Presented UCSB - Solid State Technology Review Santa ... Talks PDF/Alferness.pdfPresented UCSB -...
Transcript of Presented UCSB - Solid State Technology Review Santa ... Talks PDF/Alferness.pdfPresented UCSB -...
Rod C. AlfernessBell Labs ResearchOptical Networking Research DivisionSenior Vice President
PresentedUCSB - Solid State Technology Review
Santa Barbara, CaliforniaNovember 19, 2002
SKK 2002. Source:
Lightwave CommunicationCelebrates 25 Years of Service
AT&T / Illinois Bell, ChicagoMay 11, 1977
AT&T / Illinois Bell, ChicagoMay 11, 1977
44.7 Mb/s x 2.4 kmMultimode Fiber & LED
Adapted from: Landers, today@lucent (http://today.lucent.com), May 9, 2002.
107
106
105
104
103
102
101
1
Cap
acity
-Dis
tanc
e (G
b/s
•km
)
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year
7C28360.001ppt-Kogelnik-7/97
Optical Amplifiers1.5 µm SF Laser1.3 µm SM Fiber0.8 µm MM Fiber
FourthGeneration
ThirdGeneration
SecondGeneration
FirstGeneration
Doubles Every Year
Progress In Optical Systems- Research Enabled
Lucent Technologies – Proprietary
• Original Application Driver for WDM Technology
• Initially Justified Solely for Capacity Upgrade Over EmbeddedFiber Base
• Announced Systems with 40, 80…..Wavelengths
• Value Proposition− Single Amplifier for All Wavelength Channels− Utilize Embedded Fiber Base
Data In
WDM Point-to-Point
Data Outλ1
λ2
λN
λ1
λ2
λN
OMUX
ODMUX
OA OA OA OAXMTR
XMTR
RCVR
RCVR
RCVR
•••••
•••••
XMTR
WDM – Driving Down the Cost of Transmission and the Network
SKK 2002. Source:
State of the Telecomm Market
Ryan, CIBC, January 16, 2002.
“The Bubble”“The Bubble”
22 22 22 23 2331 33
3846
66
92North American Telco
Capital Expenditure (US$B)(EIXCs, ILECs, IXCs, CLECs) 66
53
6170
81
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
The Good News- Research/Technology
• WDM has had a Profound Impact on Transforming the Backbone Network both with Lower-Cost, Highly Scalable Transmission and Also in Networking
• The Key Elements of Optical Layer Networking- Ultra-Long Haul Systems, Optical XC and Optical ADM are Products
• Tremendous Advances in Optical Technology- Components and Transmission Fiber
• The Value that Optics Brings to the Network, Not Hype is Valued
• The Start-Up Frenzy has Provided Many in the Field with a Wide Range of Experiences and Skills which will be Valuable in the Rebuild
Despite the Current Setback, Optics has Taken its Place as a Major, Mainstream Technology in the World Economy
..and Even for the Market !• Continued Capacity Demand Growth
• Global Situation is Better than North America
• Metro and Access Remain Opportunities- Cost, Granularity of Bandwidth are Key Issues
• Inventories Have Been Significantly Reduced
• On Some Routes Bandwidth Margins are Quite Small
• Globally a Growing Push for Broadband Access
• Wetted Appetites for Broadband Services
…and Network Demand Continues to Grow-So Where Do We Go From Here?
• With a View of End-User Needs, Continue to Refine Our View of the Network Evolution
• Understand the Critical Network Element Functions Required for That Network Evolution Vision
• Examine the Functional Component Requirements to Realize Those Network Elements in the Most Cost-Effective, Scalable Way
• Leverage the Advantages and Attributes of Optics- Those We Currently Know as Well as Those Research Can Reasonably Make Happen
• Constantly Ask the Question? What is the Value Proposition That Optics Brings to This Network Solution?
Higher TDM rates(40Gbps)
Broader Amplification BandsAmplifier Bandwidth Wavelengths
12 nm 16
35 nm 80
80 nm 200
First Generation First Generation
Wideband Wideband
Ultra-WidebandUltra-Wideband
MEMS - All OpticalSwitches and OADMs
Dynamic GainEqualizing Filters
1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565
-10
-5
0
Wavelength (nm)
Pow
er (d
Bm
)
1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555 1560 1565
-25
-20
-15
Wavelength (nm)
Pow
er (d
Bm
)
Before equalization
After equalization
Optical Technology- Key Enabler When Applied to Real Network Issues
Cost per bit
1
10
100
1995 2000 2005
Syst
em C
ost (
$K/G
b/s)
Transmission Fiber
1550 signal(s)
1450/ 1550 nm WDM
ErAmplifier
Transmission Fiber
1453 nmPump
RamanAmplification
SKK 2002. Source:
Key Market Driver - Lower Cost, Scalable Networks That Improve Life Quality
Historically, cost of transport has fallen 35%
per year
Historically, Historically, cost of transport cost of transport has fallen 35% has fallen 35%
per yearper year
Gawrys, NFOEC 2001.
