Prevalence of Cross-Connections in Household Plumbing …...Cross-connection control is the effort...

Prevalence of Cross-Connections in Household Plumbing Systems 3 February 2004

Table of Contents

Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

Methods and Materials .................................................................................................... 2

Recruiting Participants ................................................................................................ 2

Training of the Contractor (Field Operations Manager) ............................................... 2

The Survey Form ........................................................................................................ 3

The Surveys ................................................................................................................ 4

The Data ..................................................................................................................... 5

Quality Control ............................................................................................................... 5

Quality Objectives and Criteria ................................................................................... 5

Special Training .......................................................................................................... 6

Documents and Records .............................................................................................. 6

Data Collection Method .............................................................................................. 7

Data Chain of Custody ................................................................................................ 7

Analytical methods...................................................................................................... 7

Instrument testing, inspection and maintenance ........................................................... 8

Inspection/ acceptance criteria..................................................................................... 8

Assessments and Response Actions............................................................................. 9

Reports to Management............................................................................................... 9

Reconciliation with User Requirements....................................................................... 9

Results and Discussion.................................................................................................... 9

Summary of Results Table ........................................................................................ 10

Conclusions and Recommendations .............................................................................. 10

Appendix A................................................................................................................... 12

The Survey Form ...................................................................................................... 13

Appendix B................................................................................................................... 17

The Recommendation Form ...................................................................................... 17

Appendix C................................................................................................................... 19

The Household Cross-Connections Brochure............................................................. 19

Appendix D................................................................................................................... 22

The Data Spreadsheet................................................................................................ 22

Introduction

Cross-connection control is the effort to control interconnections between drinking water suppliesand non-potable substances or sources. Cross-connection control programs have been a part ofwater and health agency programs for decades. A concern of many agencies has been householdcross-connections. Although many haven’t considered the hazards in households to be a major areaof concern, it has, for the most part, remained an unknown factor in the cross-connection controlfield.

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had funded an epidemiology study (the WaterEvaluation Trial, or WET Study) to determine the health effects of a home water treatment unit onthe residents of approximately 400 homes in four contiguous urban/suburban communities in the USMid West. All of the WET study participants lived in single-family homes. One of the concerns,which arose, was the possibility that the water could have been pure water when delivered to theresidence, but could have become contaminated through cross-connections on the premises. Thisquestion, in turn, led to the funding of this study, wherein approximately 200 of the above mentionedhomes were surveyed to determine whether the potential for cross-connections in the home existedand to assess whether cross-connections in the home could result in exposure to contaminants thatwould cause diarrhea or gastrointestinal illness, with the health effects being measured in the WETStudy.

Aside from providing valuable information for the Epidemiology study, this study provided a wealthof data regarding the type and prevalence of cross-connections in household plumbing systems. Thisreport encompasses only the findings of the household cross-connections study.

The Research Team

The Foundation for Cross-Connection Control and Hydraulic Research at the University of SouthernCalifornia was chosen to conduct this study. The Foundation was founded to work on the problemof cross-connections in 1944. Since that time, the Foundation has developed a standard for backflowprevention assemblies and has an approval program for backflow prevention assemblies, which iswidely accepted across the nation. The Foundation also publishes the Manual of Cross-ConnectionControl, and several training tools. The Foundation has offered the Course for the Training ofBackflow Prevention Assembly Testers since 1969, and has been offering the Course for the Trainingof Cross-Connection Control Program Specialists since 1987. More information on the Foundationcan be found at http://www.usc.edu/fccchr/

The USC Research Team included Prof. J. J. Lee, Ph.D., P.E as the Principal Investigator. Prof. Leeholds a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from the California Institute of Technology and is a registeredProfessional Engineer in the State of California. He is a Professor in Civil and EnvironmentalEngineering at the University of Southern California and has been the Director of the Foundation forCross-Connection Control and Hydraulic Research since 1985. Mr. Patrick Sylvester was theProject Manager. Mr. Sylvester holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering and a Masters in BusinessAdministration from the University of Southern California. He has been with the Foundation forover fifteen years working in the laboratory originally and more recently involved in administrativeactivities. Mr. Paul Schwartz was the Quality Assurance Manager for the project. Mr. Schwartzholds a BS in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Southern California and is a registeredProfessional Engineer in the State of California. He is currently the Foundation’s Chief Engineer

Prevelence of Cross-Connections in Household Plumbing Systems-University of Southern California of 30

and has worked with the Foundation for over twenty-five years. The Field Operations Manager was Mr. Mark Witt. Mr. Witt is a licensed plumber in the State of Iowa and was contracted by the Foundation for this project. He has successfully completed the Foundation’s Course for the Training of Cross-Connection Control Program Specialists and is the owner of Backflow Prevention Services of Iowa. Research Team Member Mr. Henry Chang holds a BS in Mechanical Engineering and a Masters in Materials Engineering from the University of Southern California. He has been with the Foundation for over seventeen years. Methods and Materials Recruiting Participants The participants in the WET study were informed about the study on household cross-connections via a letter from the WET Research Team as soon as EPA granted Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. The letter briefly outlined the study and asked the interested participants to contact USC at a toll free number or return a postage-paid postcard to USC. The letter also mentioned that the participants would receive $50.00 for their part in the project. In order for participants to be eligible to participate in this study, it was important to obtain informed consent. The participates were informed of the study, what was involved, what their part would be and what the compensation entailed. The participants were also made aware of any negative impact the study could have on them, such as the need to replace or modify certain components of the household plumbing system and the were informed of the benefits that could be gained by the survey of their plumbing system. They would be made aware of any potential hazards to their drinking water system and they would be informed as to how to go about making needed corrections. The complete letter may be found in Appendix A. The WET participants who contacted USC were given an explanation of the study over the phone and those who were interested were sent a personalized letter, a fact sheet about the study, and the Informed Consent Form. They were asked to respond within three weeks to confirm their participation in the study. As the participants responded, the USC Research Team e-mailed this information to the WET Research Team. The WET Research Team provided the dates these participants were to have their Point of Use (POU) water treatment devices removed. The WET Research Team also provided an ID number so that identifying information could be eliminated from the data supplied back to the WET Research Team. This was necessary to maintain the blind analysis required in the WET Study. The original goal was to conduct a site survey of the residential plumbing system shortly after the POU device was removed from service. The USC team sent out a letter to the participants notifying them of their acceptance into the project. They were given the name of the contractor and informed that the contractor would contact them directly, to schedule the specific appointment to conduct the survey of the household water uses. Contact information was forwarded to the contractor to facilitate scheduling of the site surveys. Training of the Contractor (Field Operations Manager) The USC Research Team contracted with a plumbing contractor for the position of Field Operations Manager (FOM). The required qualifications included cross-connection control experience, training to conduct the water use surveys, and maintaining a state-issued contractor’s license. The contractor had been trained at the Course for the Training of Cross-Connection Control Program Specialists offered by USC, and taught by members of the USC Research Team for this project. This ensured


that the contractor was already aware of the USC Research Team’s methods and understanding ofcross-connections and degrees of hazard

This Field Operations Manager (FOM) performing the actual survey received additional training andinstruction from the USC Research Team to ensure proper protocol was followed

Scope of the survey— The survey was to identify actual and potential cross-connectionswithin and around the household. This was to involve examining plumbing fixtures such as:toilet tanks, irrigation systems, sump pumps, boilers, water heaters, spas, swimming pools,etc.

Data Collection—The contractor was instructed on the use of the site survey form (developedfor this project) detailing each item on the form, including additional comments, whichshould be added to the form. The security and chain of custody of the data as covered in theproject protocol was conveyed to the contractor. The Quality Assurance Manager (QAM)from the USC Research Team accompanied the FOM on the first several surveys. Thisclarified the method in which specific information would be transferred to the survey formand it ensured that the FOM understood exactly what information the USC Research Teamneeded for the project. Midway through the surveys the QAM again accompanied the FOMon several surveys to verify methods and techniques of data collection. All data forms weresent to the USC Research Team via FAX each Monday morning, and the originals were sentto the USC Team via a traceable shipping service. The contractor did not keep a copy of thesurvey form. All recommendations made to the customer where documented on the surveyform.

