 16The Civil War, 1861–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

1 The Two Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4602 Early Years of the War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4663 A Call for Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4734 Life During the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4785 The Way to Victory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

CHAPTER 17Reconstruction andIts Aftermath, 1865–1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498

1 Reconstruction Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5002 Radicals in Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5043 The South During Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . 5094 Change in the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

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Modern America Emerges 5241877–PresentCHAPTER 18Reshaping the Nation, 1877–1929 . . . . . 526

1 The Western Frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5282 Invention and Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5343 Reform at Home, Expansion Abroad . . . . . . . 5404 World War I and Its Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . 546

CHAPTER 19The Making of Modern America,1929–Present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

1 Depression and a Second World War . . . . . . 5562 Turning Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5643 Modern America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5724 The War on Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One? . . . . 589Primary Sources Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590Presidents of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606Documents of American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Supreme Court Case Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624Gazetteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648Acknowledgements and Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . . 669

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Contents

Padre on Horseback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Foothold in the New World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Eve of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Into the Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Trail of Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Antietam: The Bloodiest Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Lakota legend: White Buffalo Calf Woman Brings the First Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593J. Crevecoeur: What is an American? . . . . . . . . . 594Ben Franklin: Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595William Penn: Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Thomas Paine: Common Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596The Bold Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596Surviving at Valley Forge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597German Immigrant: Life in America . . . . . . . . . 597Washington’s First Inaugural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598Song of Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Travelers: On the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Newspaper Account: Trail of Tears . . . . . . . . . . 600Delicia Patterson: Life Under Slavery . . . . . . . . . 601James Finley: Religious Camp Meeting . . . . . . . 601Spiritual: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot . . . . . . . . . 602George Sargent: The Fire of Battle . . . . . . . . . . . 603Frederick Douglass: On the Plight of

African Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603Lee Greenwood: Proud to Be an American . . . . 604George W. Bush’s Address to Congress . . . . . . . 604

The Magna Carta, 1215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611The Mayflower Compact, 1620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639 . . 612The English Bill of Rights, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613The Articles of Confederation, 1781 . . . . . . . . . 613The Federalist, No. 10, 1787 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614The Federalist, No. 51, 1788 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614The Federalist, No. 59, 1788 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796 . . . . . . . . 615The Star-Spangled Banner, 1814 . . . . . . . . . . . . 616The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616The Seneca Falls Declaration, 1848 . . . . . . . . . . 617The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 . . . . . . . 617The Gettysburg Address, 1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618I Will Fight No More, 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619The Pledge of Allegiance, 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619The American’s Creed, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620The Fourteen Points, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . 621John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, 1961 . . . 622I Have a Dream, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Modern America Emerges 5241877–PresentCHAPTER 18Reshaping the Nation, 1877–1929 . . . . . 526

1 The Western Frontier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5282 Invention and Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5343 Reform at Home, Expansion Abroad . . . . . . . 5404 World War I and Its Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . 546

CHAPTER 19The Making of Modern America,1929–Present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554

1 Depression and a Second World War . . . . . . 5562 Turning Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5643 Modern America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5724 The War on Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One? . . . . 589Primary Sources Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590Presidents of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606Documents of American History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Supreme Court Case Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624Gazetteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633Spanish Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648Acknowledgements and Photo Credits . . . . . . . . . . 669

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Contents

Padre on Horseback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Foothold in the New World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Eve of Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Into the Unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Trail of Tears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Antietam: The Bloodiest Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492

Lakota legend: White Buffalo Calf Woman Brings the First Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Columbus Crosses the Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593J. Crevecoeur: What is an American? . . . . . . . . . 594Ben Franklin: Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595William Penn: Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Thomas Paine: Common Sense . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596The Bold Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596Surviving at Valley Forge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597German Immigrant: Life in America . . . . . . . . . 597Washington’s First Inaugural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598Song of Liberty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Travelers: On the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Newspaper Account: Trail of Tears . . . . . . . . . . 600Delicia Patterson: Life Under Slavery . . . . . . . . . 601James Finley: Religious Camp Meeting . . . . . . . 601Spiritual: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot . . . . . . . . . 602George Sargent: The Fire of Battle . . . . . . . . . . . 603Frederick Douglass: On the Plight of

African Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603Lee Greenwood: Proud to Be an American . . . . 604George W. Bush’s Address to Congress . . . . . . . 604

The Magna Carta, 1215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611The Mayflower Compact, 1620 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1639 . . 612The English Bill of Rights, 1689 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613The Articles of Confederation, 1781 . . . . . . . . . 613The Federalist, No. 10, 1787 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614The Federalist, No. 51, 1788 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614The Federalist, No. 59, 1788 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796 . . . . . . . . 615The Star-Spangled Banner, 1814 . . . . . . . . . . . . 616The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616The Seneca Falls Declaration, 1848 . . . . . . . . . . 617The Emancipation Proclamation, 1863 . . . . . . . 617The Gettysburg Address, 1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618I Will Fight No More, 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619The Pledge of Allegiance, 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619The American’s Creed, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620The Fourteen Points, 1918 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 . . . . . . . . . . 621John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, 1961 . . . 622I Have a Dream, 1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

vii

Who Had the Right to Claim the Americas? . . . . . 47I Claim This Land! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118The War Between Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Is American Slavery Compassionate or Cruel? . . . 420Union or Secession? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