Near Term Challenge- Drive Down Component Costs
New Optical Technology has Reduced Cost/ Bit But Not Enough for Broadband Data
• Optical Components are Still Too Expensive
• Craft Intensive Assembly of Subsystems Makes Cost-Reduction and Ramp-Up (when needed) Difficult
• Lack of Cost-Effective Wavelength Agile Sources has Resulted in Excessive Inventories at all Stages of Component and Systems Manufacture
Automated Assembly, More Robust Components, Smarter Packaging and Increased Integration Will Be Essential for Needed Cost Targets
Strive for the Right Balance of Optics and Electronics
Optics has Demonstrated Advantages in Transmission and, Recently, in Massive High Capacity Switching, but
• Electronics Remains More Mature, More Integrable, More Functional, More Compact…..
• Cost-Effective Terminal Electronics (Coding) to Increase Reach and Enhance Capacity is Essential
• New Techniques to Achieve Cost-Effective Finer Granularity With Optics
• Integrated Opto-Electronic Circuits to Get the Best of Both Fields Remains an Important Target
Lightwave Capacity Trends
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Data rate per channel (Gb/s)
Num
ber o
f cha
nnel
s
'80 '83 '86 '87
'89
'91'93
'95
'95
'96
'98
'98
'02
10Gb/s100Gb/s
1Tb/s
10Tb/s
TotalCapacity
'01
'01
100Tb/s
Opt
ics
Electronics
Photonic Transport Photonic Networks
– High Capacity Transmission
– Fixed Sharing Between Multiple Nodes – Passive Access of Wavelength Channels
– Automated Connection Provisioning – Flexible Adjustment of Bandwidth– Network Self-Healing/Restoration
WDM/Point-to-Point Transport
Fixed WDM/Multipoint Network
Photonic XC and WADMReconfigured WDM/Multipoint Network
Fiber Amplifier
Wavelength Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
Wavelength Add/Drop
Wavelength Cross-Connect
Wavelength Adaptation/Assignmentin Optical Networks
Wavelength Translation at Network Entry (Adaption)
λarb OTU λ1 (fixed) λ1 ε λsyst
Fix λ Source
Wavelength Translation/Assignment (Network Controlled)
λarb OTU+ λi λi ε λsyst
Wavelength Selectable/Tunable Source
Network Control & Management (NC&M)
amplifiergain section tuning mirror modulator(transfer tapers)
(dilation taper) (dilation tapers)
Tuning Curves
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
0 1 10 100Tuning Current [m A]
Wav
elen
gth
[n
m]
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
SM
SR
[dB
]
24C 20C
operating point
4 more channels with16, 28, 32C temp. tuning
Wavelength-Selectable Laser Modulatesup to 20 Channels
• Tunable filter, all InP device• Performance demonstrated,
20 λ x 50GHz≥ 0dBm fibered power
• EA-DBR is primary path to wavelength selectable functionality
• Essential Network Element-Analogousto Digital Cross-Connect
• Hub Node on a Ring• Mesh Networks
NetworkControl
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
1
2
3
3 2 1
2 1 0
1 3 3
1
3
2
Drop/Add
• • •
Wavelength Express/Local Routing at a Branch:WDM Optical Cross-Connect
I/O Fibers
Imaging Lenses
Reflector
MEMS 2-axis Tilt Mirrors
• True optical switch fabric
• Scalable to >1000 x 1000 ports
• Strictly non-blocking
• Wavelength, data-rate, and protocol independent
• <10ms mirror switching speed
Optical Switching Advancements Scalable Optical Cross-Connect with MEMS
Lucent ProprietaryUse According to Company Instructions
Optical NetworkNavigator
The Optical Data Network
DeviceServer
DeviceServer
DeviceServer
Service Provider Servlet User Feature Applet
Session Coordinator
Optics and Software- Better Together!!
• Intelligent Control in Line Systems is Needed to Continue Reducing Cost/Bit(Smart Amplifiers, DGE, Transient Control, Raman Control,
• Automated Control Plane Critical to Extract the Full Value Proposition of Optical Networks
• IP and Optical- We Need to Understand the Convergence!