Interacting with the participants—The contractor was instructed on how to communicatewith the participant and those in the household. A professional, courteous demeanor was tobe maintained at all times. The contractor was to follow all guidelines required by theInstitutional Review Board and those spelled-out in the protocol. The customer was to beinformed of the findings of the survey. The contractor was instructed to give some briefadvice or recommendations and explain the benefits of correcting any problems discovered.The contractor was not permitted to offer his own services to make any plumbing changes.The contractor was not permitted, in any way, to accept any business from the participants asa result of this research project, nor was the contractor to inform anyone other than USC ofthe results of the survey, unless authorized to do so by USC. If it were to be necessary tomake changes to the plumbing system, the contractor informed the customer. If a cross-connection were to be discovered, which was considered a serious threat to the quality of thewater, the contractor was to notify the customer and the USC team immediately.

The Survey Form

The USC Research Team developed a survey form for the FOM to use during the surveys. The formwould help the USC Research Team ascertain the following:

• The number of unprotected water uses (i.e., cross-connections) as compared to the total wateruses on the premises.

• The degree of hazard of the cross-connections discovered• If the cross-connections were direct or indirect cross-connections


The Survey Form was designed in such a way as to facilitate the gathering of all the necessaryinformation during the site survey. It was also necessary that the data would be collected andrecorded consistently, and could be transferred to a spreadsheet which would provide the bestinformation for the USC Research Team as well as the WET Study Research Team. The surveyform was divided in to several categories. In each category it was determined if there was a cross-connection, and if so, whether it was direct or indirect. It was also determined if the cross-connection was with a fluid that could present a health hazard or whether it should be classified as anon-health hazard. The connection was ascertained to be either temporary or permanent, and it wasdetermined whether the cross-connection was protected and if the protection was acceptable. Thecategories included on the survey form were: Auxiliary Water Supplies, Fire Sprinkler Systems,Irrigation Systems, Heating/Cooling Equipment, Kitchen Facilities, Laundry Facilities, SewageSystems Swimming Pools/Spas, Tanks, Vats, other Vessels, and hose bibs. There was also a sectionfor additional connections not specifically mentioned on the form. Additionally, there was a sectionto note any chemicals, which were observed on the premises. The survey forms also indicated thecontractor’s time-in and time-out. After the initial set of surveys were in the QAM accompanied theFOM on the surveys, the Survey Form was modified slightly in order to clarify findings and ensurewhat was discovered on the surveys would be understood by the Research Team analyzing thesurveys. The finalized Survey Form is shown in Appendix A. Accompanying the survey form wasa separate form for recommendations. This was a triplicate form. The recommendations forcorrections where included on this form. The participant was given one copy and the other twocopies were forwarded to the USC Research Team. Additionally, the information wascommunicated to the local administrative authority(s), in those few cases where the seriousness ofthe cross-connection warranted. This form is shown in Appendix B. The FOM was not permitted tooffer his own services to make any plumbing changes. The FOM could, in no way, accept anybusiness from the participants as a result of this research project, nor was the FOM to recommendother contractors. When there were corrections to be made to the plumbing system, because of aserious threat to the water supply, the FOM informed the customer that the administrative authoritywould be notified. The FOM provided the participant with contact information for the localplumbing authority and the water supplier, should they desire more information on how to go aboutcorrecting any of the plumbing problems. If no unprotected cross-connections were discovered, theFOM informed the participant of this. The FOM, at that point, answered any of the participant’squestions.

The Surveys

Once the participants confirmed their willingness to participate and their agreement to theinformation provided on the Informed Consent Form, the FOM made specific appointments directlywith the participants via telephone. The FOM confirmed the appointments the day before the actualsurvey and confirmed that an adult would be present in the home at the time of the survey.

The FOM arrived at the site at the pre-scheduled time and date. After a brief review with theparticipant, the FOM began the water use survey using the survey form provided by the USCResearch Team. The various water uses were examined as outlined on the survey form. One adultwas asked to spend approximately 30-60 minutes accompanying the FOM as he performed thesurvey.


To protect participants in the study from unsolicited calls from plumbing contractors, the USC FieldOperations Manager agreed not to provide any information on the survey or the names ofparticipants to anyone except USC.

At the conclusion of the survey, the FOM delivered a check in the amount of $50.00 from USCmade out to the participant. The FOM also delivered a brochure explaining common householdcross-connections and explaining what the resident could do to abate cross-connections in the home.This brochure is shown in Appendix C.

The Data

The Survey Forms were faxed to the USC Research Team each Monday morning following the sitesurveys. The originals were sent at the same time via UPS, in order to be traceable. The FOM didnot keep a copy of the survey form or provide information on individual surveys to anyone exceptUSC.

Three members of the USC Research Team scored each survey independently of one another andplaced the data on a spreadsheet. The QAM compared the individual scores and, when necessary,discussed specific scores, going back to the original survey forms in order to gain a consensus for thescoring. Once a consensus was reached, the data was entered into a master spreadsheet. Once amember of the Research Team entered the data, another member confirmed the entries to ensureaccuracy in data entry. The spreadsheet included the number of protected cross-connections ascompared with the number of total water uses within each category. For example 3/4 in the kitchenfacility would indicate that there were four water uses and three of them were protected. The degreeof hazard, and type of cross-connection (direct or indirect) was also indicated for the residence as awhole, with worst-case scenario being indicated. For example if there were both non-health hazardsand health hazards, the degree of hazard indicated would be health hazard. Likewise, if there weredirect and indirect cross-connections the form would indicate a direct cross-connection for theresidence.

The final number of surveys completed was 188. Once the data was analyzed and the data input inthe spreadsheet, the spreadsheet was sent to the WET Study Research Team at the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley for inclusion in the WET Study.

Quality Control

Quality Objectives and Criteria

A major objective was to obtain consistent and accurate information regarding the water uses withinthe participating homes. After extensive training and discussions with the USC Research Team, theFOM conducted the surveys in accordance with the training. The QAM accompanied the FOM onthe first several surveys to ensure consistency in the survey and in the completion of the surveyreport and in the understanding of various household cross-connections. After approximately onehalf of the surveys were conducted the QAM accompanied the FOM on several more surveys toensure consistency.

When the data forms were returned to USC, three members of the USC research team analyzed thedata forms independently to determine the degree of hazard present on the premises, if any. The


Research Team followed procedures based on the USC training course, Course for the Training ofCross-Connection Control Program Specialist, of which the members of the USC Research Teamare instructors. Specifically, the type of cross-connection (direct or indirect) and the degree ofhazard were determined.

Special Training

The FOM was required to have successfully completed the five-day training course, Course for theTraining of Cross-Connection Control Program Specialists conducted by the University of SouthernCalifornia. Since the FOM was a contractor working within Iowa, this training was necessary toensure that the FOM had full understanding of the Research Teams methods and concepts of cross-connection control. The FOM was also required to maintain a contractor’s license in the State ofIowa.

Documents and Records

The FOM sent all field survey forms via FAX to the USC Research Team each Monday morningfollowing the completion of the survey. The original survey forms were shipped via UPS eachweek. The FOM did not maintain copies of the survey forms or provide information on individualsurveys to anyone except USC.

The survey form was modified slightly to clarify information regarding the household bathrooms asrecommended by the QAM following initial field testing of the survey form. In the original form,bathrooms 1, 2, and 3 were listed under Toilets/Bidets. In the modified form bathrooms 1, 2, and 3were listed with bathtub/shower and toilet/bidet listed as subcategories under each bathroom. Thisclarified what was discovered at each location. The change was made to make the data recordingeasier and more consistent. On the first several survey forms, the data was recorded, but writtenexplanations were needed in some cases to clarify which toilets were reflected in the data.

The QAM distributed the forms to three members of the USC Research Team for independentassessment. The members of the USC Research Team assessed each survey form recording thenumber of water uses and number of protected water uses at each residence. These were subdividedinto the categories listed on the survey form. The degree of hazard for each category was assessedand a determination was made as to whether the cross-connection hazard was a direct (subject tobacksiphonage and/or backpressure) or an indirect (subject to backsiphonage only) cross-connection.Each assessor summarized his findings on a spreadsheet, which was submitted to the QualityAssurance Manager for review. When the research team members arrived at conflictingassessments, the QAM discussed the issues in question to bring about a consensus. There were arelatively small number of instances that required the QAM to clarify situations in order to bringconsensus. These situations, typically, required clarification of specific plumbing fixtures and howthey were engineered. Once this information was brought to the attention of the Research Teammembers, consensus was forthcoming. Once a consensus was reached the data was entered into anExcel spreadsheet by one of the research team members. Once the data was entered, anothermember of the research team checked the data entry point by point with each of the research teammembers signing off on the data as it was entered for each household.

The data was e-mailed to the UCB Project Manager for use in the WET Study as it becameavailable.