The Columbian Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60The First Thanksgiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78The Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Government Under the Articles of Confederation . . 196The Alien and Sedition Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271The Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Living Under Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404The Underground Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Spanish Galleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Colonial Printing Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112The Conestoga Wagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Textile Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307The Cotton Gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Civil War Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Astrolabe to Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Women in War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Great Seal of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211The Nation’s Capital, Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . 280“Modern” Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Jeans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376From Hardtack to MREs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Washington Had Stepped Down? . . . . . . . . . . . 178The Defenders Had Not Stayed at the Alamo? . . . 364Lincoln Had Survived? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Navigate or Get Lost! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Let’s Go West! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382Quilting History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

New Ways to the New World: Prehistory . . . . . . . . . 20Colonial America: 1600–1650 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114From Protests to War: 1774–1777 . . . . . . . . . . . 170New Horizons: 1790–1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312A Developing Nation: 1820–1850 . . . . . . . . . . . 416Looking Westward: 1850–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Farming and the Growth of Civilization . . . . . . . . 24The Great Awakening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Surveying the Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Tying the Nation Together: The National Road . . . 316The Seneca Falls Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426The Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17European Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44The Great Awakening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110The Slave Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120The Revolutionary War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142French-American Alliance in 1778 . . . . . . . . . . . 174Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Westward Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

vii

Who Had the Right to Claim the Americas? . . . . . 47I Claim This Land! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118The War Between Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Is American Slavery Compassionate or Cruel? . . . 420Union or Secession? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

The Columbian Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60The First Thanksgiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78The Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Government Under the Articles of Confederation . . 196The Alien and Sedition Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271The Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Immigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Living Under Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404The Underground Railroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Spanish Galleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Colonial Printing Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112The Conestoga Wagon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Textile Mill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307The Cotton Gin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Civil War Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482

Astrolabe to Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Women in War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Great Seal of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211The Nation’s Capital, Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . 280“Modern” Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324Jeans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376From Hardtack to MREs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490

Washington Had Stepped Down? . . . . . . . . . . . 178The Defenders Had Not Stayed at the Alamo? . . . 364Lincoln Had Survived? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516

Navigate or Get Lost! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Let’s Go West! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382Quilting History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496

New Ways to the New World: Prehistory . . . . . . . . . 20Colonial America: 1600–1650 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114From Protests to War: 1774–1777 . . . . . . . . . . . 170New Horizons: 1790–1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312A Developing Nation: 1820–1850 . . . . . . . . . . . 416Looking Westward: 1850–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

Farming and the Growth of Civilization . . . . . . . . 24The Great Awakening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Surveying the Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194Tying the Nation Together: The National Road . . . 316The Seneca Falls Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426The Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17European Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44The Great Awakening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110The Slave Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120The Revolutionary War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142French-American Alliance in 1778 . . . . . . . . . . . 174Political Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Westward Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

viii

Juana Inés de la Cruz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Anne Hutchinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Margaret Brent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Benjamin Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Abigail Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149Thomas Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166Peter Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186James Madison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Benjamin Banneker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Dolley Madison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Robert Fulton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Osceola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Stephen F. Austin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Harriet Tubman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Harriet Beecher Stowe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442Clara Barton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480Frederick Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Colin Powell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Iroquois Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32America’s Flags: Spanish Banner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49The First Thanksgiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53America’s Flags: Flag of New France . . . . . . . . . . . 62Banning Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106The Albany Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119The Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137The Battle of Bunker Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145America’s Flags: Continental Colors . . . . . . . . . . .148Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151America’s Flags: First Stars and Stripes . . . . . . . . .167John Hanson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198America’s Flags: Betsy Ross Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259American Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270America’s Flags: The First Star-Spangled Banner . . . 300Legendary Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319America’s Flags: Flag of 1818 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322America’s Flags: The Great Star Flag . . . . . . . . . . 322Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358The Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360America’s Flags: Texas Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Growth of Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Before They Were Presidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Names of Battles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469America’s Flags: Confederate Battle Flag . . . . . . . . 486America’s Flags: Seventeenth Flag of the Union . . . 486Presidential Elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

Critical ThinkingUnderstanding Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Distinguishing Fact from Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . .146Making Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Recognizing Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Identifying the Main Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Social StudiesUnderstanding the Parts of a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Reading a Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Reading a Bar Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Reading a Military Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169Reading a Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Reading a Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Understanding Longitude and Latitude . . . . . . . . 361Reading a Circle Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Study & WritingWriting a Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Analyzing Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Taking Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

TechnologyEvaluating a Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Building a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Morning Girl by Michael Dorris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50The Kidnapped Prince by Olaudah Equiano . . . . . 107Johnny Tremain by Esther Forbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Night Flying Woman by Ignatia Broker . . . . . . . . . 295A Son of the Middle Border by Hamlin Garland . . . . 379The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane . . . . 465

