Pape nrlmbers in boldface refer to a d€finitioni

Da;e nunbers followed by an asterisk indicate an illustration'

ihe appendixes and glossary are not covered bv this ind€x

Acid test, fo! CaCO} 53, 69Adiondack Moutaim, New York, 481Aqassiz, L,, 213, 22n-227

Alaskm earihqual<e (1904), 434

Alpha (d) !{ticles, 4aAlpitu Mountait Belt, 454, 500

Ameon River, discharg€, 13oAmericaD plate, 17, 20"

Aldes Mountaic, 19, 370An€le of repose,.1(6-107, 107'. 357AnSstroF unit (A), 52ADsd{ momenld, 5, 7'

Ansula urconJoroitY, 33"Anhydrii€, dePositioD of, 2sro-291

hi6tory of t€rm, 69

Appalachian Moutais, 121-122, 125,450, 474, 474',

Blue Ridge Province, 491

geological section, 491"

plate tectonicB dnd, 493'siructu€ and historY, 491-492Valley and RidSe Protiffe, 491

Asej@ic ridge, 257, 308Asthenoslhere, 13, 17', 345, 415, 443

Adaniic oce@, history, 19", 4s2

edly hbiory, 15-16photosynthesis dd, 15'pdmitive, s, 300-301

Atoll, 230 281, 233

Atomi. w€ight, 42, 42

Balama Islands. ca$onate sedim€nls,2A4"

Grdd Bahama Banl, 205"

B@rier islaad, 245', 2't5

Basin aid RanSe ProviEc€, 124, 466i494, 496

Basins, 122, ta1, 431'

Baiholiihs, ori8in, rt9o-4s1

b\dget, 241-243. 242"lon€shore cureds, 24{F241, 24O-longsho.e ftilt, 2{,-241, 2,ro"m{ine tellaces, 235"rip currents, 24 2-241, 241"

Bedding, 27Beniotr, H., 395Beta (B) pdtides, ,14

Bitier SprinSs lolma1ion, Ausiralia 3o3BlacL Hdls. South Dalota, 48r, 432-

Black lmg disease, 311

Boltwood, B. 8,, 41

Bowen, N. L., 33s-336-Bowen's rcaction series, 337-339, 337"Dragg, W. H., 57Bragg, w' L., 57, 61

Bridal veil FallB. califorlia, 214Bddt Angel Shale lomation, 35

Bnfron, Count de, 8, 41Brila.d, Si Edwdd, 422

Calcium .arbonate, 270-236

mcient lim6tones, 246

bioiosical control of precipilation,

chemistly of sedidentation. 27scompensation depth, 265, 265*, 280equilibriun in oceans, 279, 279'

N@ofossil ooz€, 2at

platforms, 233-206

caledonian Mountain Beli, 461, 461"CalListo, Moon ol Jupit€r, 527

P€cambrian age map, 47'Precambrian .ocks or, 47-48

Canadia. Shield, 483, 433'Calbonate ion, as nineral blildin€

Carbonale platform, Bahamas, 233-280

606

effe.t of on climate 312-313hGtorical record ol 312'

Cafboni. dcid, in wedth€ring, 36, 39coscadc Mountails, 124, 134Cataclastic rock, 330, 33O"Calaclastic iextur€ 334

Catskill Mountai4, Ncw Yo!k, 293

Challe.€er, H.M.S., 231, 231'Chanberlin, T. C., 3, 41Chamelled Scablands Washi.€ton,

222-223Chcnical b.ndi.€, 57-61Chemjcal condensation sequence nodel

ol solar lysten .iigin, I

Clurchill Province, Canada, 47 48clay (mineml!8ical), 37-33

Cleopatra's N€ed]-", weathoin€ ol 37iClimate ellect of or weatlering, 117

Coal, 239-290, 5-45-546fields i! the U,S,, 546'

Coasral plain, North America. 124Coast Ran€e, California, 124Coast Rarg$, Calilomia, 499

Coconino Sandstone lormation, 36, 37'Cocfficient of th€rmal expansion, 322Collision hypolhesis, 3Colo.ado !lalea!, $1, 494, 493 4SgC.lorado Riler drainage basin, 176rColunbia Plateaq Oregon and Wash

