Preview p.76Preview p.76

Draw a picture of what you had Draw a picture of what you had for breakfast this morning.for breakfast this morning.

Who Was Who Was ““Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus””??

In 1492, Christopher Columbus began a journey across the ocean with three

ships:

The Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria

Why did Columbus decide to make this Why did Columbus decide to make this voyage?voyage?

Times were changing in Europe, and Europeans Times were changing in Europe, and Europeans were full with curiosity about the world, and love for were full with curiosity about the world, and love for art and art and explorationexploration. .

The The printing pressprinting press was invented in was invented in 14541454 by by Johannes Gutenberg, so people were becoming Johannes Gutenberg, so people were becoming more literate and educated. The realized there more literate and educated. The realized there must be more to the world than just the land they must be more to the world than just the land they lived on.lived on.

Columbus was courageous and brave, and wanted Columbus was courageous and brave, and wanted to discover new sea routes and other countries. He to discover new sea routes and other countries. He wanted to open up trade!wanted to open up trade!

Some say…Some say…

Times were changing in Europe, but changes Times were changing in Europe, but changes in in technology technology made Europe feel more made Europe feel more compelled to travel to new lands (i.e. bigger compelled to travel to new lands (i.e. bigger guns that could be strapped to ships came guns that could be strapped to ships came about!)about!)

Columbus wasnColumbus wasn’’t courageous and brave…he t courageous and brave…he was greedy and only wanted to find was greedy and only wanted to find gold gold in in other lands!other lands!

Columbus wanted to find a Columbus wanted to find a western route to western route to AsiaAsia, where he hoped to discover the riches , where he hoped to discover the riches Marco Polo had described in a book.Marco Polo had described in a book.

Why did Columbus decide to make this Why did Columbus decide to make this voyage?voyage?

Others say…Others say…

In October of 1492, after In October of 1492, after months at sea, Columbus months at sea, Columbus

spotted land.spotted land. Columbus thought he had reached the Columbus thought he had reached the

East Indies of Asia, and began a rapid East Indies of Asia, and began a rapid search for the gold Marco Polo had search for the gold Marco Polo had described.described.

Columbus named the people he Columbus named the people he encountered encountered IndiansIndians, since he thought he , since he thought he was in the Indies.was in the Indies.

In actuality, Columbus was no where near In actuality, Columbus was no where near the East Indies…the East Indies…

He had landed in present day He had landed in present day Cuba and explored the Cuba and explored the

Caribbean!Caribbean!

Columbus' voyages across the Atlantic Ocean began a Columbus' voyages across the Atlantic Ocean began a European effort at European effort at explorationexploration and and colonizationcolonization of of the American continent. While history places great the American continent. While history places great significance on his first voyage of 1492, he did not significance on his first voyage of 1492, he did not actually reach the mainland until his third voyage in actually reach the mainland until his third voyage in

1498.1498.

Does Columbus deserve Does Columbus deserve credit for credit for ““discoveringdiscovering””

America?America?YES!YES!

Columbus Columbus bravely bravely forged through terrible forged through terrible storms, used intelligent navigation, storms, used intelligent navigation,

risked mutiny form his crew, yet never risked mutiny form his crew, yet never gave up until he landed in South gave up until he landed in South

America!America!__________________________________________________________________________________________

NO!NO!Columbus was not the first person to step foot on Columbus was not the first person to step foot on

America. He was just the first person with the right America. He was just the first person with the right

resourcesresources to make his landing public, and with to make his landing public, and with the technology and greedy goal to change things the technology and greedy goal to change things

there. He didnthere. He didn’’t even know where he was!t even know where he was!

If not Columbus, who does If not Columbus, who does deserve credit for deserve credit for

discovering discovering ““AmericaAmerica””?? What about the What about the ““first peoplefirst people””, the , the Native AmericansNative Americans

already living on the land?already living on the land?

The The NorseNorse, also called , also called VikingsVikings, are also expected to , are also expected to have made voyages from their home in Scandinavia have made voyages from their home in Scandinavia and Greenland to the American coast. Vikings were and Greenland to the American coast. Vikings were fierce warriors and sailors who traveled the sea fishing fierce warriors and sailors who traveled the sea fishing and exploring. It is believed that got as far down the and exploring. It is believed that got as far down the coast as North Carolina years before Columbus. coast as North Carolina years before Columbus.