The Lowell Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308One-Room Schoolhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414

viii

Juana Inés de la Cruz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Anne Hutchinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Margaret Brent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Benjamin Franklin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Abigail Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149Thomas Paine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166Peter Francisco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186James Madison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Benjamin Banneker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Dolley Madison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Robert Fulton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Osceola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Stephen F. Austin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Harriet Tubman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406Harriet Beecher Stowe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442Clara Barton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480Frederick Douglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Colin Powell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

Iroquois Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32America’s Flags: Spanish Banner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49The First Thanksgiving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53America’s Flags: Flag of New France . . . . . . . . . . . 62Banning Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106The Albany Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119The Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137The Battle of Bunker Hill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145America’s Flags: Continental Colors . . . . . . . . . . .148Independence Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151America’s Flags: First Stars and Stripes . . . . . . . . .167John Hanson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198America’s Flags: Betsy Ross Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259American Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270America’s Flags: The First Star-Spangled Banner . . . 300Legendary Heroes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319America’s Flags: Flag of 1818 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322America’s Flags: The Great Star Flag . . . . . . . . . . 322Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358The Presidency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360America’s Flags: Texas Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Growth of Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Before They Were Presidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Names of Battles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469America’s Flags: Confederate Battle Flag . . . . . . . . 486America’s Flags: Seventeenth Flag of the Union . . . 486Presidential Elections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

Critical ThinkingUnderstanding Cause and Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120Distinguishing Fact from Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . .146Making Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Recognizing Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Identifying the Main Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Social StudiesUnderstanding the Parts of a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Reading a Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Reading a Bar Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Reading a Military Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169Reading a Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273Reading a Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Understanding Longitude and Latitude . . . . . . . . 361Reading a Circle Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396

Study & WritingWriting a Journal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Analyzing Primary Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Taking Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484

TechnologyEvaluating a Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Building a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Morning Girl by Michael Dorris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50The Kidnapped Prince by Olaudah Equiano . . . . . 107Johnny Tremain by Esther Forbes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Night Flying Woman by Ignatia Broker . . . . . . . . . 295A Son of the Middle Border by Hamlin Garland . . . . 379The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane . . . . 465

The Lowell Girls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308One-Room Schoolhouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414

Chapter 1 • The First AmericansChristopher Columbus, on his discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Hiram Bingham, Machu Picchu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Hernán Cortés, Tenochtitlán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Tenochtitlán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Natchez legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Dekanawidah, Iroquois constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 2 • Exploring the AmericasChristopher Columbus, voyage to the Americas . . . . . . . . . . 46Christopher Columbus, on his discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Red Jacket, on white aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Spanish conquistador, on the Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Aztec poem, on the destruction of Tenochtitlán . . . . . . . . . . . 53Martin Luther, on recanting his statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Chapter 3 • Colonial AmericaJohn Smith, on Indian kindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67John White, on the Powhatan people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Virginia colonist, on joint labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Philip Henry, on witnessing a beheading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82William Penn, on government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Roberta Mason, on being enslaved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86John Locke, on rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Junípero Serra, on Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Chapter 4 • The Colonies GrowAndrew Burnaby, on American diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Olaudah Equiano, on the Middle Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Benjamin Franklin, from Poor Richard’s Almanack. . . . . . . . . 108Nathaniel Ames, on American riches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Benjamin Franklin, on colonial disagreement . . . . . . . . . . . 119Chief Pontiac, warning to the colonists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121George Washington, on British military technique. . . . . . . . . 122Chief Pontiac, declaration of war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Chapter 5 • Road to IndependencePatrick Henry, on liberty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129James Otis, on taxation without representation . . . . . . . . . . 134Patrick Henry, on treason. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Bostonian, on the British presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Bostonian, Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Samuel Adams, Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Colonial song, “The Bold Americans”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Patrick Henry, at the Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142British officer, on colonial preparations for war . . . . . . . . . 142Thomas Gage, instructions to march to Concord . . . . . . . . . . . . 143John Parker, at Lexington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Minuteman, at Lexington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143John Adams’s diary, on the Declaration of Independence . . 147Richard Henry Lee, resolution for independence. . . . . . . . . 150Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . 151

Chapter 6 • The American RevolutionBritish officer, on fighting the colonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162John Adams, on the length of the war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Connecticut Loyalist, on loyalists and rebels . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Nathan Hale, last words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166British soldier, on colonists’ mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Jonathan Austin, to Ben Franklin on the war . . . . . . . . . . . 172Patriot officer, on troop strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Marquis de Lafayette, on the future of America . . . . . . . . . 174Abigail Adams, letter to John Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175African Americans in New Hampshire, on freedom . . . . . 176Benjamin Rush, criticism of Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178George Rogers Clark, letter to Patrick Henry . . . . . . . . . . . 180Buchanan Parker Thompson, on Bernardo Gálvez . . . . . . . 181Bernardo de Gálvez, letter to Patrick Henry. . . . . . . . . . . . . 182British children’s song, on disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183American soldier, on marching South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Hessian soldier, on scene at Yorktown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185George Washington, resigning from the Army . . . . . . . . . . 186George Washington, on Americans’ spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Chapter 7 • A More Perfect UnionJohn Jay, on the Mississippi River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198George Washington, on the Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Farmers, complaint to the government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Alexander Hamilton, Constitutional Convention . . . . . . . . . 201Ben Franklin, on the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Ben Franklin, on a republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207John Locke, on individual rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Thomas Jefferson, on The Federalist Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Mercy Otis Warren, on freedom and government . . . . . . . . . 212