Columbia River basalt, Washington and

Con.o.dant conta.ts, 3Z 377Codormable sncc$sion, 3a-3sConglomerate, 7a 273'Connccricur Vall€y, rifling ln, 502'Com€rvarion of anguld momentum, 7,

aComtmcy ol interlacial angl€s, p.inci

Continental ousl, composition, 4:13

No h America, 249'

submarine canyon! 247-Contirental rise, 250, 251Contimntal sheif. 246-250

Plate lectonics, 243-250rock assocLatrons, 453

Continental slope, 250-251

euly history, 1'!1s

convection, 21' 321-322

in mantle, 329, 329"Convergenl jnrctio4 17-13Coordination nnmber, 59 60, 61'

fiinging, 283

C.rdierite, clect.on nicrograpb of, 56'Cordillerar Momtain Belt, :124, 47s',

492-499Early Pal€ozoic, 495"

history ir central Nevada, 496*

stmcrure and composition 416-,117

Covalent bonding, 60-61crater Lake, ore€on, 360, 360'

interfacial angle, 53irlemal order, s4 s5

mesurem€nt of in ocean, 259i

veloclty d€asuement, 259-260

Darcy, H. 139-140

Dflwin, Clarles, 39, 23o, 233

Debris-avalanche 109-:110Deccan basalts, Idia, 353oeep Sea Drillin8 Proj€cr, 't46Deep-sea s€dimentation

diatom ooze, 2Gq 237

foraminileral ooze, 264', 265radioiarian ooze, 266, 237

rn geosynclines, 490recent, i! Nofih Ame.ica, 484'

topoeraphic expression of, 479

aosociat€d salt mdsh, 1abaFffnSer sand. 131, 131'bollomset b€ds, 130

lunate bars, 131, 1a1'

Mississippi Rive., 182r, 133r

srrlctlre, t8oi. 131'

Density curent, 251, See dlso Turbidity

dunes, 193 203, 2oo*, 201', 276

evolutton of, 193-10.1inledace with sho.eline, 196 197intedor drainag€, 106

lo.gitudilal dlaes, 203, 203roccurrence, 1S3-194, 193"

pedinelt evolutior, 1s7'plate tectonics and, 194

playa lake, 1s6, 276

transverse dDes, m! 202"

Dehital njnerals, stability, 119"

Diag€nesb, 295-2s7, 2s6"

Diamond, covalert bondin€ jn, 61

Diatom ooz€, 206, 237

Differertiation, planets other thanEa.lh, 12

Dip, 470

Discorddt contaci, 37, 37aDisint€Bration constanl (I), 44

Duclile materials, 467

607

effect ot on clinate, 313

Dwyka Tillile, South Afiica 22!

clemical zonation in, 13 14difr erentiation, 11-:12, 12i

iron catastlophe, 11-12prinitive convection pattem, 13

Earth movements, ratc, 23 25Eadhqua&es, 396-403, 43.1

and animal behavior, 407associated plale bomda es, 4oo'

desl4ction by, .103 403€]triic rebound theory, 396-397, 300i

ftequ€ncy and na8nitude, 3s7-398

ma€nitude determination, 397ima! ol haza.dols regions, 406'occurence, 393-401

soil liquefa.tion, 40.1rstress paftems, .101 403travel-iim€ cuve, 400'

East Alrican rilt valley, 477

|yd.oihernal venB, 556 557

Electron miooprobc, 69, 337Elecltor slaring, C0 61

aburdarce ol in Earlh, 13'abundarce ol in n verse, 14electronic slructu.e, 57, 63

Enissior spectrograpi, 6sEner€y

lrom Ea h, 536-552lossil fuels, 536 537geothernal, 550-551

ratural gas, 537-5,15

reseNes and resonrces, 543

toxLc metdlt, 309-310Eolian, 137, see dlso Wind

gpeirogenl, 430 432, 433"

.ontrollinE f actors, 93.

relatiomhip of with elcvaiion, 116

Europa, Moon.f lLrpiter, 520Eustaric sea-level clange, 273

Evapodles, 73 74, 290 291

an.l Seological cvents, 308

f aci€s, metanorphic, 7a

Faulling '101-402, 47e47s 476'

neld recognltion, a77 478

slickensid€s, 473, 4731

Faunal succession 29 31

pldgioclase, 333-335, 336rrale ol dissolution in walcr, 851

X-ray difiracLion lattern, 64'

lluorite oystal forn. 5ai

loldirg, 333t, 467 474, 46s', ,16s"

d.me, 473-474, 473'

monocllne, 4m! 471-overturned fold, 472', a73

Iecumbenl, 472-. 473

metmorphic, 331, 382i

rule in sedimentaliotr, 264-265forea.c subduction zon€, 3!0Fornatior GlrdtigraFhic), 30

