1. Urban AmericaChapter 61865-1896

2. Immigrants inAmericaMillions of immigrants moved to theUnited States in the late 1800s & early1900s. 3. Give Me Your PoorHuddled MassesThe plaque on theStatue of Libertycontains the poem byEmma LazarusTheNew Colossus, 1883Employers in the West and Southwest had never found it necessary ordesirable to recruit laborers as immigrants. Instead, they relied upon alienworkers from Asian countries, who were made ineligible for citizenship underU.S. naturalization laws, and, increasingly, upon sojourner migrants fromMexico, whose muscle was wanted but who were not welcome as members ofAmerican society. Prejudice against Asians was so strong that in 1882Congress passed the first of Chinese Exclusion Acts preventing the importationof Chinese laborers. However, the system of sojourner Mexican workers, someof whom came lawfully and others illegally, was permitted to continue. DuringWorld War I, this was formalized in the first of a series of temporary-workerprograms through which workers were imported to do hard agricultural laborwith the understanding that they would be sent back to Mexico when the workwas finished.Immigrants, on the other hand, were encouraged to participate in Americaninstitutions. By 1917 (when a literacy test for immigrants was enacted), though,most Americans were convinced that there were too many immigrants. 4. Population of Selected Cities inGreat Britain 5. Immigration Stations Once immigrants arrived in the U.S., they wentthrough immigration stations, such as Ellis Islandin New York Harbor and Angel Island in SanFrancisco, California. Government workersquestioned them about where they planned towork & live. Doctors also examined them tomake sure they didnt have any diseases. Almostall European immigrants were allowed to enterthe U.S. 6. New immigrants arriving at Ellis Island. At Ellis they willbe "processed" before they are allowed to continue theirjourney to find a new home. 7. Laws Against Immigration 1882 Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act Almost all Chinese immigrants were kept out ofAmerica 1921 & 1924 Congress passed laws that loweredthe number of Europeans & Asians All immigrants faced prejudice upon arrival 8. Immigrants helped the U.S. become one ofthe richest and fastest-growing countries inthe world. They built railroads, dug mines,and worked in factories. 9. Were Spreading OutDespite widespread public recognition of worsening urban housing problems andfrequent calls for reform, only after the War between the States were governmentefforts undertaken to improve housing conditions. In 1867, the New York statelegislature enacted the first tenement-housing legislation, which regulated theconstruction of railroad flats by establishing minimum construction standards. Thecontinued influx of immigrants, however, resulted in the proliferation ofovercrowded tenements and deplorable health conditions. Attempts to improvehousing were spurred by the writings of such reformers as Jacob Riis andLawrence Veiller in the 1890s, as well as by the first federal report on housingconditions, issued in 1894. Nevertheless, it was not until 1901 that a law permittingenforcement of housing standards was enacted. The landmark New York CityNew Law required building permits and inspections, prescribed penalties fornoncompliance, and created a permanent city housing department. Subsequently,the New Law was copied in other U.S. cities and provided an impetus for housinglegislation at the state level in the early 1900s. By 1930, many state and localgovernments also had adopted Night School Mulberry in city the Bend, Seventh planning, New Avenue Yorkzoning, Lodging Houseand subdivision regulations toScene Nibsy's on A Poverty the Flat The Alley, Roof Dine Mulberry nthse Gappers Torn of o Pf the aDuepaetrh's Down Bend Mott Playing Barracks in became Street the Coney Fall Barracksa with parkof Island1895All Its Furnitureguide the development Ready The for walls Sabbath began Eve to in givea Coal CellarThe Old In and PSeledeleprinWg MBrosh. Slide A location eB Seven-Tmehinaont It hQou Costs i WtC Sarleteprts Cent iiangs Ha Itrnhem a ,i Lodging era Dollar nR of a HCSkhuewridlessdaoartent tihvein new CgetollnarS a Sn House, Month WSh'sto rOpreken residential otrfe tli 1e1t ynA to Pell DLumdlpow tPTtilhcaeyigr Sleep StreetrToeunnedmentin Street These areas.RearShedsMeEnl'ds In Poverty rLidogdeg Sintgre Gap, Reto an Poomli English cine tShtea tWioens Coal-tL 4o7dtghe Heaver's rSstreet HomeStationPictures by Jacob Riis 10. Immigration and Urban GraphicOrganizerImmigrationand UrbanIssues 11. Urban Immigration Quiz1. Give an example of immigration legislation.2. Name the two principle immigration stations onthe two coasts.3. What jobs did immigrants do upon arrival?4. Tenements became a large urban problem formost East Coast large cities. Whatphotographer shed light upon this embarrassingaspect of urban life?5. What New York City law was enacted todevelop housing codes and copied in mostAmerican cities by the 1930s? 12. Origins of SocialismFrom Europe to America 13. Socialism- is an economicsystem characterised by socialownership and cooperativemanagement of the means ofproduction, and a politicalphilosophy advocating such asystem.Socialist Aspects- OriginsI. IntroductionA. Ancient philosophiesB. Modern origins1. French revolution- 17892. British Industrial RevolutionII. Early Figures in the Origins of SocialismA. Franois Noel (Gracchus) Babeuf1. Minor figure in the French Revolution2. A precursor of modern communism3. First advocate of the abolition of private propertyB. Louis Auguste Blanqui1. Advocate of workers revolution2. Positions adopted by V.I. Lenin and BolsheviksC. Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon1. Postulated the theory of Evolutionary Organicism2. Influenced August Comte, Karl Marx, Herbert Spencer, ThomasCarlyle, and John Stuart MillRevolutionary 14. Socialist Aspects- Origins (contd)D. Franois Marie Charles Fourier1. French social theorist whose vision of the ideal society centered on thephalanstery, a small cooperative agricultural community2. Communities founded in Red Bank, N.J., and at Brook Farm inMassachusetts (1841-46)E. Etienne Cabet1. French socialist who founded a utopian community in the United States2. Influenced by the utopian ideas of Robert OwenF. Robert Owen1. Welsh industrialist and social reformer who had a strong influence on 19thcentury utopian socialism2. Believed that human character would be greatly improved in a cooperativesociety rather than in the traditional family3. Influential in the passage of the Factory Act of 18194. Became involved in trade unionismUtopian 15. Socialism: The Crisis of 1848 andAftermathDespite all the socialist enthusiasm in Europe during the 19th century, no nation adopted thepolitical/economic system. Socialist parties were in the minority but were regarded as aserious threat by both government and capitalists. The year 1848 was a critical point insocialist history. A series of revolts broke out against European monarchies, beginning inSicily and spreading to France, Germany, and the Austrian Empire. The revolts failed, andall liberals and socialists were disillusioned by this failure. From 1848, socialism made nogreat gains until the Russian Revolution.Socialism itself persisted in a variety of national political parties. In the early years of the20th century, socialism became a powerful parliamentary force throughout Europe, and itwas this force that would eventually undermine revolutionary socialism everywhere.Governmentsseeing the threat proposed by socialists, Communists, and anarchistsbegan to adopt programs of social reform that would in time create welfare statesthroughout Europe and in North America. In a few decades, this legislation would mountan incalculable debt on these governments.Socialism, however, did persist. After 1848, the year in which Karl Marx and FriedrichEngels published their Communist Manifesto, the movement came to be dominated byMarx. In 1864, the International Working Mens Association was formed to unite socialistgroups in all countries and to create a feeling of solidarity among workers everywhere. 16. Socialism: The Crisis of 1848 andAftermath (contd)Although Marx was not one of the organizers, he soon became the leader of theassociation. This organization, usually remembered as the First International, dissolved in1876 because of internal dissension. The Second International was founded in 1889. Itspurpose was to build a united class feeling among workers and to use this solidarity toprevent war. If hostilities threatened, the workers might prevent the struggle by refusingto serve as soldiers. 17. Todays Little Red HenOnce upon a time, there was a little red hen who scratched about the barnyard until sheuncovered some grains of wheat. She called her neighbors and said, If we plant thiswheat, we shall have bread to eat. Who will help me plant it?Not I, said the cow.Not I, said the duck.Not I, said the pig.Not I, said the goose.Then I will, said the little red hen, and she did. The wheat grew tall and ripened intogolden grain. Who will help me reap my wheat? asked the little red hen.Not I, said the duck.Out of my classification, said the pig.Id lose my seniority, said the cow.Id lose my unemployment compensation, said the goose.Then I will, said the little red hen, and she did.At last, it came time to bake the bread. Who will help me bake the bread? asked thelittle red hen.That would be overtime for me, said the cow.Id lose my welfare benefits, said the duck.Im a dropout and never learned how, said the pig.If Im the only helper, then thats discrimination, said the goose. 18. Todays Little Red Hen (contd)Then I will, said the little red hen. She baked the five loaves and held them up for herneighbors to see.They all wanted somein fact, demanded a fair share. But the little red hen said, No, Ican eat the five loaves myself.Excess profits! yelled the cow.Capitalist leech! cried the duck.I demand equal rights! shouted the goose.The pig just grunted. Then they hurriedly painted UNFAIR picket signs and marchedaround, shouting obscenities.The government agent came and said to the little red hen, You must not be greedy.But I earned the bread, said the little red hen.Exactly, said the agent, that is the wonderful free enterprise system. Anyone in thebarnyard can earn as much as he wants. But, under government regulation, theproductive workers must divide their product and earnings with the lazy, idle ones.And they lived happily ever after. But the little red hens neighbors wondered why shenever baked bread again! 