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Abigail Adams

Chapter 1 • The First AmericansChristopher Columbus, on his discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Hiram Bingham, Machu Picchu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Hernán Cortés, Tenochtitlán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Tenochtitlán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Natchez legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Dekanawidah, Iroquois constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 2 • Exploring the AmericasChristopher Columbus, voyage to the Americas . . . . . . . . . . 46Christopher Columbus, on his discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Red Jacket, on white aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Spanish conquistador, on the Americas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Aztec poem, on the destruction of Tenochtitlán . . . . . . . . . . . 53Martin Luther, on recanting his statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Chapter 3 • Colonial AmericaJohn Smith, on Indian kindness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67John White, on the Powhatan people. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Virginia colonist, on joint labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Philip Henry, on witnessing a beheading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82William Penn, on government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Roberta Mason, on being enslaved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86John Locke, on rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Junípero Serra, on Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Chapter 4 • The Colonies GrowAndrew Burnaby, on American diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Olaudah Equiano, on the Middle Passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Benjamin Franklin, from Poor Richard’s Almanack. . . . . . . . . 108Nathaniel Ames, on American riches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Benjamin Franklin, on colonial disagreement . . . . . . . . . . . 119Chief Pontiac, warning to the colonists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121George Washington, on British military technique. . . . . . . . . 122Chief Pontiac, declaration of war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Chapter 5 • Road to IndependencePatrick Henry, on liberty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129James Otis, on taxation without representation . . . . . . . . . . 134Patrick Henry, on treason. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Bostonian, on the British presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Bostonian, Boston Massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Samuel Adams, Boston Tea Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Colonial song, “The Bold Americans”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Patrick Henry, at the Continental Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142British officer, on colonial preparations for war . . . . . . . . . 142Thomas Gage, instructions to march to Concord . . . . . . . . . . . . 143John Parker, at Lexington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Minuteman, at Lexington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143John Adams’s diary, on the Declaration of Independence . . 147Richard Henry Lee, resolution for independence. . . . . . . . . 150Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . 151

Chapter 6 • The American RevolutionBritish officer, on fighting the colonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162John Adams, on the length of the war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163Connecticut Loyalist, on loyalists and rebels . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Nathan Hale, last words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166British soldier, on colonists’ mood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Jonathan Austin, to Ben Franklin on the war . . . . . . . . . . . 172Patriot officer, on troop strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Marquis de Lafayette, on the future of America . . . . . . . . . 174Abigail Adams, letter to John Adams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175African Americans in New Hampshire, on freedom . . . . . 176Benjamin Rush, criticism of Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178George Rogers Clark, letter to Patrick Henry . . . . . . . . . . . 180Buchanan Parker Thompson, on Bernardo Gálvez . . . . . . . 181Bernardo de Gálvez, letter to Patrick Henry. . . . . . . . . . . . . 182British children’s song, on disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183American soldier, on marching South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Hessian soldier, on scene at Yorktown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185George Washington, resigning from the Army . . . . . . . . . . 186George Washington, on Americans’ spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Chapter 7 • A More Perfect UnionJohn Jay, on the Mississippi River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198George Washington, on the Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199Farmers, complaint to the government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200Alexander Hamilton, Constitutional Convention . . . . . . . . . 201Ben Franklin, on the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205Ben Franklin, on a republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207John Locke, on individual rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208Thomas Jefferson, on The Federalist Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . 212Mercy Otis Warren, on freedom and government . . . . . . . . . 212

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Abigail Adams

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Civics in Action • A CitizenshipHandbook

Preamble to the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Barbara Jordan, on the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222James Madison, on checks and balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Chapter 8 • A New NationGeorge Washington, on foreign policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255John Langdon, letter to George Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Opponents, on Hamilton’s plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261George Washington, from Farewell Address . . . . . . . . . . . 266Alexander Hamilton, on the public in politics . . . . . . . . . . . 269Thomas Jefferson, on democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269George Washington, on Hamilton and Jefferson . . . . . . . . . 269

Chapter 9 • The Jefferson EraThomas Jefferson, on Monticello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Harriet Martineau, on Americans heading west . . . . . . . . . 282Francis Rogers, seafarer, on storms at sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Tecumseh, on white aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Tecumseh, on failure to keep peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Patriotic song, on England’s foolishness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296American journal, on burning of Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . 301