Fossils, in geolosic time, 2s-ljtIracrional crystallization, 336, 367lraD.iscan Formation Calilornia, a5alractnre, concoidal s5l

Ganyn€de, Moon of Jupit.r, 527 523GarDet. composition, 53

Ucikie, Sir Archibald 41

carbor 14 dati.g, 'r4ljssion track dathg, 43potassitrm argon datin€, 44Nbidium-strontnrm datin€, 44

maps, 4(J3 471 469', 470*slructure, North Am€rica, 435 503

brack€tine agc of sedimentary ro.ls,45

.lock relresentation. 43t

orrleri.€ ol geological elerts, 37-33Ccolo8ical Tioe Scale, 40"Geologt, sut.lis.iliin.s of, 4 sGeomagnetism, 420-434, .121'

anomalies, 42t-433, 423", 430', .145-446

anonalies and sea-floor spreading,

.leposrtronal remanent magneli2ation!

dynamo model, 421-422, 422"Earfh as bar ddgnet, 420

polar lrarderin€ cuve, 425'radiomctric mdgnetic tim€ s.dle. 427t

rcversals and extinction. !127rclersais in ficld, 423, 423'. 426 427,

426'reve$al time scale, 431'sea Iloor spreddilg 427 433 132-433'lariatiotr in, 422 423

geomorphic cycle, 126steady-stat€ nodcl of landioro evo-

cEosEcs,263GeosytrcliDes, 2S2 203 293i, 490

cu€eos,vnclne 292-293

. niog€osyncline 292Gd.Urermal energy, 550-55:1, 55:L'

Sradienr, 326 320, 3231. 341iC€othonal eradient constraints uFon,

324

Gilbert, G. K., 159Clacial Lake Missonla 223Glaciauon, Pleistocene, 235

608

Antarctic ice sh€el, 217'

causes oi lcc A€es, 223-229.]lqnes, 213, 214' , 22Ocortinental, 215 216crevasses, 212, 212r

d€positioral leatures, 220 224drill, 221

efleci of or sea level 226-223erosion by. 216 213

Coology of the U S., 226'Slacialed Gondwanaland, 22s'

Greenland ice cap, 216"gourd moraire, 223hdgD€ valley, 213 214, 214*, 215'icebergs, 210", 214 215ice now h valley glacier, 212'

keltlc, 223, 223'

micrcstruclue, 211-morainc. 213, 217', 21e'morement, 211 213

Pleistocene epoch, 221', 225 229Pleisto.ene glacial periods, 225

sediments derived froo, 224 225

striatioN, 214, 213'

lermilal moraine, 221tbnst faulling in, 203"1 . ,221,222 '

trarolbrmation ol snow, 209"U shaped valleys, 220, 220'vallev, 213 215, 214i\a$es, 22, 222' , 224-225

Glomar Chall€rger, 446-447, 447", 542

Goldschnidt, v. M., 57

Grdiie, 70, $2r, 331 333

photomimograph. 332'radioactil'€ h€at ol 320

anomalies, 435-$a, 436*

Bonguer corection, 436

fr€e .t corfection, 436

international gravity formrla, 436bostatic compemation, 435

traveBe across the U.S.,437"Cree.iolse eflect, 312 313, 3:12"

Grdnd Canyon, 26-27, 27', 33', 35', 36'lopo$aphy, 114-115

Grard Caryon Series, 32-33

Great Valley, Cdlllomia, 124

Grenville province, Canadd, 43Gios ventre landslide. 1925, 107-:l0sGromdwater, 131, 135-143

circulation over nagm., 143'confincd resoroir, 133, 139'depth, 137', 133', 1.15 147dGtdce ol Ilow, 140-142dist burion with depth, 146'

intdlace with seawater. 13a-13s, 140'pe.ched watef rable, 13s'satumted bnreatic) zone, r37unsaiuraled (vad.34 zone, 137

water table, 137'. 106 107Cuadalupe Moutains Texas, 232'CuU Coast, United States, 124