Electronically stored records were automatically backed up on a mirrored hard drive. Additionally,the mirrored hard drive was backed up to tape weekly.

Data Collection Method

The FOM arrived at the participant’s home at a prescheduled time. After a brief explanation of whathe would be doing, he, accompanied by an adult member of the household, proceeded to survey thewater uses. He looked at sinks, toilets, irrigation systems, water heaters, boilers, water softeners, andany other water using equipment to determine if there were protected and/or unprotected cross-connections present. The surveyor indicated on the survey form what was discovered. The surveyform may be found in Appendix B. Although the form is fairly exhaustive, there is a section on thesurvey form for other water uses that the surveyor may have discovered. These too were recordedon the survey form. The FOM determined if the cross-connection(s) were subject to backpressure orbacksiphonage. The FOM also indicated what type of substance could have backflowed through thecross-connection(s). The FOM indicated what type of backflow protection was present, if any, andif the installation was correct. This information, as well as other observations, which may affect thehydraulic conditions of the household, such as number of stories, elevation relative to surroundingareas, etc., was recorded on the survey form. A separate triplicate form (Appendix B) was used toadvise the resident of any recommendations to correct cross-connections, which were discovered. Acopy was given to the customer, and the remaining copies were forwarded to USC with the originalsurvey forms. In situations where a serious cross-connection hazard existed, which could havethreatened the public water supply, a copy was forwarded to the Iowa American Water Company. Inseventeen cases a direct cross-connection with a health hazard was discovered. Fourteen of thesewere direction connections to the sewer via improperly plumbed, or unacceptable toilet fixtures.Two were direct connections to the drain via improperly installed water softeners and the remainingcross-connection was a direct connection to an on-site well. The last three of these instances weredetermined to be severe enough to contact the water supplier, the Iowa American Water Company.

Data Chain of Custody

The FOM sent all field survey forms via FAX to the USC Research Team each Monday of the weekfollowing the completion of the survey. The original survey forms were shipped via UPS. TheFOM did not maintain copies of these forms.

The data was detailed in an Excel file and e-mailed to the UCB Project Manager for use in the WETStudy. Identifying information was not included with the data other than a specific ID number. TheWET Study had been a triple blind study, and to ensure the WET Study team did not receiveidentifying information, the ID numbers were used.

Analytical methods

According to the Manual of Cross-Connection Control, Ninth Edition, a cross-connection is definedas “any unprotected actual or potential connection or structural arrangement between a public or aconsumer’s potable water system and any other source or system through which it is possible tointroduce into any part of the potable system any used water, industrial fluid, gas or substance otherthan the intended potable water with which the system is supplied.” If the cross-connection issubject to backsiphonage only, it is considered an indirect cross-connection. A connection, which issubject to backsiphonage and backpressure, is considered a direct cross connection. The FOMdescribed the type of cross-connection discovered and determined if there is adequate protection,


such as a vacuum breaker on the connection. The FOM followed conventions for types of cross-connections discussed in the USC Course for the Training of Cross-Connection Control ProgramSpecialists and conventions discussed specifically with the USC Research team. These conventionswere verified and confirmed in the first few surveys where the FOM was accompanied by the QAMto ensure consistency. In the initial surveys the FOM and QAM surveyed the property together, butcompleted the survey form separately. Afterward the forms were compared to determine if therewere any discrepancies and discuss the reasons for such discrepancies. There were somediscrepancies in recording the data, which were eliminated after the first few surveys. Thediscrepancies were minor and would not actually have made a difference in the data reporting.Midway through the project the QAM accompanied the FOM on several more surveys to confirmquality assurance guidelines were being followed and to ensure consistency in the data collectionmethod. During these surveys there were no discrepancies.

Hazards were designated as a health hazard, a non-health hazard, or a non-hazard. A health hazardcross-connection is a cross-connection between the potable water supply and a substance that maycause illness or death if ingested. Sewage would be considered a health hazard as well as chemicaladditives used in boilers, and other systems. A cross-connection to a well would normally beconsidered a health hazard, unless the well was accepted by the local health authority as anacceptable drinking water supply. An unprotected hose bibb is normally considered to be a cross-connection with a health hazard, since the end of the hose can be easily dropped into a number ofunknown substances such as ponds, fertilizer, pesticides, etc. A non-health hazard cross-connectionis a connection between the potable water supply and an aesthetically objectionable materiel, whichwould not cause illness or death if ingested. This could be a substance that may change the color,smell or taste of the water without compromising the quality from a health perspective.

The FOM will define the cross-connections and what substance is subject to backflow (e.g., toiletwater, spa water, etc.). Three members of the USC Research Team analyzed the survey formsindependently to make an assessment of the degree of hazard. Discrepancies were eliminated by theQAM bringing clarity to the forms, mostly by defining specific plumbing fixtures such as toiletfixtures. Once the data was analyzed and the types of cross-connections and degrees of hazarddetermined, the data was compiled and is summarized in the Results and Conclusions section of thisreport. The data was also forwarded to the UCB Research Team for incorporation into the WetStudy.

Instrument testing, inspection and maintenance

The only instrument used in this study is the survey form, which has gone through several reviewsby those involved in the WET Study and those involved in this study. After the initial surveys withthe QAM and the FOM, some minor adjustments, were necessary to ensure clarity, accuracy andconsistency in the reporting of data.

Inspection/ acceptance criteria


The data from the survey forms was accepted for use in the study unless there was unclear data. TheQA Manager reviewed the data for clarity upon receipt. When there were unclear points, the QAManager contacted the FOM requesting clarification. There was no need to eliminate any data asclarity was obtained in each case.

Assessments and Response Actions

On several occasions, the USC Research Team conducted a conference call with the UCB ResearchTeam and the EPA Project Officer, as well as other stakeholders in the WET Study, to review thedata submitted during the previous month(s). The USC Project Manager was in contact with theWET Study Project Manager on a regular basis as the need arose to ensure the delivery of data in aform useful to the WET Study Team and to discuss specific issues as they arose.

Reports to Management

Quarterly progress reports were made to the Environmental Protection Agency via the EPA ProjectOfficer for this study. Project status, performance evaluation, periodic data quality assessments, anyQA problems were addressed in regular telephone conversations, quarterly status reports and email.

Reconciliation with User Requirements

The USC Research Team worked closely with the UCB Research Team during the initial design ofthe study and throughout the data collection process to ensure that the cross-connection survey datamet the needs of the UCB WET Study. The development of the survey form was coordinatedbetween the USC, and UCB Research Teams. The summary spreadsheets were modified after thefirst group of surveys to serve the needs of the WET Study team. The cross-connections found inthe bathrooms were divided into bathroom cross-connections and toilet cross-connections. The USCResearch Team met with the Wet Study Project Manager after the initial surveys. At this meeting itwas determined that cross-connections involving the toilets would be more pertinent to the WETStudy. The data was contained in the original survey forms, but had not been separated on the initialspreadsheets forwarded to the WET Study Team. At this point, using the original data, the summaryspreadsheet was modified to distinguish between toilet cross-connections and other bathroom cross-connections.

Results and Discussion

Surveys of household plumbing systems were conducted on 188 homes of those involved in theWET Study from May of 2002 to January of 2003. Homes found to have direct cross-connections toa health hazard constituted 9.6% of the homes. On average 73% of water uses were unprotected,constituting cross-connections. Only 4.3% of the homes had either no unprotected cross-connections or unprotected cross-connections to a non-hazardous substance. Homes with a cross-connection (either direct or indirect) to a health hazard constituted 95.7% of the homes. Althoughthis is a large percentage, the greatest concern was with the 9.6% of the homes having a direct cross-connection to a health hazard. In most cases these cross-connections were due to improperlyplumbed toilet fixtures, or specific toilet fixtures which could create a backpressure situation andforce hazardous water from the toilet tank into the drinking water supply. 91% of the homescontained unprotected hose bibs, which are considered an indirect cross-connection to a healthhazard, due to the potential for connecting hose bibs to any substance within reach of a hose. 61%


of the homes contained unprotected cross-connections involving the toilets with 8.8% of these beingdirect cross-connections. Cross-Connections to tanks, vats or water softeners were found in 5.9% ofthe homes. Of these, 18.2% were direct cross-connections to health hazards. Unprotected cross-connections to health hazards within the heating/cooling system were discovered in 43.6% of thehomes. Only one home had an unprotected irrigation system of the five that had an irrigationsystem. The detailed spreadsheet covering each cross-connection for each residence is exhibited inAppendix D.