Chapter 10 • Growth and ExpansionEnglish journalist, on American farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306European, on American women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306European, on American efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306Lucy Larcom, on working in Lowell’s mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309James Monroe, on America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Abigail Adams, letter to sister. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Chapter 11 • The Jackson EraDaniel Webster, on liberty and union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Andrew Jackson, on preserving the Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339John C. Calhoun, on liberty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Speckled Snake, on the Great Father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Cherokee protest, over their removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Kentucky man, on Cherokee marching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Black Hawk, on government oppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Andrew Jackson, on the rights of the president . . . . . . . . . . 348Andrew Jackson, on democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349NY protest signs, over Panic of 1837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Chapter 12 • Manifest DestinyMartha Gay, on moving west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356Fur trade clerk, on mountain men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Amelia Stewart Knight, on the Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Catherine Sager Pringle, on the Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . 359Davy Crockett, on political campaigning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362William Travis, Appeal for Aid at the Alamo . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Sam Houston, on securing Texan independence . . . . . . . . . 366William Travis, on the Alamo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366The Texas Declaration, declaring independence . . . . . . . . . 366Josiah Gregg, on the Santa Fe Trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369William Marcy, on California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371James Marshall, on discovering gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Miner, on lawlessness in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Chapter 13 • North and SouthCharles Dickens, traveling by rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386Northern mill worker, on the mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Visitor to Mobile, Alabama, on cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Texan politician, on the Southern economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 400Enslaved man, letter to his wife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Josiah Henson, on slave quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404Spiritual, “Didn’t My Lord Deliver Daniel” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Moses Grandy, on runaways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Chapter 14 • The Age of ReformHenry David Thoreau, on civil disobedience . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Emily Dickinson, “Hope” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415William Lloyd Garrison, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Benjamin Lundy, on abolitionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Harriet Tubman, on escaping slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Sojourner Truth, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Jeremiah Jeter, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Angelina Grimké, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Frederick Douglass, speech on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

“They have driven us fromthe sea to the lakes—we can go no farther.”—Tecumseh

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Preamble to the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217Barbara Jordan, on the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222James Madison, on checks and balances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Chapter 8 • A New NationGeorge Washington, on foreign policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255John Langdon, letter to George Washington . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Opponents, on Hamilton’s plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261George Washington, from Farewell Address . . . . . . . . . . . 266Alexander Hamilton, on the public in politics . . . . . . . . . . . 269Thomas Jefferson, on democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269George Washington, on Hamilton and Jefferson . . . . . . . . . 269

Chapter 9 • The Jefferson EraThomas Jefferson, on Monticello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Harriet Martineau, on Americans heading west . . . . . . . . . 282Francis Rogers, seafarer, on storms at sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Tecumseh, on white aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Tecumseh, on failure to keep peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Patriotic song, on England’s foolishness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296American journal, on burning of Washington, D.C. . . . . . . . 301

Chapter 10 • Growth and ExpansionEnglish journalist, on American farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306European, on American women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306European, on American efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306Lucy Larcom, on working in Lowell’s mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309James Monroe, on America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Abigail Adams, letter to sister. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Chapter 11 • The Jackson EraDaniel Webster, on liberty and union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Andrew Jackson, on preserving the Union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339John C. Calhoun, on liberty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339Speckled Snake, on the Great Father . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Cherokee protest, over their removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Kentucky man, on Cherokee marching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344Black Hawk, on government oppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Andrew Jackson, on the rights of the president . . . . . . . . . . 348Andrew Jackson, on democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349NY protest signs, over Panic of 1837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Chapter 12 • Manifest DestinyMartha Gay, on moving west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356Fur trade clerk, on mountain men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Amelia Stewart Knight, on the Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Catherine Sager Pringle, on the Oregon Trail . . . . . . . . . . . 359Davy Crockett, on political campaigning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362William Travis, Appeal for Aid at the Alamo . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Sam Houston, on securing Texan independence . . . . . . . . . 366William Travis, on the Alamo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366The Texas Declaration, declaring independence . . . . . . . . . 366Josiah Gregg, on the Santa Fe Trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369William Marcy, on California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371James Marshall, on discovering gold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Miner, on lawlessness in the West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Chapter 13 • North and SouthCharles Dickens, traveling by rail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386Northern mill worker, on the mills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Visitor to Mobile, Alabama, on cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397Texan politician, on the Southern economy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 400Enslaved man, letter to his wife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401Josiah Henson, on slave quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404Spiritual, “Didn’t My Lord Deliver Daniel” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Moses Grandy, on runaways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406

Chapter 14 • The Age of ReformHenry David Thoreau, on civil disobedience . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Emily Dickinson, “Hope” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415William Lloyd Garrison, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Benjamin Lundy, on abolitionism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Harriet Tubman, on escaping slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419Sojourner Truth, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Jeremiah Jeter, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Angelina Grimké, on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420Frederick Douglass, speech on slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