Atlantic Ocean, 164Gudint Ched, Ontario, 3o3

Gr?snm, deposition ol, 2s0-291

Hadlel, Rille, Moon, 350

Hdl i te ,54deposition ol, 29o-2s1

Hdmonic tremor, 3ti3Haiiy, R,, 53

conduction by rock, 10Earth's irt€rior, 322 330

hGtory ol Eafilt, 320

sources in earth, 320th€rnal conductivity, 320-321

Bash ard Ran€c Province, 324-325Canadian Shield, 324conduction, 3zl-321, 321'on corlinents, 323-325corv€ction. 321 322, 321"m€asnr€mert, 323, 323"

Si€rra Nevada, 325trave.se atross plat€, 445

Helnholtz, Hermm von, 41

liermit Shal€ lomation, 36

HimalaXa Mounlai$, 125, 501Holmes, Arthlr, 46, 322, 442

Hornfelsic texturc, 333

Hot Sprin€s, Arkdsds, 147Hudsonian orogery, a8Hution, James, 33 39, 3s", 331Huley, Thomd H., iJsHydration, importdce ol in weathe.

Hyd.ologic cycle, 130-135, 15:l-152Hy.hology, 12s-154

Sr.undwater, 135-143hydrologic cycle, 13:l', 152"ly.hologic cycle of the U.S,, 133'nass balan.€, 131. 132'steamJlow map. 135'snrfac€ runoff, 132-135swanps and mdshlands, 136i

Hydrothqmal energX, 143

Ey&othermal mineral deposits,

Hy&othermal vcnts, 326Easi Paciic rise. 25s

llydrot!€rmal warers, 147 143EJpsomehic diagram, 116-117

ol Edth suriace, 117'

Icncous .ocks, 331-343caPsule summdy, 7aclassificalion. 7:r', 332-333 333'colrinuous reaction series, 333-334discontinuorc .eaction s€res, 335mafic minerals, 335meltin8 and d,vslallization, 333-335pafiial n€lting, 335

skeleton classiff cation, 7'

lllite, 33Index of refraction, 08Io, moon ol iuliler, 523-530, 529"

Ircn calastrophe, 11-12

lsosis-r, 413 414, 433-434, 437-43Scompensation, 413, 435and Femoscudian ice sheer, 436 437pfftglacial nplilL, 438', 439"

-

609

Jefteys, Sn Ha.old, 442Joinb, 93, 93i, 474-476

efiect of o! geometry ol int.usions,

efrect 01 on weath€Lrg, 476Jupiter, 0. 527 530, 523'

moons or, 527-530, 529"Jura Moutrtai4, 430"

Kaibab lincstone Formarion, 36Kant, ImmaNel, 7, al

Kast topocraphJ, P4 142 143Mmmoth Cave, 123

(€h'in, Lord (william Thohsor), 41Kenoran orogenyj 47

Kinberley dines, Sout! Africa, 36:r

Klamath Mounrains, Oreeor and Catj-

Kudl Kadchatta-Aleutian arc, 1s

Lake Mead, sedinentarion in, 114

evolution of, 125-123

ol Nofi! Arerica, 124-125

and rcck ryPe, 120rtructural control of, 120-122

Landslide, 107-110, 103'

Lapl.ce, Marquis de, 7

l,ate Cretaceous extirction ereit, 303

Law of colservation of an8uld no

Layering. see StradncationLeacling, jnloftance of in wealhering,

35

Lead, pollntior bt', 310Leolold, L. 8., :170

evolutionfly hi6tory, 49'external coditions of, 3-4exh.aler.estrial, 306-307iDteraclions ol with envirorment,

302-304

origin of ch€mical consrftnents, 300,Precamb an, 302-304, 302,, 3o3i

Li€nite, 2m

Lineation, dne to meramorltisn. 3s3Lft njicatjon, See DiaqenesjsLithology, g0lithosphe.e, 16, 17', 415

Loess, 203 204, 203', 204'Longtudinal Fronle, river, 166,Low-velocity zone (asthenospherel. a1sLvell, C., 33. 39

Mackin, J. H., 106Ma8ma. 19, 31, 345r

.onposition ofj 340-342differentiation,336'effect ol pre;sure, 339 34ocfiect of water 339-340irtusior process, 376ongD, 339 342, 345, 307 363

rrace €]ements in, 34:t 342Msemahc diflerenhdtion, 3JS_139. 367

Malgarese nodules, 266, 272, 565, 565i

composition of, 13-14, 320, 367, 413doss section, 4-44r

stmcftue and compositior, 414 !116

lresition zone, 415-!16

Mds, 5, 521 527, 522,, S2S.