Summary of Results Table

Percentageof Homes

Condition Determined

9.6% Direct cross-connection to a health hazard73% of all water uses unprotected4.3% All cross-connections protected or, if unprotected, was a non-health

hazard95.7% Direct or indirect cross-connection to a health hazard91% Unprotected hose bibs at the residence61% Unprotected cross-connections involving toilets (8.8% of these were

direct.)5.9% Of homes had cross-connections to tanks, vats, or water softeners18.2% Of the cross-connections to tanks, vats or water softeners were direct

connections43.6% Of homes had heating/cooling system cross-connections

Conclusions and Recommendations

The results indicate that there are a large number of unprotected cross-connections in the home.Many of these cross-connections can be corrected by simple measures, such as a hose bib vacuumbreaker or the change in a toilet fixture. Other problems which may occur, such as a direct cross-connection to the sewer via a water softener would require some additional plumbing work toalleviate. The fact that 73% of all water uses were through unprotected cross-connections indicatesthat there is a significant chance for backflow to occur should the hydraulic conditions change.Events that are not uncommon such as a water main break or fire hydrant use (for firefighting orflushing) would drop the pressure at the incident to atmospheric pressure. Pressure in the pipingsystem elevated above the main break could drop to sub-atmospheric levels. In such cases backflowwould occur through these unprotected cross-connections. A problem within the home could alsooccur should the water supply to the home be shut-off for any maintenance reason. If a tap at alower elevation were opened, backflow would occur through an unprotected cross-connection.

This study indicates, first of all, that further study is needed in other areas of the nation. This projectincluded homes in one water system in Iowa. There were only five irrigation systems, no pools, orspas, and no fire sprinkler systems. Additionally, the homes were, in general, older homes and theywere all single-family dwellings. Irrigations systems which are common in some parts of thecountry, could easily contribute to the potential for backflow occurrences in residences. Pools andSpas are also potential sources of contamination, depending upon the design of the system for fillingand/or make-up water.


Although data on the age of the home was only obtainable of 83 of the homes the average home agewas almost fifty years old. Studies of newer homes may show homes are better protected.

Another recommendation would be for water agencies to increase their efforts in the area of publiceducation. While almost every home had a cross-connection with a health hazard present few of theresidents had any idea of the potential hazards. Most of the cross-connections discovered could beabated with a few dollars and a few minutes, but residents where unaware of the hazards existing intheir own plumbing system.


Appendix A

The Initial Letter from USC


24 January 2002

Thank you for expressing interest in the study, “Prevalence of Cross-Connections inHousehold Plumbing,” conducted by the University of Southern California. The researchproject is being conducted in coordination with the Iowa-American Water Company andthe University of California, Berkeley WET (Water Evaluation Trial) Study, in whichyou have participated.

The purpose of this study will be to survey your household plumbing system to determineif there are any cross-connections in your home. A cross-connection is a connectionbetween the drinking water plumbing system and any other source, which may contributeto the degradation of the quality of the drinking water. A brochure entitled WorkingTogether for Safe Water is enclosed to help you understand what cross-connections are.A professional cross-connection control specialist will survey your plumbing system anddetermine if there exist any unprotected cross-connections in the system. One adult fromyour household will be asked to spend about 30-60 minutes accompanying the specialistas the survey is performed.

The information obtained will be valuable to the WET Study, the water distributionindustry and to you. You will be informed of any connections in your plumbing system,which may permit other substances to enter your plumbing system and, thus, degrade thequality of your drinking water. You will be informed as to how to make the correctionsnecessary to protect your drinking water from these interconnections. These correctionsmay be as simple as replacing a part in your toilet tank, or installing a hose bib vacuumbreaker. Once such corrections are made, or if no problems are discovered, you can besure that you’ve done your part in protecting you, your family, neighbors and the waterdistribution system as a whole. At the end of the survey, the specialist will present youwith a check for $50.00 for your participation in this study.

Although it is likely that no unprotected cross-connections will be discovered in yourhome, your participation will allow you to gain greater insight in understanding yourhousehold water system.

We thank you for your interest in this study and look forward to your participation. I’msure you will find the information obtained useful and interesting. To confirm yourdecision to participate in this study, you will need to read and agree to the enclosedInformed Consent Form and contact our office by calling toll-free 866-545-6340.Contacting our office signifies you agree to the enclosed Informed Consent Form. Pleasecontact our office within three weeks.

Thank you again for your participation and if you have any questions, please contact ouroffice at the phone number above or e-mail [email protected].

Sincerely,

J. J. Lee, Ph.D., P.E.Director


Appendix B

The Survey Form


Prevalence of Cross-Connections in Household PlumbingSurvey Form

Survey LocationName Mr. Mrs. Miss _________________________________________________

Street Address ____________________________________________________

City ____________________________State ________ Zip_________________Phone (______)__________________ FAX (______) ____________________

Contact person upon arrival Mr. Mrs. Miss _____________________________

Arrival Time _________ am/pm Departure Time __________ am/pm

Service Connection(s) & Number Water Meter Size

o Domestic _____ o 5/8” o _” o 1” o other ______o Irrigation _____ o 5/8” o _” o 1” o other ______o Fire _____ o 5/8” o _” o 1” o other ______

Building Height - Number of Stories: o One o Two o Three Basement: o Yes o No

Water Usage

Cross-Connection?No

Yes - Direct orIndirect

ProtectionAG, AVB,PVB, SVBRP, DC,

DuCh,DCAP(1)

InstallationAcceptable

(2)

Permanent orTemporary

(3)

No Dir Ind Yes No Perm Temp

o Auxiliary water supply o Water well- pressuretank o o o o o o o

o Storage tank o o o o o o o o Other _______________ o o o o o o o

Comments:

o Fire Sprinkler System o Anti-freeze o o o o o o o o Storage tank o o o o o o o o Other _______________ o o o o o o o

Comments:

o Irrigation System o o o o o o o o Chemical Injection o o o o o o o o Booster Pumps o o o o o o o o Other _______________ o o o o o o o

Comments:

USC ID # __________________


Cross-Conn ProperWater Usage

No Dir Ind

Type ofProtection

Yes NoPerm Temp

o Heating/Cooling Equipment o Water Heater T& P Valve oYes oNo o o o o o o o

o Boiler o o o o o o o o Geo-thermal heating o o o o o o o o Heat Exchanger o o o o o o o o Humidifier o o o o o o o o Hydronic Heat o o o o o o o o Snow Melt System o o o o o o o o Solar Heating o o o o o o o o Water cooled equip o o o o o o o o Other _______________ o o o o o o o

Comments:

o Kitchen Facilities o Faucet o o o o o o o o Pull out spray head o o o o o o o o Dishwasher - Inlet o o o o o o o Outlet o o o o o o o o Icemaker o o o o o o o o Other _______________ o o o o o o o

Comments:

o Laundry o Washing machine o o o o o o o o Wash Sink o o o o o o o o Portable Equipment o o o o o o o o Other _______________ o o o o o o o

Comments:

o Sewage System o Sewage Ejectors o o o o o o o o RV Flushing Facilities o o o o o o o o Bathroom #1 - Sink o o o o o o o o Bathtub/Shower o o o o o o o o Toilet/Bidet o o o o o o o

o Bathroom #2 - Sink o o o o o o o o Bathtub/Shower o o o o o o o o Toilet/Bidet o o o o o o o

o Bathroom #3 - Sink o o o o o o o o Bathtub/Shower o o o o o o o o Toilet/Bidet o o o o o o o

o Other _______________ o o o o o o oComments:


Cross-Conn Proper

Water Usage No Dir IndType of

Protection Yes No Perm Temp

o Swimming Pool/Spa o Fill Line o o o o o o o o Other _______________ o o o o o o o

Comments:

o Tanks, Vats, other Vessels o Water Softener - Inlet o o o o o o o Outlet o o o o o o o o Other _______________ o o o o o o o

Comments:

o Outdoor Hose bibbso #1 - o o o o o o oo #2 - o o o o o o oo #3 - o o o o o o oo #4 - o o o o o o o

o Other _______________ o o o o o o oComments:

Other Actual or Potential Cross-Connections :

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

Type of Chemicals observed on-site:____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

Surveyor _______________________________

Signature _____________________________

Date of Survey _________________________

All internal cross-connectionsprotected?

o Yes

o No

USC Research Team Transferred toData Base

Type of Cross- Conn Hazard Date:_________________o Indirect o Non-Healtho Direct o Health By:

___________________


Attachment #1

Detailing for Survey Form

(1) Protection - Type of Backflow Protection PresentAG - Air gap

Break - Air break

AVB- Atmospheric Vacuum Breaker

PVB - Pressure Vacuum BreakerSVB - Spill-Resistant Pressure Vacuum BreakerRP - Reduced Pressure Principle AssemblyDC - Double Check Valve AssemblyDuCh - Dual CheckDCAP - Dual Check with Atmospheric Port

(2) Installation Acceptable -

Yes - General compliance with installation criteria (ref - Iowa Plumbing Code)Proper Elevation for AVB, PVB, SVBProper ClearancesAccessibility for testing/maintenance

No - Non-compliance with installation criteria

(3) Permanent or Temporary Connection

Perm - Permanently or rigidly affixed with piping/tubing

Temp - Temporary connection


Appendix C

The Recommendation Form


Prevalence of Cross-Connections in Household Plumbing

Recommended Corrections

Thank you for participation in this important study. During the water usesurvey of your residence, the surveyor has identified actual or potentialcross connections. Below are suggested recommendations to correctthese cross connections.