“They have driven us fromthe sea to the lakes—we can go no farther.”—Tecumseh

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Henry “Box” Brown, on his escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422Song, “Follow the Drinkin’ Gourd” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422Nancy Howard, on being a fugitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Speaker at women’s rights meeting, on rights

of women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Seneca Falls Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Chapter 15 • Road to Civil WarAbraham Lincoln, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433Connecticut newspaper, Missouri Compromise. . . . . . . . . . 436Henry Clay, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438Daniel Webster, on union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439The Republican Leader, on popular sovereignty . . . . . . . . . 440John C. Calhoun, on societal divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Anglo-African Magazine, on John Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Abraham Lincoln, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Stephen Douglas, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Southern newspapers, responses to Harpers Ferry . . . . . . . . 449Abraham Lincoln, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Jefferson Davis, on secession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Abraham Lincoln, on reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Abner Doubleday, witness to Fort Sumter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Chapter 16 • The Civil WarUnion captain, story of Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460William Sherman, on the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464William Stone’s sister Kate, on William Stone . . . . . . . . . . 464Witness, on Confederate army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Albert Riddle, on the First Battle of Bull Run . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Ulysses S. Grant, terms for surrender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Union officer, Battle of Antietam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Abraham Lincoln, on saving the Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . . 474Frederick Douglass, Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . 474Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Louisiana soldier, on a soldier’s life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Confederate private, on the Fourth of July . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Mary Chesnut, on women and the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . 480Confederate soldier, on patriotism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Gettysburg Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487William Sherman, total war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address. . . . . . . . . . . . 490Robert E. Lee, on surrendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Chapter 17 • Reconstructionand Its Aftermath

Illinois veteran, on returning home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500Charles Sumner, on President Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508Emancipated African American, on equality . . . . . . . . . . . . 509African American convention petition, on equality . . . . . . 509Carl Schurz, on the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510Attorney General, on enforcing Reconstruction. . . . . . . . . . 513Republican, on Southern politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address. . . . . . . . . . . . 516Rutherford B. Hayes, on compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517John Lynch, on discrimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517W.E.B. Du Bois, on African Americans’ plight. . . . . . . . . . . . 520W.E.B. Du Bois, on Southerners’ attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Charlotte Forten, on teaching freedmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523Fifteenth Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Chapter 18 • Reshaping the NationGeorge W. Bush, on America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525“The Gold Seekers’ Song” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528Observer, on the cattle trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Nebraska settler, on settling the prairie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530Sitting Bull, on defending rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Chief Joseph, on suffering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Railroad song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534Jane Addams, on Hull House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539Jacob Riis, on life in the tenements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Ida Tarbell, on education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Ida B. Wells, on equal rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Chapter 19 • The Making of Modern America

Observer, on the plight of the homeless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556Unemployed man, on effect of unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . 557Joseph Stalin, on Allied plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream” speech . . . . 567Richard Nixon, on visiting China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572George W. Bush, on economic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Survivor, on the World Trade Center attack . . . . . . . . . . . . 579George W. Bush, on unity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582George W. Bush, on fighting terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

Frederick Douglass

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Henry “Box” Brown, on his escape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422Song, “Follow the Drinkin’ Gourd” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422Nancy Howard, on being a fugitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Speaker at women’s rights meeting, on rights

of women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Seneca Falls Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

Chapter 15 • Road to Civil WarAbraham Lincoln, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433Connecticut newspaper, Missouri Compromise. . . . . . . . . . 436Henry Clay, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438Daniel Webster, on union. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439The Republican Leader, on popular sovereignty . . . . . . . . . 440John C. Calhoun, on societal divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440Anglo-African Magazine, on John Brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445Abraham Lincoln, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Stephen Douglas, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Southern newspapers, responses to Harpers Ferry . . . . . . . . 449Abraham Lincoln, on union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Jefferson Davis, on secession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Abraham Lincoln, on reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Abner Doubleday, witness to Fort Sumter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Chapter 16 • The Civil WarUnion captain, story of Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460William Sherman, on the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464William Stone’s sister Kate, on William Stone . . . . . . . . . . 464Witness, on Confederate army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Albert Riddle, on the First Battle of Bull Run . . . . . . . . . . . . 467Ulysses S. Grant, terms for surrender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Union officer, Battle of Antietam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472Abraham Lincoln, on saving the Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . . 474Frederick Douglass, Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . 474Emancipation Proclamation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475Louisiana soldier, on a soldier’s life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Confederate private, on the Fourth of July . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479Mary Chesnut, on women and the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . 480Confederate soldier, on patriotism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Gettysburg Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487William Sherman, total war . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address. . . . . . . . . . . . 490Robert E. Lee, on surrendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Chapter 17 • Reconstructionand Its Aftermath

Illinois veteran, on returning home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500Charles Sumner, on President Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508Emancipated African American, on equality . . . . . . . . . . . . 509African American convention petition, on equality . . . . . . 509Carl Schurz, on the South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510Attorney General, on enforcing Reconstruction. . . . . . . . . . 513Republican, on Southern politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address. . . . . . . . . . . . 516Rutherford B. Hayes, on compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517John Lynch, on discrimination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517W.E.B. Du Bois, on African Americans’ plight. . . . . . . . . . . . 520W.E.B. Du Bois, on Southerners’ attitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Charlotte Forten, on teaching freedmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523Fifteenth Amendment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

Chapter 18 • Reshaping the NationGeorge W. Bush, on America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525“The Gold Seekers’ Song” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528Observer, on the cattle trail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529Nebraska settler, on settling the prairie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530Sitting Bull, on defending rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Chief Joseph, on suffering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532Railroad song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534Jane Addams, on Hull House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539Jacob Riis, on life in the tenements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Ida Tarbell, on education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541Ida B. Wells, on equal rights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