erosioral fealues, 524t

Olympus Mons, s2B'vorcanic activitv 523

Mdshlard as natural reseNoir, r34 13sMass movemenl, 105-113Mass speclrometer, 45Mathcws, D. H., 42S, 442Maldx, in ign€ols roclc, 22Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 386

€vaporit€ deposition, 291

M€.clry (Planet), 5, 519-520, 519.lollution by, 309 310

capslle sumrry. 73

skel€ton classiff cation, 77,Metmo+hism, 19. 330 3s0

clemical chanees in, 309 390conracr, 341! 333, 74dt coDvergent plale boundary, 453

454

facies diaglan, 337.

index mineral, 334-3as

of limestone, 333

regronal, 75, 330, 3B!I_BBB

shy creavaa€, 74textures i!, 330-334

Met€orites. 532, 532.

Michi8an Basin, 431, 4BBMictuscole, poluizinB, s6-szMid ArlaDric ridge, 17, 2ss,, 17+

ea.thquale nechanism ar, 4ojhydrothermal verts, 326

Migmatite, 337, 3BZ{Milanlorilch, M,, 223Miller, S. 1,, 300-301

' Mineral deposits, table ol 56jt s6BMin€ral resources, 552-566, 854.

corcelhation tactor, 553contact netamorphic deposfts, 55sexDloralron, 564-565luture !.ospe.ts, 561_566hy&otherDal, 553-5sB€neo6,1epo8its, 553-559

ard Dlate bounddi€s, ss8t, sss.sedimertary deposits, 559-561

aromrc srmcture, 57-64bohd t!?e !nLl prope.rrFs. b5.hemrcdt .lasse8 69chemical properties, 63-20cleavagej 53, 66-67

hardness, s3, 6s-80interlacial argle, b3internal .egularities, E3-56

Mohs scate of hardless, 65-66

lroPerties of, 64-70

silicate stru.rure, 62

rrace ekmerts in, 09van der Waals bonds in, 66-67

Miogeostecline, .1s3, 490Mississippi tuver, 171

Mohoroviiid dtuconrinuftv, 367, 419 437

M.nt Pelde, Martinique, 352, 364-365Moon, 507-519, 509", S11", St2i

ages ol naterials, 515.

610

dilf€r€ntiation ol 516Edth tides md. $1

int€mal activity, 513'int€rnal stNcture, 51a'

lular prcvilces, 507

mana, 515 516, 510-

met€orite impacts oD, 510-513mi@ometeorit$, 513ongn. 517

le8olith, 513

seisnic activity, 513-519secmoSraphs on! 3s3-395sbatigiaphy ol 513 515

sudace Frocesses, 510-5n3

Moutain bnildilg, 454-4s6at co4verSent plate margins, 454

fadtblock, 490, 499r

variaijon in fotu and odgi!, a98iMt. Etm, Ituty, 34SMt. Monadnock, New Haopslire, 126Mt. Newb€.ry, Oregon, 353Mt. St. Helens, 21, 72, 134, 351, 359i,

365-366, 366'Muav limestorc Fornalion, 3s-36Mrd,274-275

folmation of, 533-53sworld dist.ibltion, 53s-442

Nebuld hypothesis, Z 7i

Newtor, Sir Isaac,41, 3

Coastal Plair, 4ss-502Conri!€Dial Shelf, 499-502oroSenic belts, 4€9-499regional structues of, 485-503stable interior, 43&43stectonic features, 435'

North American plate, 25'Nuclear energy, 54t -54S, 548r

breede! reactor, 549

uranium resery$, 543-549Nm]els (of etenent). a2

Obsidiaq 51, 55', 72

aseisnic ridges, 257

Map ol Nofin Ailantic, 254.p.ofile, 253 2s7

Oc€m, dissolred substac€s in, 150*Oceanic circriation, 257-263

upwelli!8, 260 262

oceanic crust, compos ion, 413Oceanoglaphy, 231 263

depth aad a8e ol basins, 444*depth lariation in, 445early history, 15measu€ment of deprh, 247- 0residence time of constituents, 150-