Water Usage Location Cross connectionRecommended

Correction *

* 1. Install approved/listed hose bib vacuum breaker 2. Install approved/listed antisiphon ballcock 3. Install approved/listed reduced pressure principle backflow preventionassembly

Distribution:Original – USCYellow – ParticipantBlue – City of Davenport or BettendorfRed – Iowa-American WaterPrevelence of Cross-Connections in Household Plumbing Systems-University of Southern California of 30

Appendix D

The Household Cross-Connections Brochure


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mb

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rin

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ith

in y

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r h

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me

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bs

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of

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74


FAU

CET

OR

SPO

UT

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K,

TUB

, TA

NK

,W

ATE

RIN

G T

RO

UG

H

OV

ERFL

OW

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OR

ED

GE

PHY

SIC

AL

SEPA

RA

TIO

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AIR

GA

P”

- TY

PIC

ALL

YM

INIM

UM

OF

1-IN

CH

WR

ON

G!!

HO

SE S

UB

MER

GED

IN T

RO

UG

H -

NO

“A

IR-G

AP”

Ou

r H

om

es.

..H

ave

you

eve

r co

nsi

der

ed a

ll o

f th

e p

lace

sth

at y

ou

use

wat

er in

yo

ur

ho

me?

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u m

ayb

e su

rpri

sed

ho

w m

any

dif

fere

nt

way

s th

atw

ater

can

be

use

d, a

nd

po

ssib

ly m

isu

sed

.

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bro

chu

re d

iscu

sses

a f

ew o

f th

e u

ses

of

wat

er t

hat

yo

u m

igh

t w

ant

to p

ay m

ore

at-

ten

tio

n t

o in

ord

er t

o p

rote

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pu

rity

of

the

wat

er y

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nk,

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ok

wit

h, o

r b

ath

in.

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s lo

ok

at a

few

exa

mp

les.

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ks,

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bs,

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ks

The

fau

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in y

ou

r b

ath

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m o

r ki

tch

enm

ust

be

loca

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so

th

at t

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ove

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so b

e p

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-gap

ped

.”If

th

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is n

o a

ir-g

ap, t

hen

th

e co

nte

nts

of

the

sin

k, t

ub

, or

tan

k m

ay b

e su

cked

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ksip

ho

ned

” in

to t

he

wat

er li

ne

du

rin

g a

loss

of

wat

er p

ress

ure

.

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ets

Toile

ts n

eed

wat

er t

o f

lush

th

e w

aste

mat

e-ri

al in

to t

he

sew

er s

yste

m.

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wat

er t

hat

flu

shes

th

e to

ilet

ente

rs in

to t

he

toile

t ta

nk

fro

m t

he

smal

l ho

se o

r p

ipe

con

nec

ted

to

the

bo

tto

m o

f th

e to

ilet

tan

k.

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ess

enti

alth

at t

he

flo

at-v

alve

(o

r an

ti-s

iph

on

bal

lco

ck)

insi

de

of

the

toile

t ta

nk

is t

he

corr

ect

typ

eso

th

at t

he

con

ten

ts o

f th

e to

ilet

tan

kd

on

’t g

et b

ack

into

th

e d

rin

kin

gw

ater

sys

tem

in y

ou

r h

ou

se.

As

sho

wn

in t

he

illu

stra

tio

n,

the

anti

-sip

ho

n b

allc

ock

and

ref

ill t

ub

e m

ust

be

abo

ve t

he

wat

er le

vel

in t

he

tan

k.

BA

LLC

OC

K W

ITH

AN

TI-S

IPH

ON

VA

LVE.

MU

ST B

E A

BO

VE

THE

WA

TER

LEV

EL A

T LE

AST

1-IN

CH

MA

KE

UP

TUB

E T

OR

EFIL

L TH

E “B

OW

L”

WA

TER

TO

FLU

SH B

OW

L

TOIL

ETTA

NK

TOIL

ETB

OW

LW

ATE

RLI

NE

FLO

AT

MO

VES

UP

AN

D D

OW

NTO

CO

NTR

OL

WA

TER

LEV

ELIN

TA

NK

FLO

AT

MA

Y A

LSO

BE

A B

ALL

ON

ALO

NG

RO

D

Irri

ga

tio

nIr

rig

atio

n s

yste

ms

mak

e w

ater

ing

of

you

rla

wn

or

gar

den

mu

ch e

asie

r, b

ut

if n

ot

pro

p-

erly

co

nst

ruct

ed, c

on

tam

inan

ts m

ayb

ackf

low

into

yo

ur

dri

nki

ng

wat

er.

Bac

k-fl

ow

pro

tect

ion

may

be

pro

vid

ed w

ith

vacu

um

bre

aker

s (a

tmo

sph

eric

(A

VB

) o

r p

res-

sure

(PV

B o

r SV

B))

or

red

uce

d p

ress

ure

pri

n-

cip

le a

ssem

blie

s (R

P).

Wat

er p

oo

ling

aro

un

d s

pri

nkl

er h

ead

s m

ayb

e co

nta

min

ated

by

chem

ical

s, f

erti

lizer

s, o

ran

imal

was

te.

MU

ST B

E PH

YSI

CA

LLY

SEPA

RA

TED

OR

AIR

-GA

PPED

. (A

PLA

STIC

OR

MET

AL

CLI

P IS

TY

PIC

ALL

YU

SED

TO

HO

LD T

HE

TUB

E IN

PLA

CE)

EXA

MPL

E O

F“A

VB

” W

ITH

CO

NTR

OL

VA

LVE

CO

RR

EC

T

WA

TER

LIN

E

WA

TER

LEV

EL

VA

CU

UM

BR

EAK

ERS

MU

ST B

E IN

STA

LLED

AB

OV

E TH

E G

RO

UN

D, A

ND

AB

OV

E A

LLSP

RIN

KLE

R H

EAD

S[T

YPI

CA

LLY

6-I

NC

HES

FO

R A

VB

, AN

D 1

2-IN

CH

ES F

OR

PV

B O

R S

VB

]


Appendix E

The Data Spreadsheet


1/2

conv

entio

n in

dica

tes

one

prot

ecte

d cr

oss-

conn

ectio

n of

two

disc

over

edSu

rvey

Dat

e

Year Home Built (approx.)

