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Prevalence & Economic Importance of FMD & CBPP Outbreaks in Cattle in Isingiro & Nakasongola Districts,

Uganda AFRICAN LIVESTOCK CONFERENCE &

EXHIBITION, SPEKE RESORT & CONFERENCE CENTRE, MUNYONYO,

KAMPALA, UGANDAJUNE 20TH, 2014

Drs. Baluka S A, Ocaido M., Mugisha A.

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Structure of the Presentation

• Introduction• Materials & Methods • Results & Discussion • Conclusions & Recommendations • Acknowledgements

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Introduction

• Livestock enterprises & animal production contribute significantly to the world economy, provide household source of income, food security, source of energy, draft power, high quality animal proteins, vitamins, manure, hides & skins, and bride price.

• Animal diseases undermine the livestock sector potential & compromise food security.

• Animal diseases affect livelihoods via their impact on animal health, reduced production & mitigation measures.

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Introduction

• TADs such as FMD & CBPP are associated with widespread transmission, prevention & control of these diseases incur high costs.

• FMD is endemic in Asia, Middle East, parts of South America & Africa.

• CBPP is endemic in Africa & is widespread in West, Central & Eastern Africa.

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FMD World Map

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CBPP World Map

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Introduction• FMD reduces milk yields, increases probability of

mastitis, abortions, perinatal mortality, lameness, loss of body weight, causes premature culling of cattle.

• CBPP causes production losses, increases production costs via increased disease control costs, compromises food security thru loss of proteins & draft power, disrupts LLPs trade, causes high morbidity & mortality losses especially in newly affected areas among susceptible herds.

• CBPP causes high productivity losses accompanied by significant financial losses.

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Introduction

• FMD & CBPP influence the level of sales of LLPs.• Understanding the financial losses associated

with FMD & CBPP outbreaks facilitates estimation of economic costs of these diseases.

• FMD costs include vaccination costs, salvage, disposal, cleaning, disinfecting, labor, equipment, changes in market prices etc.

• CBPP costs include vaccination & treatment costs, mortality losses

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Introduction• The study determined the financial losses

associated with FMD & CBPP outbreaks in selected case study cattle herds in Isingiro & Nakasongola districts respectively.

• This information is needed to motivate cattle farmers to comply with the prevention & control measures for these diseases that are implemented by MAAIF.

• Control & prevention helps to control costs of production which is necessary if farmers are to achieve more efficient livestock production.

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Materials and Methods

• Case studies were done in Mbaare S/c, Isingiro district & Nabiswera S/c, Nakasongola district to estimate the financial losses & economic costs associated with FMD & CBPP outbreaks respectively.

• Mbaare, Isingiro was typically affected by FMD & Nabiswera, Nakasongola, had experienced a CBPP Outbreak 3months before the study.

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Estimation of the financial losses associated with FMD & CBPP outbreaks at farm level

• FMD case studies were done in 17 herds that had experienced FMD outbreaks in Mbaare S/c i.e. 3, 9 & 5 herds were selected to represent small, medium & large herds.

• CBPP case studies were done in 11herds that had experienced CBPP in Nabiswera i.e. 4, 3 & 4 herds were selected to represent small, medium & large herds.

• Small, medium & large herds refer to herd sizes of 10-50, 51-150 & 151-350 heads of cattle respectively.

• Financial losses in the case study herds were estimated by modeling the behavior of these diseases in selected case study herds.

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Determination of economic cost of FMD & CBPP outbreaks among case study herds

• Economic cost was analyzed using the conceptual model (Figure 1).

• Economic cost was considered the sum of costs due to:• Control of FMD in herds (vaccination & Rx)• Weight loss & mortality related losses• Abortion related losses• Milk production losses• Manure related losses• Traction related losses• Reduced crop production & increased cost of crop pdn• Salvage live sale loss during the outbreak

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The economic cost due to FMD and CBPP outbreaks on cattle production was analyzed using the conceptual model (see Figure 1).

Farmer, cattle marketing losses Local government revenue losses

Herd losses Cattle marketing losses

Salvage sale losses

Manure losses

FMD/CBPP vaccination / treatment costs

No sales

Mortality losses

Weight losses

Abortion losses

Milk losses

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Determination of economic cost…

• Impact of FMD & CBPP on farmers was considered in terms of reduced cattle productivity i.e. reduced milk yield, age specific mortalities, weight loss & abortions

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Results: Distribution of case study households according to herd size in Isingiro district (Table 1)

• FMD case study herds & reported FMD prevalence in Mbaare S/c were distributed as shown in Table 1.

• There was a very highly negative correlation of reported FMD prevalence (%) with the cattle herd size (= -0.832, p ˂ 0.001), see Table 1 & Figure 2

Herd Size Average herd size

Number of herds

Reported FMD Prevalence %

Small 12 3 100

Medium 85 9 37.6

Large 260 5 13.2

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Results & Discussion FMD Prevalence in Isingiro district

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Results & Discussion• FMD prevalence was highest

in small herds & decreased as the herd size increased

• This is probably due to closer contact between cattle in smaller herds which facilitates transmission.