Chapter 19 • The Making of Modern America

Observer, on the plight of the homeless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556Unemployed man, on effect of unemployment . . . . . . . . . . . 557Joseph Stalin, on Allied plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream” speech . . . . 567Richard Nixon, on visiting China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572George W. Bush, on economic growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Survivor, on the World Trade Center attack . . . . . . . . . . . . 579George W. Bush, on unity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582George W. Bush, on fighting terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585

Frederick Douglass

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Unit 1American Wealth Sent to Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Unit 2The First English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Population of Six English Colonies, 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Founding the Thirteen Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91African Slave Trade, 1500–1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Unit 3The Fighting Forces, 1777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Township: American Building Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Powers of the Federal Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206The Great Seal and the Number Thirteen . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Major Principles of the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218The Federal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219How the Constitution is Amended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220The Bill of Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221The American System of Checks and Balances . . . . . . . . 224How a Bill Becomes a Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Flag Etiquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Unit 4Differences Between the First Political Parties . . . . . . . . . 269How Banks Work Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Imports and Exports, 1800–1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Population Growth, 1800–1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Urban and Rural Population, 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310The National Road and Other Major Highways . . . . . . . . 317Canal Mileage, 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Unit 5Election of 1824 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Annual Immigration, 1820–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Agricultural and Nonagricultural Workers, 1840–1870. . . 396Cotton Production, 1800–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Southern Population, 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Populations of the North and South in 1860 . . . . . . . . . . 409School Enrollment, 1850–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Unit 6Comparing Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462Union Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475War Casualties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Agricultural Production in the South, 1850–1890 . . . . . . 519

Unit 7Urban and Rural Population Growth, 1860–1900 . . . . . . 538Where Americans Lived, 1901–1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Reference AtlasUnited States Political. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2United States Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4United States Territorial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA6Middle America Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8Canada Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Middle East Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12World Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA14

Geography HandbookPhysical Regions of the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Climate Regions of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Unit 1Prehistoric Migrations Through the Americas . . . . . . . . . . 18Empires of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Native American Cultures Before 1500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Native American Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Hunters, Gatherers, and Fishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Selected Sites of the Mound Builders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35African Trading Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41European Voyages of Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Spanish Explorers, 1513–1598 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52French Explorers, 1535–1682. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Missions in New Spain by the 1800s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

300 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection

300 miles0

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110˚W 100˚W 90˚W

30˚N

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pacificOcean Gulf of

Mexico

COLO.

TEXAS

MEXICO

N. MEX.

UTAH

ARIZ.

NEV.

CALIF.

Mexico City

Santa Fe

El Paso

San DiegoLos

Angeles

San Francisco

San Antonio

Missions in New Spain by the 1800s

CityMission

xii

Unit 1American Wealth Sent to Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Unit 2The First English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Population of Six English Colonies, 1700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81Founding the Thirteen Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91African Slave Trade, 1500–1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Unit 3The Fighting Forces, 1777 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Township: American Building Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Powers of the Federal Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206The Great Seal and the Number Thirteen . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Major Principles of the Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218The Federal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219How the Constitution is Amended . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220The Bill of Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221The American System of Checks and Balances . . . . . . . . 224How a Bill Becomes a Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Flag Etiquette . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Unit 4Differences Between the First Political Parties . . . . . . . . . 269How Banks Work Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Imports and Exports, 1800–1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Population Growth, 1800–1840 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Urban and Rural Population, 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310The National Road and Other Major Highways . . . . . . . . 317Canal Mileage, 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Unit 5Election of 1824 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Annual Immigration, 1820–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394Agricultural and Nonagricultural Workers, 1840–1870. . . 396Cotton Production, 1800–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398Southern Population, 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403Populations of the North and South in 1860 . . . . . . . . . . 409School Enrollment, 1850–2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431

Unit 6Comparing Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462Union Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475War Casualties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Agricultural Production in the South, 1850–1890 . . . . . . 519

Unit 7Urban and Rural Population Growth, 1860–1900 . . . . . . 538Where Americans Lived, 1901–1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Reference AtlasUnited States Political. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA2United States Physical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA4United States Territorial Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA6Middle America Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA8Canada Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA10Middle East Physical/Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA12World Political . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RA14

Geography HandbookPhysical Regions of the United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Climate Regions of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Unit 1Prehistoric Migrations Through the Americas . . . . . . . . . . 18Empires of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Native American Cultures Before 1500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Native American Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Hunters, Gatherers, and Fishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Selected Sites of the Mound Builders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35African Trading Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41European Voyages of Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Spanish Explorers, 1513–1598 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52French Explorers, 1535–1682. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Missions in New Spain by the 1800s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

300 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection

300 miles0

N

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110˚W 100˚W 90˚W

30˚N

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pacificOcean Gulf of

Mexico

COLO.

TEXAS

MEXICO

N. MEX.

UTAH

ARIZ.

NEV.

CALIF.