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

# of CC

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

Type of CC

Degree of Hazard

CC

DO

HC

CD

OH

CC

DO

HT

ype

of C

CD

egre

e of

H

azar

d

9048

12/

2H

1/1

H2/

2H

3/3

H0/

2H

0/2

HD

H8

1267

1922

5/20

/02

DH

DH

DH

DH

9030

21/

1H

1/1

H1/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

0/2

HI

H7

978

5/20

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9029

31/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

2/2

H0/

1H

0/3

HI

H6

1060

1900

5/20

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9047

41/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

0/1

H0/

2H

IH

913

6919

745/

20/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9097

51/

2H

1/1

H1/

2H

2/2

H0/

1H

0/2

HI

H5

1050

1989

5/20

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9016

61/

2H

5/5

H2/

2H

7/7

H3/

3H

0/2

HI

H18

2186

1998

5/21

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9014

71/

2H

5/5

H1/

1H

9/10

H0/

3H

2/2

HI

H18

2378

1991

5/21

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9053

81/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

0/2

HI

H9

1275

1964

5/21

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9028

91/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

5/5

H2/

3H

1/2

HI

H13

1587

5/21

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9019

101/

2N

H2/

2H

2/2

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

2H

IH

711

6419

005/

21/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9003

111/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

3/3

H0/

2H

0/2

HI

H8

1267

5/21

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9045

121/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

4/4

H0/

2H

0/2

HI

H9

1369

1973

5/21

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9009

132/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

5/5

H2/

3H

2/3

HI

H15

1788

1996

5/21

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9034

141/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

3/3

H2/

2H

0/1

HI

H10

1191

1972

5/21

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9035

150/

1H

2/2

H2/

2H

1/1

H4/

4H

2/2

H0/

3H

IH

1115

7319

195/

22/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9013

161/

1H

4/4

H2/

2H

4/4

H1/

2H

2/2

HI

H14

1593

1936

5/22

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9036

172/

2H

4/4

H1/

2H

5/5

H2/

3H

1/2

H1/

2H

DH

1620

8019

715/

22/0

2D

HD

HD

HD

H

9115

181/

2H

4/4

H1/

1H

5/5

H3/

3H

2/2

HI

H16

1794

1999

9/27

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9066

191/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

5/5

H2/

3H

1/1

H0/

2H

IH

1317

769/

25/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9142

201/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

3/3

H2/

2H

0/1

HI

H10

1283

9/25

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9109

211/

2H

2/2

H2/

2H

2/3

H1/

1H

0/1

HI

H8

1173

9/26

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9127

221/

2H

4/4

H1/

1H

4/4

H0/

2H

0/4

HI

H10

1759

9/26

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9098

231/

1H

1/4

H4/

4H

2/2

H5/

5H

0/2

H0/

3H

IH

1321

6219

689/

26/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9161

241/

2H

2/2

H1/

1H

3/3

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

2H

IH

913

699/

26/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9138

251/

1H

4/4

H1/

1H

6/6

H0/

3H

1/4

HI

H13

1968

9/26

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9112

261/

1H

1/1

H1/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

0/1

HI

H7

888

1936

9/26

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9178

271/

1H

1/1

H1/

1H

4/4

H0/

2H

0/3

HI

H7

1258

1916

9/26

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9183

282/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

7/7

H4/

4H

0/2

HI

H17

1989

9/26

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9111

291/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

1/2

HI

H10

1191

9/26

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9116

301/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

5/5

H1/

3H

0/2

HI

H11

1669

9/26

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9046

311/

1H

1/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H5/

5H

3/3

H2/

2H

IH

1719

899/

26/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9175

321/

1H

4/4

H1/

1H

2/2

H0/

1H

0/2

HI

H8

1173

9/27

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9128

331/

2H

3/3

H3/

3H

1/1

H1/

1H

0/2

HI

H9

1275

9/27

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9186

341/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

7/7

H2/

3H

0/2

HI

H14

1878

9/27

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9162

351/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

4/4

H1/

2H

0/2

HI

H10

1471

9/27

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9146

361/

2H

2/2

H1/

1H

4/4

H1/

2H

0/1

H0/

1H

IH

913

699/

27/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9131

371/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

0/1

HI

H8

989

1920

's9/

27/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9119

381/

1H

3/4

H1/

2H

2/2

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

2H

IH

914

649/

27/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9055

391/

1H

1/1

H1/

1H

2/2

H0/

1H

0/1

H0/

2H

IH

59

5619

999/

27/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9157

401/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

5/5

H2/

2H

2/2

HN

one

Non

e14

1410

09/

27/0

2N

one

Non

eN

one

Non

eN

one

Non

eN

one

Non

e

9213

411/

2H

2/2

H2/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

0/2

HI

H9

1275

10/2

4/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9156

421/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

4/4

H2/

2H

1/2

H1/

2H

IH

1214

8610

/24/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9087

431/

1H

1/1

H1/

1H

0/2

H1/

1H

1/2

HI

H5

863

10/2

4/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9326

441/

1H

4/4

H1/

1H

5/5

H1/

3H

0/2

HI

H12

1675

10/2

4/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9032

451/

2H

4/4

H1/

2H

4/4

H1/

2H

0/2

HI

H11

1669

10/2

4/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9106

461/

2H

4/4

H1/

1H

4/4

H2/

2H

0/2

HI

H12

1580

10/2

4/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9185

471/

2H

2/2

H1/

2H

2/3

H1/

1H

0/1

HI

H7

1164

10/2

4/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9302

480/

1H

3/3

H0/

1H

1/2

H0/

1H

IH

48

5010

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02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9107

491/

2H

2/2

H1/

1H

3/4

H0/

2H

0/4

HI

H7

1547

10/2

4/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9284

501/

2H

3/3

H1/

2H

3/3

H1/

2H

1/1

H0/

2H

IH

1015

6710

/24/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9078

511/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

5/5

H0/

3H

0/2

HI

H10

1663

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9134

521/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

3/5

H1/

2H

1/1

H0/

4H

IH

1018

5610

/25/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9081

531/

1H

3/4

H3/

3H

3/3

H0/

2H

1/1

H0/

2H

DH

1116

6910

/24/

02D

HD

HD

HD

H

9151

541/

2H

4/4

H1/

1H

4/5

H1/

3H

0/2

HI

H11

1765

10/2

4/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9153

551/

1H

4/4

H1/

1H

1/3

H2/

2H

0/2

HI

H9

1369

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9379

561/

3H

3/3

H2/

2H

6/6

H3/

3H

0/3

HI

H15

2075

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9344

571/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

4/4

H1/

1H

0/1

HI

H9

1090

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9015

581/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

4/5

H3/

3H

0/1

H2/

4H

IH

1419

7410

/25/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9266

591/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

4/4

H1/

2H

0/2

HI

H10

1471

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9235

601/

2H

4/4

H1/

2H

2/3

H1/

2H

0/2

HI

H9

1560

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9174

611/

1H

4/4

H1/

1H

2/2

H1/

2H

0/2

HI

H9

1275

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9313

621/

2H

2/2

H1/

2H

3/5

H0/

2H

0/2

HI

H7

1547

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9010

631/

1H

4/4

H1/

1H

2/2

H0/

1H

0/2

HI

H8

1173

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9312

640/

1H

1/2

H3/

3H

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H1/

1H

0/1

HD

H9

1182

10/2

5/02

DH

DH

DH

DH

9105

651/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

0/2

HI

H7

978

10/2

5/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9264

661/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

3/3

H0/

2H

1/1

H0/

2H

IH

914

6410

/30/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

Protected connections

Fin

al D

eter

min

atio

n

Rev

iew

er #

1

(PA

S) (

LL

C)

Rev

iew

er #

2

(HW

C)

Rev

iew

er #

3

% protected Connections

Total Water Connections

Kitchen

Laundry

Overall Assessment

Bathrooms

Pool/Spa

Tanks, Vats

Hosebibbs

Toilets

Heating / Cooling

USC ID #

Aux Water

Fire Sprinkler

Irrigation

Survey No.


1/2

conv

entio

n in

dica

tes

one

prot

ecte

d cr

oss-

conn

ectio

n of

two

disc

over

edSu

rvey

Dat

e


# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

# of CC

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

Type of CC

Degree of Hazard

CC

DO

HC

CD

OH

CC

DO

HT

ype

of C

CD

egre

e of

H

azar

d


Fin

al D

eter

min

atio

n

Rev

iew

er #

1

(PA

S) (

LL

C)

Rev

iew

er #

2

(HW

C)

Rev

iew

er #

3



Kitchen

Laundry

Overall Assessment

Bathrooms

Pool/Spa

Tanks, Vats

Hosebibbs

Toilets

Heating / Cooling

USC ID #

Aux Water

Fire Sprinkler

Irrigation

Survey No.