Some historians believe that seafarers from Some historians believe that seafarers from AfricaAfrica and and AsiaAsia made it to the America made it to the America’’s as early as s as early as 750 BCE750 BCE

If not Columbus, who does If not Columbus, who does deserve credit for discovering deserve credit for discovering

““AmericaAmerica””?? After the four trip Columbus made to the New World After the four trip Columbus made to the New World

from Spain, he died believing he had found a western from Spain, he died believing he had found a western route to Asia.route to Asia.

Between 1497-1503, Between 1497-1503, Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci also crossed also crossed the Atlantic four times, and paid close attention to the the Atlantic four times, and paid close attention to the plants and animals along the coast of todayplants and animals along the coast of today’’s Brazil.s Brazil.

Noting the vast difference in these plants and animals Noting the vast difference in these plants and animals to those in Asia, Vespucci concluded that this land must to those in Asia, Vespucci concluded that this land must be a be a new new continent, continent, previously unknown to Europepreviously unknown to Europe..

In 1507, a German mapmaker drew the first map In 1507, a German mapmaker drew the first map showing the showing the ““New WorldNew World”” as a great mass of land west as a great mass of land west of the Atlantic. He labeled it of the Atlantic. He labeled it ““America,America,”” in honor of in honor of Vespucci.Vespucci.

The First Landing of Columbus on the Shores of the New World

The RequirementThe Requirement““I implore you to recognize the Church as a lady I implore you to recognize the Church as a lady and in the name of the Pope take the King as lord and in the name of the Pope take the King as lord of this land and obey his mandates. If you do not of this land and obey his mandates. If you do not do it, I tell you that with the help of God I will enter do it, I tell you that with the help of God I will enter powerfully against you all. I will make war powerfully against you all. I will make war everywhere and every way that I can. I will subject everywhere and every way that I can. I will subject you to the yoke and obedience to the Church and you to the yoke and obedience to the Church and to his majesty. I will take your women and children to his majesty. I will take your women and children and make them slaves.and make them slaves.

… … The death and injuries that you will receive from The death and injuries that you will receive from here on will be your own fault and not that of his here on will be your own fault and not that of his majesty nor of the gentlemen that accompany me.majesty nor of the gentlemen that accompany me.””

What happened after What happened after Columbus landed?Columbus landed?

While one of Spain’s goals may have been to spread Christianity, Spain’s sense of growing national imperialism and economic competition lead them to also seek wealth via the establishment of trade routes and colonies.

““They… brought us parrots and balls of cotton and They… brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and may other things, which they spears and may other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawksexchanged for the glass beads and hawks’’ bells. bells. They willingly traded everything they owned… They willingly traded everything they owned… They were well-built, with good bodies and They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features…They do not bear arms, and handsome features…They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane… They would make fine servants… made of cane… They would make fine servants… With fifty men we could subjugate them all and With fifty men we could subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.make them do whatever we want.””

----Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Source: Source: ““The PeopleThe People’’s History of the United Statess History of the United States”” by Howard Zinn by Howard Zinn

Interaction with Taínos Interaction with Taínos ““Good PeopleGood People””

Source: Source: ““Lies My Teacher Told MeLies My Teacher Told Me””, by , by James LoewenJames Loewen

At first the exchange between the Spanish and Natives �At first the exchange between the Spanish and Natives �was peaceful.was peaceful.

●●This changed as the Spanish formed settlements, This changed as the Spanish formed settlements, displacing Natives from their homes.displacing Natives from their homes.

��The Spanish also enslaved Natives, forcing them to The Spanish also enslaved Natives, forcing them to search for gold and work in fields and mines.search for gold and work in fields and mines.

Native resistance was first passive (they refused to do �Native resistance was first passive (they refused to do �the work). Then they began abandoning their the work). Then they began abandoning their settlements near the Spanish.settlements near the Spanish.

Finally, the Indians fought back aggressively, but by �Finally, the Indians fought back aggressively, but by �that point they were weakened by the spreading of that point they were weakened by the spreading of European disease and no match for European European disease and no match for European technology.technology.

In 1495, the Spanish on Haiti initiated a great slave �In 1495, the Spanish on Haiti initiated a great slave �raid, rounding up 1,500 Arawaks to be enslaved and raid, rounding up 1,500 Arawaks to be enslaved and sold.sold.