151steady-state comlosition, 140 152

Ogallala formation, Texas and New

Old Failhful Geye€r, wyooDS. 362-

solid solution in, 61-62Oltrpu Mons, Mars, 361

Ophiolite suite. 454 452r, 453Original continuity, pdNiple of, 23O.Einsl horizoltality, principle of, 2aorogeric b€lts, 4Bo, 4go'

cycl€ in atnosphere dd oceans, 3OCtevolution of in atmosphere, 304-306,

301'and evolution ol 1ife. 304'botopes, and paleotempe4iure, 70in sedinents, $a-239

Ozdk Moutains, Missoxri ad Arlan-

Paleocurelt map, 272Paleogeo$aphy, 30, 270

Poleo-ocedoSralhy, 262 263PaleotenperatueB, oxygen isotopes, 225Palisad€s Sill, New Yo*, 337. s37{Paneaea, 17, 441, 456-460, 10'

breakup, 4€0

Pdama basalts, Br&il dd Pdaguay,353

Perch€d wate! tabl€, 136Peddotite, 70Pe od (time unit), 40

Pelm€abjLity, 136-137

on contiDetrtal shelvesj 542distribution in time. 541'formation ol, 53a 539on ields, 4itgres€Nes, 542-544, 541"

world dishibutiotr, 539-s42

Phderozoic time scale, :19-40

Photosrathesi!, 15-16, 15r, 90, 30tt-306

Pirr€o,225

Plate tectoniB, 16-21, 441 462a8e of ocean bdins, 451dalyzing plate motiom, !t49-as1Andes Molntaim and, '156b.eakup of Panga€a, 453'-459"Md continental history, 451continertal malgitr, 443convergence zonesi 441converSent boundaries, 453-454and displaced teuains, 456div€rged bonnddj€s, !151-452dive.gent magin, 17N&iviDg mec&dism, 401-462, 462.and esrth history, 451-461geometry of plate motiotr, 447-451

Himalayas dd, 456history of concept. {41 443and magr€tic anomaLies, 447 443mid-ocean ridges, 44sand dountain building, 454-456ed ocean deprh, 4!r5opening of Atletic, 443rpaired m€tamorphic belts, 454Paleozoic history, 457'and Phanerozoic esrth history, 456-

461plate boundaries, 443plale collisiols, 455'4i€ ol piaie notion, 4,15-447, 4rt6"and rock assemblages, 451.454stnct!.e and evolution of plates,

443-445subduction, 445, 445*, 453*, 455'tranBfom faults, 44q 447triple junctions, 44a-449, 448r, 449,

sill, 377'

647

sill, 377

Porphyloblasts, 334, 334"

Precambrian ljme, age of rocks, 46-43

Project IAMOUS, 2ss

oriSin in sediments, 233

Plaoclastic delosits, 350-352

nnde ardenie, 351-352tuffs, 351

Quarrz areDite, 99-100dystalline lorns, 55'

Radiation, inft ared, 312Radioactive decay, 10', 42-44

Radioactive waste disPosal, 314

oi ea.ly Edth, 10-11

Radiolarian ooze, 26G, 237

Radiometric dating, 43, 4414C, 4344. 225calibrating tle shati$aPhic time

of 8loudwaler flow, 14osources of error, 45-46

Rain shadow, 1:|2-134, 134'

Rechdge, of $oundwater, 137Redwall I-imestone lormation, 36Reef, 230'

and spreadirg !at€, 43sReid, H. 1., 396Relativ€ humidity, 130Reli€f, 114

Respiration, 36Rhjne aiaben, 477, 477-

RiJt vall€y, 122-123

lake Tanganyika, 122 123

River deposits, ailuvial fan, 167

bare lev€i, 165 166, 166-braided stread, 163channel d€posils, 171"

chdnel latterns, 163-171discharye, 163, 103', 164', 174"drailage bruin, 175', 176'f@odir]€, 172-\74, 773'floodplain, 169', 171-174intedace:wiih lake o. ocean, 179'longitudinal profrl€, 1€4, 165', 166'meand€rin8, 169', 171', 170'

naldal lev€e, 171, 172"