9252

671/

1H

2/2

H2/

2H

2/2

H0/

1H

0/1

HI

H7

978

10/3

0/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9137

681/

1H

4/4

H1/

1H

4/5

H3/

3H

0/3

HI

H13

1776

10/3

0/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9351

691/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

1/2

H0/

1H

1/1

HI

H5

771

10/3

0/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9165

701/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

0/2

HI

H8

1173

10/3

0/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9336

711/

1H

4/4

H1/

1H

5/6

H1/

3H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

1419

7410

/30/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9287

721/

2H

2/2

H1/

1H

4/4

H0/

2H

0/2

HI

H8

1362

10/3

0/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9022

731/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

4/4

H0/

2H

0/4

HI

H9

1656

1960

10/3

0/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9386

741/

1H

2/2

H2/

2H

3/4

H0/

1H

0/1

HI

H8

1173

10/3

0/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9307

751/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

2/2

H0/

1H

0/2

HI

H7

1070

10/3

0/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9372

761/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

3/4

H1/

2H

1/1

H0/

2H

IH

1015

6719

2010

/30/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9317

771/

1H

4/4

H2/

2H

5/5

H1/

3H

1/1

H0/

2H

IH

1418

7810

/31/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9099

781/

1H

3/3

H2/

2H

6/7

H2/

4H

0/2

HI

H15

2075

10/3

1/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9230

791/

1H

3/3

H3/

3H

6/6

H3/

3H

1/1

H0/

4H

IH

1721

8110

/31/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9316

801/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

0/2

HI

H8

1173

10/3

1/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9132

811/

2H

2/2

H1/

2H

3/5

H1/

3H

0/2

HI

H8

1650

1869

10/3

1/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9092

821/

2H

2/2

H1/

1H

2/3

H2/

2H

0/1

HI

H8

1173

10/3

1/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9188

831/

2H

3/3

H1/

3H

5/6

H1/

3H

1/2

HI

H12

1963

10/3

1/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9082

841/

1H

1/1

H1/

2H

0/1

H1/

1H

0/3

HI

H4

944

10/3

1/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9032

851/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

1/2

H1/

1H

0/2

HI

H7

1164

10/3

1/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9070

861/

1H

1/1

H1/

1H

4/4

H0/

2H

0/1

HI

H7

1070

10/3

1/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9039

871/

2H

1/1

H1/

2H

3/3

H2/

2H

0/2

HI

H8

1267

11/7

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9236

881/

1H

4/4

H1/

2H

3/5

H0/

3H

0/2

HD

H9

1753

1950

's11

/7/0

2D

HD

HD

HD

H

9108

891/

2H

4/4

H1/

2H

3/5

H0/

3H

0/3

HI

H9

1947

11/7

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9277

901/

1H

1/1

H1/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

0/1

HI

H6

786

11/7

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9234

911/

2H

4/4

H1/

1H

6/6

H3/

3H

0/3

HI

H15

1979

11/7

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9122

921/

1H

3/3

H1/

1H

4/4

H1/

2H

0/2

HI

H10

1377

11/7

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9091

931/

2H

4/4

H3/

3H

4/4

H2/

2H

0/2

HI

H14

1782

11/7

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9225

941/

1H

1/1

H1/

1H

1/2

H0/

1H

0/1

HI

H4

757

11/7

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9160

951/

2H

3/3

H1/

2H

3/3

H0/

1H

0/4

HI

H8

1553

11/8

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9291

962/

3H

3/3

H1/

1H

6/6

H3/

3H

0/2

HI

H15

1883

11/8

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9314

971/

1H

3/3

H1/

2H

4/4

H2/

3H

0/1

HI

H11

1479

11/8

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9200

981/

2H

3/3

H1/

2H

4/5

H2/

3H

0/1

H0/

2H

DH

1118

6111

/8/0

2D

HD

HD

HD

H

9332

991/

2H

3/3

H1/

1H

8/8

H0/

4H

1/3

HI

H14

2167

11/8

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9254

100

1/1

H4/

4H

1/2

H1/

2H

1/1

H0/

1H

IH

811

7311

/8/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9339

101

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H4/

4H

1/2

H0/

1H

IH

911

8211

/21/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9126

102

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H1/

2H

1/1

H2/

2H

IH

89

8911

/21/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9123

103

1/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H5/

5H

1/3

H2/

2H

IH

1418

7811

/21/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9064

104

2/2

H6/

6H

1/1

H7/

9H

3/4

H0/

5H

IH

1725

6811

/21/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9073

105

1/1

H3/

3H

1/1

H1/

2H

0/1

H0/

1H

IH

69

6718

8011

/21/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9061

106

1/1

H1/

2H

3/3

H2/

2H

5/5

H2/

3H

3/3

HI

H17

1989

11/2

1/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9361

107

1/2

H4/

4H

2/2

H2/

3H

0/2

H0/

3H

IH

916

5611

/21/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9371

108

1/2

H3/

3H

1/1

H4/

4H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

1114

7911

/21/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9244

109

1/2

H4/

4H

1/1

H3/

4H

0/2

H0/

2H

IH

915

6011

/21/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9214

110

1/1

H2/

2H

1/2

H4/

4H

1/1

H2/

2H

IH

1112

9211

/21/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9219

111

1/2

H3/

3H

1/1

H3/

3H

2/2

H0/

1H

0/1

HI

H10

1377

11/2

2/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9263

112

1/2

H3/

3H

1/1

H4/

4H

1/2

H1/

2H

IH

1114

7911

/22/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9171

113

1/1

H4/

4H

1/1

H3/

3H

1/2

H0/

2H

IH

1013

7711

/22/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9272

114

1/1

H1/

1H

1/1

H2/

2H

0/1

HI

H5

683

11/2

2/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9355

115

1/1

H4/

4H

1/1

H8/

8H

2/4

H0/

2H

IH

1620

8011

/22/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9117

116

1/2

H1/

1H

2/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H0/

1H

IH

912

7511

/22/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9002

117

1/2

H2/

2H

1/1

H3/

3H

0/2

H0/

2H

IH

712

5811

/22/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9267

118

1/2

H3/

3H

2/2

H4/

4H

3/3

H0/

2H

IH

1316

8111

/22/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9145

119

1/2

H2/

2H

1/2

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

1H

IH

610

6018

8811

/22/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9375

120

1/1

H3/

3H

1/1

H1/

2H

0/1

H0/

1H

IH

69

6711

/22/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9176

121

1/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H5/

5H

3/3

H0/

2H

IH

1418

7811

/23/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9202

122

1/1

H3/

3H

1/1

H2/

4H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

913

6911

/29/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9065

123

1/1

H4/

4H

1/1

H3/

4H

0/2

H0/

1H

IH

913

6911

/29/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9296

124

1/1

H2/

2H

0/1

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

1H

IH

58

6311

/29/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9240

125

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H0/

2H

IH

79

7811

/29/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9305

126

1/2

H2/

2H

1/2

H4/

4H

1/3

H0/

2H

IH

915

6011

/29/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9322

127

1/1

H3/

3H

2/2

H4/

4H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

1214

8611

/29/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9222

128

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H4/

4H

0/2

H0/

2H

IH

812

6711

/29/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9308

129

1/1

H4/

4H

1/1

H3/

4H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

1114

7911

/29/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9018

130

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H1/

2H

0/1

H0/

2H

IH

59

5611

/30/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9269

131

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H1/

2H

1/1

HI

H6

786

11/3

0/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9228

132

1/1

H3/

3H

1/2

H4/

4H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

1114

7919

7012

/5/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H


1/2

conv

entio

n in

dica

tes

one

prot

ecte

d cr

oss-

conn

ectio

n of

two

disc

over

edSu

rvey

Dat

e


# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

# of CC

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

Type of CC

Degree of Hazard

CC

DO

HC

CD

OH

CC

DO

HT

ype

of C

CD

egre

e of

H

azar

d


Fin

al D

eter

min

atio

n

Rev

iew

er #

1

(PA

S) (

LL

C)

Rev

iew

er #

2

(HW

C)

Rev

iew

er #

3



Kitchen

Laundry

Overall Assessment

Bathrooms

Pool/Spa

Tanks, Vats

Hosebibbs

Toilets

Heating / Cooling

USC ID #

Aux Water

Fire Sprinkler

Irrigation

Survey No.