Effects on the Native Effects on the Native PopulationPopulation

Estimates of HaitiEstimates of Haiti’’s s pre-Columbian pre-Columbian population range as population range as high as high as 8,000,0008,000,000..

When Bartholomew Columbus (ChristopherWhen Bartholomew Columbus (Christopher’’s brother) s brother) took a census in took a census in 14961496, he came up with 1,100,000. , he came up with 1,100,000. Historians feel the number was closer to Historians feel the number was closer to 3,000,0003,000,000..

By By 15161516, , ““thanks to the Indian slave trade and labor thanks to the Indian slave trade and labor policies initiated by Columbuspolicies initiated by Columbus””, , 12,00012,000 remained. remained.

By By 15421542, only 200 were left. By 1555, the Arawaks were , only 200 were left. By 1555, the Arawaks were gone.gone.

As Native populations died out, Europeans supplemented As Native populations died out, Europeans supplemented slave labor with African slaves, beginning the slave labor with African slaves, beginning the Transatlantic slave trade.Transatlantic slave trade.

Source: Source: ““Lies My Teacher Told MeLies My Teacher Told Me””, by , by James LoewenJames Loewen

““The Columbian The Columbian ExchangeExchange””

In 1972, the historian In 1972, the historian Alfred W. Crosby, Alfred W. Crosby, JrJr., proposed that Christopher Columbus's ., proposed that Christopher Columbus's voyages to the New World produced even voyages to the New World produced even greater consequences biologically than greater consequences biologically than they did culturallythey did culturally..

The The Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange is the term is the term Crosby coined to describe the Crosby coined to describe the worldwide worldwide redistribution of plants, animals, and redistribution of plants, animals, and diseases that resulted from the initial diseases that resulted from the initial contacts between Europeans and contacts between Europeans and American IndiansAmerican Indians..

This process had a profound impact on both This process had a profound impact on both societies. societies.

““The Columbian The Columbian ExchangeExchange””

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian ExchangeOld World

(Europe) to New World (Americas)

New World (Americas) to Old World (Europe)

Diseases

Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox, Malaria, Yellow Fever,Common Cold, Influenza

Syphillis

Plants Rice, Wheat, Barley, Oats,Coffee, Sugarcane, Citrus Bananas, Lettuce, ApplesMelons, Olives, DandelionsDaisies, Clover, Ragweed,Kentucky Bluegrass

Corn (Maize), Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties), Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties), Tobacco, Peanuts, Squash, Peppers, Tomatoes, PumpkinsPineapples, Cacao (Source of Chocolate), Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum), Papayas, Manioc (Tapioca), Guavas, Avocados, Vanilla

Animals

Horses, Cattle, Pigs,Sheep, Goats, Chickens, Honey bee

LlamasAlpacasGuinea PigsTurkey

““Meet and GreetMeet and Greet””

DiseaseDisease ““The natives' lack of immunity to European diseases The natives' lack of immunity to European diseases

resulted in decreases among native populations that resulted in decreases among native populations that reached as high as 90 percent.reached as high as 90 percent.””

““Political and spiritual leaders died and left traditions Political and spiritual leaders died and left traditions in disarray; subsistence cycles were disrupted; family in disarray; subsistence cycles were disrupted; family life was devastated. These losses put American life was devastated. These losses put American Indians at a disadvantage when they fought to protect Indians at a disadvantage when they fought to protect their lands or attempted to negotiate treaties with their lands or attempted to negotiate treaties with imperial powers.imperial powers.””

““Largely immune to the diseases that corroded native Largely immune to the diseases that corroded native life, Europeans were able to take and hold an life, Europeans were able to take and hold an advantage over the tribes, turning their attention to advantage over the tribes, turning their attention to learning to use the domesticated animals and plants learning to use the domesticated animals and plants they encountered in the New World.they encountered in the New World.’’

Process p.76Process p.76

How would your life be different if How would your life be different if there were no interaction between there were no interaction between the the ““NewNew”” and and ““OldOld”” Worlds? Worlds?

Do you think that we should Do you think that we should continue to celebrate Columbus continue to celebrate Columbus Day? Explain.Day? Explain.

The Two Sides of The Two Sides of Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

Create a poster representing the Create a poster representing the controversy over whether controversy over whether Christopher Columbus was a Christopher Columbus was a ““herohero”” or or ““villainvillain””