Point bar, 1611, 170, 170', 171'

slspended sedimelt, 164'

continenral divide, 174deDdritic drainage pattert, 17G-177drainage basi$, 174-175

radial drainage patten, 178rectancula! .hainaS€ patt€rn, 170

supeposed streame, 17strellis draina8e Patiern, 1%

''acidic" ald 'basic, 70

classificatio!, 70-74, 53

lelBic and manq midentiffcation flow chdt, 76"

oetdorplic, 74 31-32

respons€ to stress, 467sedjmeniary, 72-74

RocLy Mounlaitr, 124Present toPography, 493

Ross lce shelf, Antdctica, 216Rlbey, w' H., 143-149Russim platlom, 43s

dilision by grain siz€, 271

i.Jerence ol ori€in ftom shape, 271

sardsrote, a, 12, 271-272

San Francjs.o edthquake ol 1s06, 20,396r, 44

San Joaclin Vall€y, Calilornia 205

wiih rings and nooE 530-

Sea-floor spreading, 1Z 17"sea 1e!e1, eustatic chang€s, 235

accumulaiion and burial, 291-295ch.mical, B, 2m, 27a-291

Sravel and conSloderate, 272 274mud md shale, 274-27s

S€dimenta.y deposits

injng upward alluvial cycle, 276

ri]l 276Sedidentary €rvnorments, 2t5-273

beach ad bar, 277

slalow marihe, 277

Sedimerta.y facies, 277Sedimeniary parlicles, oriSit, 95-96Sedjment@y rocks, 73

relative abundances, 74sk€leton cltusifi cation, 77'

sedinentary st clues, 153-160

assymerdcal ripples, 15sdoss beddhg, 159, 160'

oscillation ripples, 159 1€o, 161", 153,159', 130"

tough doss-beddin8, 161"sedinenlation, 269-295

o! continental platforms, 293-294and cufenl strenSth, 271d€ep-sea, 263-266eolid. 270

and tectotics, 29sSedimenlatio! rat€, deep sea, 264

Salton Sea, California, 375San Andr€as Fault, 1s-20, m', 25, 2s''

406" ,434

Sebmic atratiSraphy, 2m

de$ity-d€pth relations in Earth. 412"in der€rmination of thiclaess ol

oulemos! 700 km, 415"

pa$s of P-waves and S-waves, 410rpatls ol rbough Earth's inierjor, 4o9'

whole-Eart! nodes, 411"whole Ea.rh oscilations, 410

deep earihquakes, 3sg

SejsmoSraph, 394, 393 395, 39s"

Earth s core, 403-410and Edth stuctuE, 410-417sebmic waves, 40&410

Shadow zone, seismic, 4oB 410Sh1le, 2s, 72, 274-275ShaFl€y, H., 307

SheetinS, in joints, 93

Shiprock, New M€xico, s61Shorelines. 232 See dlso Beaches

drowned .iver valleY, 236-landforms, 2s4-235

Siera Nevada, 124, 134, 379, 494, 496,493

Silica d€position, 207

oxySen and silid.n in, 61silica tetrahedron, 61

sill, 3z 239"topoSraplic, 233 2ag

Sill€n, L, G., 14s

Sllodowska-Curie, M., 41

Smith, W., and shati8raphic codela

Snowflakes, crystal lom, 55'Soddy, F., 41

Soil, s6-93

production of, 82-33relation ol io climate, 97-98

solar ene.gy, 549-550

anSular mom€ntum i!, 5cheoical composition, 0chemical condeEation sequelce

model of origin, Idensity of planets, 5-6

planetary .oiation. 5

rec€rt theorjes ol oriSin, 3-9

Sorby, H., 56Sorling Gedidentaly), 72Space

composition of interstella larticle6, 3detuity of malier, I

Spect$scopy, of Sur, 0spheloidal weathe.ing. see weathering

sialacmire, 123, 200, 236'

St€no, N,, 23, 29 30, 53

Srlati8raphic seq!€nce, 30St.atigraphic lime scale, 27-23, 39-40

bed load, 152 157', 1€0'

compete.ce, 15t, 157"

dlainage patte.B, 173'

laminar flow, 155', 155measu.emelt of disclarge, 157

panicle movement, 156-153relation belween comlet€nce and

r€lation between Srah Bize and

saltatjon, 117, 157, 1m"setiling velocity, 157shootilg Jlow, ,53, 156"sbeaming flow, 156, 156r

slsp€nded load, 156-157, 157*tubulenl flow, 156, 156'

stromatolites, 2354, 302-303, 303"Subductjon, and Appalachian Moun

Snbduction zon€, 19, 21', 250'eanlquakes at, 403

Submdine canyons, 2'16

Sundq sedimentdy, 233-289

Superior province, Canada,.47Supernova, ISupe.position, grinciple of, 23

a! natual reseftoir, 134 135

Syometry, in minemloSy, 56

syst€n (tim+lock unit), 40

Tapeats Sa!ftton€ Fomation, 35Tectonic valley, 122-123Tenperatue, history of in Earth, 11"Temple Butte limqtone Fordalion,