9391

133

0/1

H1/

1H

1/1

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

2H

DH

48

5019

7912

/5/0

2D

HD

HD

HD

H

9398

134

1/1

H3/

3H

1/1

H3/

5H

3/3

H1/

3H

IH

1216

7519

0012

/5/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9049

135

1/2

H3/

3H

1/2

H3/

4H

0/2

H1/

1H

0/2

HI

H9

1656

1940

12/5

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9161

136

1/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H5/

5H

2/2

H1/

2H

IH

1417

8219

7512

/5/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9035

137

1/1

H4/

4H

1/3

H6/

6H

2/3

H0/

2H

IH

1419

7419

9912

/5/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9164

138

1/2

H1/

1H

1/1

H5/

5H

0/3

H0/

2H

IH

814

5719

5212

/5/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9051

139

1/2

H4/

4H

1/1

H8/

8H

2/4

H1/

2H

DH

1720

8519

7712

/5/0

2D

HD

HD

HD

H

9110

140

1/2

H3/

3H

1/1

H2/

3H

1/1

H0/

2H

IH

812

6719

2512

/6/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9323

141

1/1

H4/

4H

1/1

H4/

5H

3/3

H0/

1H

0/2

HI

H13

1776

1996

12/6

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9265

142

1/1

H3/

3H

1/1

H4/

4H

2/2

H2/

2H

NN

1313

100

1990

12/6

/02

NN

NN

NN

NN

9155

143

1/2

H3/

3H

1/2

H5/

5H

3/3

H1/

2H

IH

1417

8219

7012

/6/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9268

144

1/2

H1/

1H

1/1

H4/

4H

1/2

H0/

1H

DH

811

7319

5312

/6/0

2D

HD

HD

HD

H

9229

145

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H3/

3H

0/1

H0/

2H

IH

710

7019

6312

/6/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9090

146

1/2

H3/

3H

1/1

H3/

3H

0/2

H0/

1H

IH

812

6719

6712

/6/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9120

147

1/1

H4/

4H

1/2

H5/

5H

0/3

H0/

2H

IH

1117

6519

6512

/6/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9024

148

1/2

H3/

3H

1/1

H4/

5H

0/2

H0/

1H

IH

914

6419

3012

/6/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9329

149

1/2

H4/

4H

1/1

H3/

3H

0/2

H0/

1H

IH

913

6919

2012

/6/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9282

150

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H3/

3H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

911

8219

2512

/6/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9292

151

1/2

H4/

4H

1/1

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

2H

DH

812

6719

6312

/7/0

2D

HD

HD

HD

H

9242

152

1/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H6/

6H

1/4

H0/

2H

DH

1320

6519

8112

/7/0

2D

HD

HD

HD

H

9203

153

1/1

H3/

3H

1/1

H3/

3H

1/1

H0/

1H

IH

910

9019

2012

/7/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9204

154

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H0/

1H

IH

79

7819

5412

/7/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9274

155

1/1

H2/

2H

1/3

H0/

1H

0/1

HI

H4

850

1900

12/7

/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9300

156

1/1

H6/

6H

1/1

H6/

6H

2/3

H0/

4H

IH

1621

7619

8012

/7/0

2I

HI

HI

HI

H

9067

157

1/1

H4/

4H

1/1

H5/

5H

3/3

H0/

2H

IH

1416

8819

6512

/13/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9298

158

1/1

H4/

4H

1/1

H7/

7H

3/3

H2/

2H

NN

1818

100

1990

12/1

3/02

NN

NN

NN

NN

9182

159

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

1H

DH

68

7519

0012

/13/

02D

HD

HD

HD

H

9100

160

1/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H5/

5H

2/3

H0/

2H

IH

1318

7219

7412

/13/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9376

161

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H4/

4H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

1012

8319

5912

/13/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9221

162

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H4/

4H

1/2

H0/

1H

DH

911

8219

3912

/13/

02D

HD

HD

HD

H

9348

163

1/1

H3/

3H

1/1

H3/

3H

1/2

H0/

1H

IH

911

8219

8012

/13/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9006

164

1/1

H2/

2H

2/2

H5/

5H

2/3

H0/

2H

IH

1215

8019

5012

/14/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9005

165

1/2

H4/

4H

1/1

H7/

7H

4/4

H0/

1H

IH

1719

8919

7812

/14/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9026

166

1/1

H1/

1H

2/2

H1/

1H

NN

55

100

1960

12/1

4/02

NN

NN

NN

NN

9220

167

1/2

H2/

2H

1/1

H4/

4H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

1013

7719

6512

/19/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9311

168

1/2

H3/

3H

1/2

H4/

4H

2/2

H1/

2H

IH

1215

8019

7812

/19/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9184

169

1/1

H2/

2H

2/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H2/

2H

IH

1213

9219

6012

/19/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9276

170

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H0/

1H

IH

78

8819

2512

/19/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9147

171

1/2

H3/

3H

1/2

H7/

7H

3/3

H1/

1H

1/2

HI

H17

2085

1979

12/1

9/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9012

172

1/2

H3/

3H

1/1

H7/

7H

1/3

H1/

2H

IH

1418

7819

7612

/19/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9366

173

1/1

H4/

4H

2/2

H1/

2H

1/2

H0/

2H

IH

913

6919

7112

/19/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9041

174

1/1

H4/

4H

1/2

H7/

7H

4/4

H0/

2H

IH

1720

8519

8912

/19/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9199

175

1/1

H1/

2H

1/2

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

1H

DH

59

5619

5212

/19/

02D

HD

HD

HD

H

9217

176

1/1

H3/

3H

1/2

H1/

2H

1/1

H1/

1H

0/1

HI

H8

1173

1940

12/1

9/02

IH

IH

IH

IH

9211

177

1/2

H4/

4H

1/1

H7/

7H

2/4

H2/

2H

DH

1720

8519

9512

/20/

02D

HD

HD

HD

H

9319

178

1/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H7/

7H

3/3

H3/

4H

IH

1922

8619

9212

/20/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9113

179

1/1

H1/

1H

1/1

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

1H

DH

57

7119

7512

/20/

02D

HD

HD

HD

H

9179

180

1/1

H1/

2H

3/3

H1/

3H

5/5

H2/

2H

1/1

H1/

3H

IH

1519

7919

8012

/20/

02I

HI

HI

HI

H

9093

181

1/2

H4/

4H

1/2

H4/

4H

2/2

H0/

2H

IH

1216

7519

101/

9/03

IH

IH

IH

IH

9069

182

1/1

H3/

3H

1/1

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

2H

DH

710

7019

751/

9/03

DH

DH

DH

DH

9201

183

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H2/

2H

0/1

H0/

1H

IH

68

7519

701/

9/03

IH

IH

IH

IH

9249

184

1/1

H4/

4H

2/2

H4/

5H

1/3

H0/

2H

DH

1217

7119

721/

9/03

DH

DH

DH

DH

9271

185

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

H1/

2H

0/1

H0/

3H

DH

510

5019

721/

9/03

DH

DH

DH

DH

9139

186

1/2

H1/

1H

1/2

H3/

3H

1/1

H0/

1H

IH

710

7019

551/

9/03

IH

IH

IH

IH

9259

187

1/1

H1/

1H

1/1

H2/

2H

1/1

HN

N6

610

019

711/

9/03

NN

NN

NN

NN

9071

188

1/1

H3/

3H

1/2

H4/

4H

0/2

H0/

2H

IH

914

6419

781/

9/03

IH

IH

IH

IH

64 81

Su

rvey

No

.C

om

men

t

1

171

53 86 88 98

Toi

let f

ill v

alve

sub

mer

ged

Sof

tene

r di

rect

to d

rain

/Flu

idM

aste

r 20

0A

Sof

tene

r di

rect

to d

rain

/Flu

idM

aste

r 20

0A

Wel

l

Boi

ler

Con

do

3 H

ushf

low

to T

oile

t fill

val

ves

Boi

ler

with

Che

mic

als


1/2

conv

entio

n in

dica

tes

one

prot

ecte

d cr

oss-

conn

ectio

n of

two

disc

over

edSu

rvey

Dat

e


# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

# of CC

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

# of CC

Hazard

Type of CC

Degree of Hazard

CC

DO

HC

CD

OH

CC

DO

HT

ype

of C

CD

egre

e of

H

azar

d


Fin

al D

eter

min

atio

n

Rev

iew

er #

1

(PA

S) (

LL

C)

Rev

iew

er #

2

(HW

C)

Rev

iew

er #

3



Kitchen

Laundry

Overall Assessment

Bathrooms

Pool/Spa

Tanks, Vats

Hosebibbs

Toilets

Heating / Cooling

USC ID #

Aux Water

Fire Sprinkler

Irrigation

Survey No.

185

Flu

idm

aste

r 20

0

187

Mob

ile H

ome

182

Fill

val

ve to

o lo

w

184

Hus

hflo

w

177

Fill

val

ve to

o lo

w

179

Fill

val

ve to

o lo

w

162

Sub

mer

ged

fill l

ine

175

156

Fill

val

ve to

o lo

w

159

Flu

shm

aste

r 20

0

Old

Wel

l

133

139

141

144

147

151

152

154

Flu

idm

aste

r 20

0

Hus

hflo

w

Sof

tner

Old

Wel

l

Boi

ler,

no

chem

ical

s

subm

erge

d fil

l lin

e

Flu

idm

aste

r 20

0

Hus

hflo

w


Prevalence of Cross-Connections in Household Plumbing …...Cross-connection control is the effort...

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Transcript of Prevalence of Cross-Connections in Household Plumbing …...Cross-connection control is the effort...