Pretreatment Fundamentals
Transcript of Pretreatment Fundamentals
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Pretreatment Fundamentals
Bruce E. Dale, Richard T. Elander, Mark T. Holtzapple,Rajeev Kumar, Michael R. Ladisch, Yoon Y. Lee, Nate Mosier,Jack Saddler, Mohammed Moniruzzaman, Charles E. Wyman
CAFI
BIO 2006
Annual International ConventionChicago, Illinois
April 12, 2006
Biomass Refining CAFI
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Biomass Refining Consortium for Applied
Fundamentals and Innovation (CAFI):
Who we are.
Pretreatment researchers working together in acoordinated, disciplined way to understand the
fundamentals underlying lignocellulosic biomass
pretreatment and hydrolysis. Organized in 1999 -2000
CAFI recognizes that pretreatment is part of a system that
includes hydrolysis and fermentationpretreatmenteffects on downstream processes must be understood
Biomass Refining CAFI
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USDA IFAFS Project:
September 2000 to 2003
USDA Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems Program forcomparative information on leading cellulosic biomass pretreatmentswith common source of corn stover and identical analytical methods Aqueous ammonia recycle pretreatment - YY Lee, Auburn University
Water only and dilute acid hydrolysis by co-current and flowthroughsystems - Charles Wyman, Dartmouth College
Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) - Bruce Dale, Michigan StateUniversity
Controlled pH pretreatment - Michael Ladisch, Purdue University
Lime pretreatment - Mark Holtzapple, Texas A&M University
Logistical support and economic analysis - Rick Elander/Tim Eggeman,
NREL through DOE Office of the Biomass Program funding Emphasis on quality not quantity
Concluded September, 2003
Biomass Refining CAFI
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DOE USDA Project:September 2004 to 2007
Biomass Refining CAFI
Enzymatic Digestion of Corn Stover and Poplar Woodafter Pretreatment by Leading Technologies
Water, AFEX, acid pretreatments
Hydrolysis characteristicsMixed sugar fermentations using yeast
Researchers: Charles E. Wyman, Dartmouth College/University of California, Rajeev
Kumar, Dartmouth College, Bruce E. Dale, Michigan State University, Richard T.Elander, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Mark T. Holtzapple, Texas A&M
University, Michael R. Ladisch, Nate Mosier, Nancy Ho, Purdue University, Y. Y. Lee,
Auburn University, Mohammed Moniruzzaman, Genencor International, John N. Saddler,
University of British Columbia
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CAFI 1: Corn Stover
1.2 %Non-structural Sugars
3.6 %Uronic Acid
7.1 %Ash
3.2 %Acetyl
4.0 %Protein
17.2 %Lignin
2.5 %Galactan
1.8 %Mannan
3.5 %Arabinan
21.4 %Xylan
36.1 %Glucan
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Biomass Refining CAFI
Component Composition (wt %)
Glucan 43.8
Xylan 14.9Arabinan 0.6
Mannan 3.9
Galactan 1.0
Lignin 29.1Protein nd
Acetyl 3.6
Ash 1.1
Uronic Acids nd
Extractives 3.6
CAFI 2 Standard Poplar
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Key Comparisons: Per 100 lbs
Poplar Corn StoverGlucan (cellulose) 43.8 36.1
Xylan (hemicellulose) 14.9 21.4
Lignin 29.1 17.2
Ash 1.1 7.1
Energy in Lignin (est) 116,000 86,000
Ethanol (at 90% Yield) 4.9 4.8
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Ethanol
Fermentation
Pretreatment is neededto get us there
Feedstock
Preparation
Biomass
Pretreatment
Enzyme
hydrolysis
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Crystalline
Region
AmorphousRegion
CelluloseLignin
Hemicellulose
Effect of Pretreatment
Pretreatment
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Pretreatment Modeling
C
C*
Gn G Degradation
k1
k2
k3 k4K
k2, k3, >> k1
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Pretreatment Converts Cellulose toReactive Form
C
C*
Gn G Degradation
k1
k2
k3 k4K
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Enzymes convert cellulose to glucose andxylan to xylose (no degradation products)
C
H,C*
Gn X,GDegradationProducts
k1
k2
k3k4
C = native celluloseH = hemicellulose (xylan)C* = hydrated celluloseGn = glucans (oligosaccharides)G = glucose (monomer)X = xylose (monomer)
k2 > k1
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Yeast Metabolism: pentose fermentationGlucose
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate Acetaldehyde
Ethanol
TCA Cycle
Xylose
Xylitol
Xylulose
Xylulose-5-PGlyceraldehyde-3-P
NAD(P)H
NADH
NADH
NADH NAD+
NAD+
NAD(P)+NAD+
PPP
Ho et al
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Several Pentose Fermenting
Microbes
Yeast (Ho et al)
E. coli (Lonnie Ingram et al)
Zymomonas (NREL)
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1 Bale = 970 lbs = 2000 miles
Using Hay
Assuming 50 gal x 40 mpg