35 36Terreshlal pla@ts, 5-6

The.nonucled reaction, 3

'fides, 243-245, 243', , 2dA',and distance b€tw€en Edth and

efrect of o! Edth's rotatioD !ate,244-245

Titan, moon of Saturn, 531

Topographic map, 113

eflect of on climate, 117efrect of or weath€iJl8, 116

mature and old age, 126'worldwide dist burion, 116-117

Toroweap Fomation, 36Transfolm fault, 19-20, 1s'Transelession, 35. 2ra

and spreadilg rate, 489Trmition elements, 5S

Tsudi, 365, 404", 4o5T!da, 2€6Tttl,72Tubidft*, 272, 2S3, 390, 453Tdbidity current, 252', 251-253, 453

depmition by, 251-253,

Unco.formity, 31, 37, 32*

Unconsolidated material, 10oUniformitdianism, principle of, 38

najor landfons, 12a'physio€xaphic provinc*, 436"-437ech€matic section, 433"

Uplift, md erosioD, 116-

UraEid, ladioactive decay of, 43

Usher, tuchbbhoP iam4, 40

Valley and idge iopography, 122"

vall€y, v-shap€d, 11+115Van der Waals bond, 61

atmosphere, 36, 520surjace featdes, 5?,0

Vine, !, t., 42s, 442

Vishnu f oroation, 32-33

Volcanic phenomena

colunnar jointing, 350'at converSence zon@, 370

fissure enptions, 353-355iood basall 352, 354"

ard Seothelnal €n€r8y, 373

global pattern, 366-370global lepres€ntation, 363'hot 6prings, 362-303ignimbrite, 355, 355"jnhaptat€, 363-370bnar, 361-062, 373nude sdedtes, 352", 361at oced ridges, 363phreatic explosion, 352, 353', 373

Volcdi. rocks, 34s-3s2, see olso P'Io-

coludar joiltins, 3t0lala cales (tube), 35t)lava flows, 347-350

paloeho€, 342 343"pillow lava, 349, 349'

caldera, 35S-3m. 360"central vent (PiPe), 356cinder cone, 357, 35arcodposite cone Gtrato-votcano), 35s

diatreme, 361, 361'global dist bution, 346'

Mont Pelde, 352, 36!F365Mr, S!. Helens, 365 363, 306'

Bhield, 356, 350*volcanic dome, 3sa

von Lau€, M., 57, 64

dishibntion in crust, 146'disbibutio! in natulal !$eNois,

143"

loss into space, 130

quality, 143-149

souce ot Earth, 15themal exldion of, 93

Water table. see Groundwater, water

Wave-cul tenace, 2s4

elfect of siorns on, 239'effect of wid on, 233i

rcflaction. 237' , 235, 239', , 2&"

swell, 236

and wilds, 233-239Weatl€ring, 15, 30, 91-103, 33i

carbon dioxide in, 36cdbonic acid in, 36chemiffI 31, 10G101climate and, 117-118coltrollitg factoB, s3'

globai scale, 100-101.importance ot water, a3i4

oi nafic minerals, 90 91

rate of nechanical and chenical,113-119

as sedim€nt souce, 99 100and solrce rock8, 95-96spheroidal, 94r,05topo8ralhic facto$ iq 100', 116veSetation and. 117-113

Wibo.. I. T,, 363, 442, 456

desqt lavement, 191

dust t.ansport by, 189-190elosion by, 191-1S2fiosted sand, 190-191global patteln, 188'pariicl€ saltation. 189la.ticl€ hansport, 137 192

INDEX

saltaiion tramPofr by, 189'sandblstinS by, 1s1-192

X-ray difiractioD, 57, 61Xjay fluo.escence, 69

Zagros Momtains, hm, 122"zeolite, 336

as wat€! soft€ner, 145i