Mexico City

Santa Fe

El Paso

San DiegoLos

Angeles

San Francisco

San Antonio

Missions in New Spain by the 1800s

CityMission

Unit 2The First English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72The New England Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77The Middle Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83The Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Settlement of the British Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Triangular Trade Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Thirteen Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111North America in 1754 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117The French and Indian War, 1754–1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123National Origin of Colonists, 1760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Unit 3Proclamation of 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133The Battles of Lexington and Concord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169The Revolutionary War in the West, 1778–1779 . . . . . . . 180The Revolutionary War in the South, 1778–1781 . . . . . . 181Land Claims in North America, 1783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189The Northwest Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Unit 4Native American Campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265The Louisiana Purchase and Western Exploration . . . . . . 284Territorial Growth, 1800–1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Land Taken from Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Election of 1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Population of the United States, 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Major Roads Before the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316American Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Canals, 1820–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318The Missouri Compromise, 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Acquisition of Florida, 1819 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Unit 5Removal of Native Americans, 1820–1840 . . . . . . . . . . . 342Election of 1828 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Oregon Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Texas War for Independence, 1835–1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . 367The War with Mexico, 1846–1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Manifest Destiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380The Oregon and California Trails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Major Railroads, 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Cotton Production, 1820–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398The Underground Railroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

xiii

VancouverI s l and

ALASKA(Claimed

by Russia)

BRITISHNORTH

AMERICA

UNITEDSTATES

MEXICO

OREGONCOUNTRY

OR

EG

ON

TRAIL

Boundary (1846)

Pacific

Ocean

GreatSalt Lake

.Re

kan

S

ColumbiaR.

WillametteR.

South

Pass

Missouri R .

50°N

49°N

54°40'N

42°N

40°N

140°W150°W 130°W 120°W

Salt LakeCity

Astoria

Champoeg

FortVictoria

Fort Vancouver

300 km0Lambert Equal-Area projection

300 mi.0

N

SE

W

Oregon Country

Unit 6The Compromise of 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443Seceding States, 1860–1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Election of 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457The Early Battles, 1861–1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470Turning Points, 1862–1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487The Civil War: Battles and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488The Final Battles, 1864–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489Battle of Gettysburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Military Reconstruction Districts, 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Disputed Election of 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Unit 7Western Native American Lands, 1860–1890 . . . . . . . . . 531Voting Rights for Women, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542The Spanish-American War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544Europe after World War I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549The Cattle Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553World War II in Europe and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560World War II in the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562The Vietnam War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Terrorism Against Americans, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 581Election of 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587

Unit 2The First English Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72The New England Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77The Middle Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83The Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Settlement of the British Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Triangular Trade Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Thirteen Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111North America in 1754 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117The French and Indian War, 1754–1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123National Origin of Colonists, 1760 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Unit 3Proclamation of 1763 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133The Battles of Lexington and Concord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143The Revolutionary War, 1776–1777. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169The Revolutionary War in the West, 1778–1779 . . . . . . . 180The Revolutionary War in the South, 1778–1781 . . . . . . 181Land Claims in North America, 1783 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189The Northwest Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Unit 4Native American Campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265The Louisiana Purchase and Western Exploration . . . . . . 284Territorial Growth, 1800–1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291Land Taken from Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294The War of 1812 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Election of 1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Population of the United States, 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310Major Roads Before the Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316American Highways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Canals, 1820–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318The Missouri Compromise, 1820 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Acquisition of Florida, 1819 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Unit 5Removal of Native Americans, 1820–1840 . . . . . . . . . . . 342Election of 1828 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Oregon Country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Texas War for Independence, 1835–1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . 367The War with Mexico, 1846–1848 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372Manifest Destiny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380The Oregon and California Trails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381Major Railroads, 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388Cotton Production, 1820–1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398The Underground Railroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423

xiii

VancouverI s l and

ALASKA(Claimed

by Russia)

BRITISHNORTH

AMERICA

UNITEDSTATES

MEXICO

OREGONCOUNTRY

OR

EG

ON

TRAIL

Boundary (1846)

Pacific

Ocean

GreatSalt Lake

.Re

kan

S

ColumbiaR.

WillametteR.

South

Pass

Missouri R .

50°N

49°N

54°40'N

42°N

40°N

140°W150°W 130°W 120°W

Salt LakeCity

Astoria

Champoeg

FortVictoria

Fort Vancouver

300 km0Lambert Equal-Area projection

300 mi.0

N

SE

W

Oregon Country

Unit 6The Compromise of 1850 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443Seceding States, 1860–1861 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Election of 1860 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457The Early Battles, 1861–1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470Turning Points, 1862–1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487The Civil War: Battles and Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488The Final Battles, 1864–1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489Battle of Gettysburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Military Reconstruction Districts, 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Disputed Election of 1876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Unit 7Western Native American Lands, 1860–1890 . . . . . . . . . 531Voting Rights for Women, 1919 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542The Spanish-American War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544Europe after World War I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549The Cattle Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553World War II in Europe and Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560World War II in the Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562The Vietnam War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Terrorism Against Americans, 1970–2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . 581Election of 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587