WDM Applications Evolution
Residential Access(WDM PON)
LAN(Interconnect, Routing)
Long Distance
Metro/Business Access
Cable TV
High SpeedSwitch/Router Optical/Wireless
WDM Metro Ring: Potential Features• Ultra-High Capacity Provided by DWDM• Per Wavelength Protection• Provide Access (Hubbed) or Inter-Office (Mesh-like) Connectivity• Wavelength Channels Provide Format Independence• Provide Direct Connection to High-Speed IP Router Interfaces
WDM Fiber Ring Networking
OpticalA
/DO
ptic
alA
/D
OpticalX-
connectATM
switchSONET
A/D
OpticalA/D
OpticalA/D
OpticalA/D
OpticalA/D
IP Router
IP Router
ATMswitch
SONETA/D
Integrated Fully Reconfigurable Wavelength Add/Drop
Thermooptic phase shifters
Waveguide gratings with interleave chirp
10 cm
1544 1546 1548 1550 1552 1554 1556-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Wavelength (nm)
Tran
smis
sivi
ty (d
B)
• Compact
• Low insertion loss
Line
Add
Through
Drop
Total on-chip loss < 16 dBInter-channel crosstalk < -20 dBDimensions 8x12 mm2
Total on-chip loss < 16 dBInter-channel crosstalk < -20 dBDimensions 8x12 mm2
OXC1
2
1
2
in out
XX
XX
4 λ 2x2 OXC with Dilated Switches
M. Smit
Logical Architecture of Multi-Shelf Switches
• Data are framed into 64-byte envelopes and transmitted to fabric– Small envelopes can lead to low latency for small packets
• Fabric stores data in Virtual Output Queues and switches through the cross-bar• Fragmentation effect due to variable size packets
– IP packets are not always integral multiples of 64-byte envelopes– Speed up required
• Power consumption is high– Double laser receivers/transmitters– Buffers on the fabric– Electronic crossbar
LocalBuffers
Scheduling
LocalBuffers
Scheduling
Crossbar
LocalBuffers(VOQ)
LocalBuffers(VOQ)
Scheduler
Switch Fabric System19’’ x 36’’ , >2KW power, expensive high-speed backplane
Laser
Framer
Framer Framer
Framer
Line Card Line Card
Line Card Line Card
Laser
Laser
Laser
Laser
Laser
Laser
Laser
What if we could design an optical packet fa
TunableTransmitter
AWG
Scheduler
TunableTransmitter
TunableTransmitter
Burst-ModeReceiver
Burst-ModeReceiver
Burst-ModeReceiver
32 In
put L
ine
Car
ds
32 Output Line C
ards
0 10 20 30 40 500
10
20
30
40
50
60
Num
ber o
f ocu
rren
ces
Switch time (ns)
High-Speed Packet Optical Switch Fabric
Totally passive core Laser switching time < 50 ns
Based on commodity components Phase recover within a few ns
OperationsComplex
Passive
λ 3
λ N
λ Router &Splitter
ONU
λ 2
λ 1RPRP
ONU
ONU
SmallBusiness
Control
Distr.Intfc.
Inter-conn.
Ntwk.Intfc.
Host TerminalComplex
ServicesComplex
Vision Distribution Architecture
Photograph of SiOB Optical Transceiver Chip
1.3 / 1.5 um
1.3 um
1.5 um
1.3umMONITOR
PIN
1.3umRECEIVER
PIN1.3um
XB-LASER
1.5um REVERSINGELEMENT
1.3um / 1.5umMACH-ZENDER WDM
INTEGRATED V-GROOVEfor Passive
FIBER ALIGNMENT
1.3umSPLITER
Gates et al., ECTC (1998)
SiliconSilicon substrateSilica
Thermally grown silicaSample surface
SOI Based Photonic Crystal Waveguides
J. Arentoft and M. Kristensen
NanophotonicsResonantly Enhanced Nonlinearity
ChalcogenideResonator Cavity
Cavity round trips = 30Nonlinearity = x1000!
Small cavity
Large bandwidth
4 mm dia.Disk
Planar Waveguide
Resonantly Enhanced Interferometer
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Predicted date -to-market
Waveguide in Ultra Compact Technology
1 µm1 µmVery CompactTechnology prototype(COBRA, 2000)
1
10
100
1000
SSI
MSI
LSI
Inte
grat
ion
Scal
e1.5 mm
Compact Technology
Very Compact Technology
Ultra Compact Technology
Compact Technology prototype(COBRA, 1999)
2 mm2 mm
M. Smit
Summary
• The Rapid Evolution and Deployment of Optical Networking Systems Has Been Driven by Innovation in Fiber, Optical Components and Transmission Systems Techniques
• Scalable Optical Networks Employing Optical Switching and Routing Require Highly Functional and Dense Optical Components and Circuits that Must be Cost-Effective
• Efforts to Cost, Size and Power Reduce Optical Subsystems is Ongoing. Integration Technologies-both Hybrid and Monolithic Will Be Key
• Increasing the Domain of Application of Fiber Optics to Increase Component Volumes is Essential to Continue to Drive Down Cost