• Or farmers with large herds can afford to fence their farms & construct water dams on the farms hence the low prevalence in large herds

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Results & Discussion• Average reported herd prevalence for

FMD was 23.6% which is comparable to that found by Mannan et al., 2009 in Bangladesh.

• Herd age prevalence was high for all age groups in small herds.

• FMD prevalence for calves in medium & large herds was lower than that of heifers & cows which is in agreement with Mannan et al., 2009 who found a higher prevalence (34.1%) in adult cattle compared to heifers (23.4%) & calves (9.7%).

• These results defer from other studies (Perry et al., 2003, Rufael et al., 2008) that found a higher FMD prevalence in calves than adults.

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Results & Discussion• FMD prevalence was highest

in small herds& decreased as the herd size increased.

• This is probably due to closer contact between cattle in smaller herds which facilitates transmission.

• Or farmers with large herds can afford to fence their farms & construct water dams on the farms hence the low prevalence in large herds

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Results & Discussion –FMD control costs in US Dollars in case study herds in Isingiro (Table 2)

Item Small herd

Medium herd

Large herd

Total treatment costs

298 635 655

Vaccination costs

6 34 103

Veterinary costs

8 8 8

Total FMD control costs

312 677 766

FMD control cost per head of cattle

26 8 3

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Results & Discussion – Economic cost of FMD in US Dollars in case study herds in Isingiro

• The FMD control cost per head of cattle was highest in small herds compared to medium & large herds.

• It is much more expensive for smallholder farmers to control FMD, & it dis-proportionately affects the poor smallholder farmers which is in agreement with Perry et al., 2003.

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Results & Discussion – Economic cost of FMD in US Dollars in case study herds in Isingiro

• During FMD outbreaks, more farmers with small & medium herds made losses because they were compelled to sale cattle at salvage prices due to lack of alternative income sources to pay for vaccination/ drugs.

• Large herds farmers suffered higher milk losses during FMD outbreaks due to reduced milk production, loss of milk sales than either small or medium herds.

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The economic losses or costs (USD) associated with FMD in case study herds in Isingiro per annum

(Table 3)Item Small

herdsMedium herds

Large herds

Mortality

595 298 0

Salvage sale loss

198 1571 0

Milk loss 371 874 3708

Treatment

298 635 655

Vaccination

6 34 103

Veterinary costs

8 8 8

Total 1476 3419 4474

Annual economic costs per head of cattle

123 41 17

• The annual economic losses associated with FMD per head of cattle was highest in small herds (Table 3) which portrays a trend similar to FMD control costs presented in Table 2

• This confirms that FMD dis-proportionately affects the poor smallholder farmers more than the better off large farmers

• Highest economic cost of FMD in case study herds was due to; mortality in small herds, salvage sale losses in medium herds & milk loss in large herds

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CBPP Economic costs Average herd cost of prophylactic treatment of CBPP infected herds with tylosin in Nakasongola district (Table 4

Cattle age category

Small herd

Medium herd

Large herd

Bulls 238 524 1857

Cows 1524 3952 8238

Heifers 905 2476 2000

Steers 95 1000 429

Calves 667 2190 1762

Total 3429 10143 14286

Average vaccination costs in USD for all herds (Table 5)

Cattle age category

Small herd

Medium herd

Large herd

Bulls 1 2 8

Cows 6 16 34

Heifers 4 10 8

Steers 0.4 4 2

Calves 3 9 7

Total 14 42 60

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CBPP Economic costs

• Average prohylactic treatment with tylosin per head of cattle infected with CBPP cost $48

• Vaccination was only done during outbreaks & it cost $0.2 + vet fee of $8

• Average Prophylactic treatment & vaccination costs were highest in large herds.

• The cost of tylosin is much higher than the cost of vaccination

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CBPP Economic costs

• Economic costs associated with CBPP were mainly due to mortality & treatment costs.

• Average economic cost of CBPP per head was more twice as high as in the small & medium herds.

• Mortality losses contributed highest to the total economic cost due to CBPP for all herds i.e. small, medium & large.

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Conclusions & Recommendations

• Overall, treatment costs were higher than vaccination costs.

• FMD & CBPP disproportionately affect the poor stallholder farmers more than large farmers.

• Farmers should invest more in vaccination rather than wait to incur higher costs in treatment during outbreaks.

• GOU should retain responsibility for controlling & preventing these diseases since the most affected are the poor who cannot afford without government support.

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Acknowledgements

• DAAD / ILRI for funding the first phase of this research.

• Carnegie & Makerere University for funding the rest of this research.

• Co-authors & supervisors for their guidance and input.

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THANK U FOR LISTENING

• DANKE SCHÖNE

• ASANTENI SANA

• MWEBALE INNO