Presented By: Abdur Rahim 03-CIVIL-961 Ovais Ali 03-CIVIL-973 Haseeb Khan 03-CIVIL-986 Tajammal...
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Transcript of Presented By: Abdur Rahim 03-CIVIL-961 Ovais Ali 03-CIVIL-973 Haseeb Khan 03-CIVIL-986 Tajammal...
Presented By:
Abdur Rahim 03-CIVIL-961Ovais Ali 03-CIVIL-973Haseeb Khan 03-CIVIL-986Tajammal Abbas 03-CIVIL-974
Artificial Intelligence
Overview Intelligence What is AI Branches Neural Networks Historical overview Applications Limitations Turing test Machine learning Chess & AI AI based movies Future of AI
IntelligenceGeneral mental capability to reasonSolving problemsThinking abstractlyDecision-making Learning and understanding new
materialGetting profit from past experience
What is Artificial intelligenceDesigning computer programs to make
computers smarterAbility of an artifact to perform the
same kinds of functions that characterize human thought
Machine doing what would be considered intelligent if done by human
Definitions by categories
Systems that think like
humans
System that think
rationally
Systems that act like
humans
Systems that act
rationally
Artificial intelligence in a vision
Branches of AI Logical AI Search Search Pattern Recognition Representation Inference Common Sense Knowledge and Reasoning Virtual reality
What are Neural Nets? A neural net is an artificial representation of
the human brain that tries to simulate its learning process.
The term "artificial" means that neural nets are implemented in computer programs that are able to handle the large number of necessary calculations during the learning process
The biological modelThe human brain consists of a large
number (more than a billion) of neural cells that process information's.
Each cell works like a simple processor and only the massive interaction between all cells and their parallel processing makes the brain's abilities possible
Biological Model
Artificial Neuron
AI PioneersAlan M. Turing
“Computing Machinery and Intelligence”Marvin Minksy
Constructed the first neural net machineHerbert Simon, Allen Newell, J.C. Shaw
Developed the first AI computer program
Famous AI Programs ELIZA (Joseph Weizenbaum)
Psychologist Deep Blue (IBM)
Chess program Cyc (MCC and Cycorp)
Multi-contextual knowledge base and inference engine
HAL (Arthur C. Clarke) Space explorer
Success or applications of AI Face Recognition Bacterial Diagnosis Mass Spectroscopy Speech dictation IQ tests Genetic Probability DNA/Protein Chess
Success or applications of AI Driving a car Weather Sports Optimizing Nuclear Power Automatic fuzzy clustering E-design (bridges, houses) E-government decision and planning E-commerce E-learning Robotics Translation
Limitation of AI Cognitive sciences still have not succeeded
in determining exactly what the human abilities are.
program designers lack understanding of the intellectual mechanisms required to do the task efficiently as that of expert person.
One is biological so AI should study more humans and imitate psychology and physiology.
The Turing TestMotivated to identify intelligence in a
computer program.Proposed in 1950 by Alan Turing.Original Proposal:
Given a person X, a computer Y, and an interrogator C, C isolated from X and Y.
C must determine who is the person X is intelligent if it can fool C.
Interrogator
Person
Computer
Problems with the Turing Test Intelligence may be considered as a
continuum. The Turing test only identifies one (very strong) type of intelligence, and thus offers no means to measure.
Does fooling C really imply intelligence?
Our ProposalMotivated to allow:
a measure of intelligence. more rigid definitions. more flexible admission of programs.
ExampleThe set of all Math Problems is a
maximal element. If a program can solve these problems,
it is said to be an Expert in Math Problems.
Machine Learning
What Is Machine Learning?Enabling machines to process data in
such a way that it can be to make future decisions
ML been studied for many yearsML has many applications in a variety of
fields
Tasks For MachinesPattern recognitionGrouping/classificationStrategizingGenerating heuristicsProblem solving
Issues in Machine LearningComputational complexityEthicsCorrectness
Would the exact desired learning be constructed?
What if there is an error in learning?
Chess & AI
Chess In the early 1950's Alan Turing wrote
the first modern chess program Chess was one of the original AI
problems, because it represented one form of intelligent behavior
Most successful chess programs use some kind of search algorithm as their foundation for choosing move
Chess Algorithms Chess base on search Algorithm Each piece can be assigned a number
indicating its rank (pawns are worth 1, knights and bishops 3, rooks 5, queens 9 )
This figure can be multiplied by another number indicating the strength of the piece's position on the board
Computer tries to choose the move that will leave it in the strongest position
Do this by evaluation function
Chess AlgorithmsOther formulas quantify concepts like
"king safety," or how well protected that piece is. These rules, called heuristics, but they give the computer a rough sense of the state of the game and a basis on which to make its decisions
AI based movies
Matrix In the near future, a computer hacker
named Noe discovers that all life on Earth may be nothing more than an elaborate illusion created by a malevolent cyber-intelligence, for the purpose of placating us while our life essence is “farmed” to the Matrix’s campaign
Matrix Reloaded
Neo, Morpheus, Trinity, and the rest pf their crew continue to battle the Machine that have enslaved the human race in the matrix. Now, more human are waking up out of the matrix and attempting to live
Matrix Revolution
In the third installment, the epic war between man and machine reaches a thundering crescendo: the Zion military aided by courageous civilian volunteers like Zee and the kid desperately battles to hold back the Sentinel invasion as the machine army bores into their stronghold
X–Files Episode7 A computer with highly advanced
Artificial Intelligence begins to kill in order to preserve its existence when it is deemed inefficient to continue controlling the workings of an office building.
Rob La Belle programmer of AI Computer
Future of Artificial Intelligence
However, there is little doubt among the community that artificial machines will be capable of intelligent thought in the near future. It's just a question of what and when... The machines may be pure silicon, quantum computers or hybrid combinations of manufactured components and neural tissue. As for the date, expect great things to happen within this century
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