PREVENTION OF MALARIA

PREVENTION OF MALARIA

Malaria can be prevented by controlling malaria mosquitoes, either by reducing the malaria mosquitoes population or by preventing them from biting. Mosquito (Vector) control methods include those that;Kill adult mosquitoes and reduce the survival rate of Adult mosquito population. Protect human from mosquitoes bites Reduce or prevent mosquitoes breeding

The two most commonly used methods for killing adult mosquitoes include;Insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs)Indoor residual spraying (IRS)

Methods that prevent mosquitoes biting humansITNsUntreated mosquito netsProducts for domestic use such as insecticide sprays, coils,vaporising mats and repellents

Methods that inhibit mosquito breeding includeDestruction of larvae through chemical or biological controlEnvironmental mgt to reduce breeding sources.In insecticidal control of Adult mosquitoes involves:Insecticide treated mosquito nets Distribution and delivery of ITN Information, Education and communication

Chemicals used for treating mosquito nets include.Permethrin 10%Deltamethrin 1%Deltamethrin 25%Lambda-alhalothrin 25%Cyfluthrin 5%Etofenprox 10%Alpha cypermethrin 10%

Safety guidelinesChecking the insecticidal power of the net. Insecticide Retreatment Annually or twice a year Delivery mechanisms for RetreatmentInclude Mass treatment campaigns which can provide quick and comprehensive coverage in the community Mobile RX services which may involve market days or door to door agents Fixed Rx services where people are able to take their nets when they wish .Dip it yourself kits for individual next Rx that people can use their homes.

In door residual spraying (IRS)

An insecticide is sprayed on to the inside walls of ceilingsMost but not all mosquitoes rest in doors beforeand after biting This is because Malaria mosquitoes tend to bite when people are asleep. A gambiae and A, arabiensis in Africa have their main biting times between 10pm and 4am. Mosquitoes find it difficult to fly far with a blood meal inside them. As it approximately double their weight. In door residual spraying (IRS) ContdIn hot dry countries, houses are relatively humid and cool places for mosquitoes spend the day. Some mosquitoes which bite cattle outside come indoors to rest.

House spraying conditionscoverageSpecies of malaria mosquitoes has to be able to rest indoors for long periods susceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides usedSafe application of insecticide Species targeted for house sprayingA.gambiae and A. funestus in tropical and southern AfricaA. fluviatilis in indian sub continentA. darlingi in south America A. albimanus in central America and northwestern south AmericaNote;A. dirus leaves house immediately after blood feeding A.Minimus no longer rests in houses.

Insecticides commonly used for house spraying against malaria mosquitoes include: Organochlorines (DDT) OrganophosphatesMalathionFenitrothionPrimiphomethyl Carbamates (Bendiocard)PyrethroidsDeltamethrinLambda cyhalothrin

Safety applicationsSpraying operations sprayer should wearoveralls A cap or hat with a broad or brim to minimizeinsecticide droplets Rubber gloves Rubber boots Goggles and gauze face masks

3.control of mosquito larvae

Each Anopheles species has a characteristic range of preferred breeding sitesSpecies Preferred breeding sites Anopheles darlingislow moving rivers Anopheles minimus foothill streams and ditches Anopheles gambiae typically small, numerous and shifting such as small Rain tunnels puddles and hoof prints

3.control of mosquito larvaeContdSpecies Preferred breeding sites Anopheles umbrosu complete shade Anopheles abimanus typically small, numerous and shifting such as small Rain tunnels puddles and hoof prints Anopheles stephensi wells and water tankFive steps in targeting bleeding sites

Identify important malaria vectors Find out the breeding habits of these malaria vectors Locate all potential breeding sites Target the most productive breeding sites Divide the target area into sections and assign responsibility for action.

Methods of attacking breeding sites

Laviciding Oils Synthetic insecticides Pyrethroids Insect growth regulators Bacterial insecticide Natural products

Methods of attacking breeding sites ContdBiological controlEnvironmental control Filling and draining Constructing small damsOpportunistic interventions BioenvironmentalGrass cutting mythMalaria can also be prevented in pregnant women by use of (IPT).