19. Communist ManifestoIn 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, two young socialists, published the pamphlettitled Manifesto of the Communist Party. They called it communist, rather thansocialist, to disassociate themselves from utopian socialists with whom they disagreed.The Manifesto stated that the basis of Communism was historical materialism: the beliefthat the course of history is determined primarily by the operation of economic forces. Allhistory, so Marx declared, could be explained in terms of class struggles between rulinggroups and the oppressed. This pattern, he believed, enabled him to predict the long-rangefuture. Capitalism (private enterprise) must, he said, inevitably give way to socialism.This would come about through a struggle between the proletariat, the class of modernwage earners, and the bourgeoisie, who owned the factories and machines.The Manifesto defines Communism as the abolition of private property. It ends with a callfor the forcible overthrow of all existing social institutions. Let the ruling classes trembleat a Communist revolution. The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. Theyhave a world to win. Workingmen of all countries, unite!The first authentic Communist party was organized in 1864 as the International WorkingMens Association (now more commonly called the First International). Violentcontroversies among its different factions soon split industrialized nations, but World War Idestroyed it. Each Socialist party rejected socialist unity. The Third International wasfounded by V.I. Lenin after the war. 20. The Economic Theory of Karl MarxKarl Marx developed an economic theory based on his analysis of history. The followingoutlines the stages of history envisioned by Marx.1. History is shaped by economic forcesthe way that goods are produced and distributed.2. A class struggle exists between the haves and the have nots. In modern industrialsociety, the bourgeoisie, or middle class capitalists, exploit the proletariat, or wageearning laborers.3. The class that holds economic power also controls the government for its own advantage.4. The middle class begins to shrink, as shopkeepers and owners of small businesses areruined by competition with powerful capitalists. The working class grows larger untilsociety is composed of a few rich people and the proletarian masses.5. Made desperate by their poverty, workers seize control of the government and the meansof production, destroying the capitalist system and the ruling class. Through violentrevolution, the workers create a dictatorship of the proletariat.6. Under the new Communist system, property and the means of production are owned bythe people, and all goods and services are shared equally.7. With the destruction of capitalism, the class struggle ends, a classless society emerges,and the state withers away. 21. Communism: A FailedEconomyFidel CastroThe term communism is generally applied to the Marxist-Leninist political andsocioeconomic doctrines that guided the USSR until its disintegration in 1991 and that wereshared by governments and political parties in Eastern Europe, China, and elsewhere. Theterm also denotes the centralized political system of China and of the former USSR and itssatellites in Eastern Europe. This system, associated with the collective ownership of themeans of production, central economic planning, and rule by a single political party, wasdiscredited almost everywhere outside China, North Korea, and Vietnam as a result of itscollapse in Europe and the USSR. What remains is its Marxist ideology, shorn of itsLeninist--and, in China, much of its Maoist trappings.Communism is an outgrowth of 19th-century socialism. It became a distinct movement afterthe Russian Revolutions of 1917, when a group of revolutionary socialists seized power andadopted the name Communist party of the USSR. Mongolia became a Communist state in1921. After World War II other Communist states were established in the Eastern Europeancountries of Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria,Yugoslavia, and Albania, and in the Asian countries of China and North Korea. Communistregimes were subsequently established in Cuba, in the Southeast Asian countries of Vietnam,Laos, and Cambodia, and in Afghanistan. 22. Communism: A Failed Economy(contd)For 15 or more years pro-Soviet revolutionary governments ruled South Yemen andseveral African states, notably Angola, Mozambique, and Ethiopia. In the WesternHemisphere the leftist Sandinista regime (1979-90) in Nicaragua was under substantialSoviet and Cuban influence. 23. Totalitarianism: TotallyWrongAdolf HitlerTotalitarianism is a form of government in which all societal resources are monopolized bythe state (socialism) in an effort to penetrate and control all aspects of public and privatelife. This control is facilitated by propaganda and by advances in technology.Both in theory and practice, totalitarianism is of relatively recent origin. First used todescribe the organizational principles of the National Socialist (Nazi) party in Germany, theterm gained currency in political analysis after World War II. Older concepts, such asdictatorship and despotism, were deemed inadequate by Western social scientists todescribe this modern phenomenon.Totalitarian regimes are characterized by distinctive types of ideology and organization.Totalitarian ideologies reject existing society as corrupt, immoral, and beyond reform,project an alternative society in which these wrongs are to be redressed, and provide plansand programs for realizing the alternative order. These ideologies, supported by propagandacampaigns, demand total conformity on the part of the people. 24. Democracy andOur RepublicLiberty Bell, PhiladelphiaAn increase in popular participation in government has often come about because the rulinggroup sees political advantage in it. For example, when Cleisthenes created Atheniandemocracy about 510 BC, he was apparently packing the assembly with new voters. In theUnited States several major expansions of the electorate occurred for similar reasons:Jeffersonian Republicans eliminated property qualifications to win the votes of the verypoor; Republicans passed (1870) the 15th Amendment (on black voting) to win blacks' votesin southern and border states; progressive reformers from both parties in the early 20thcentury pushed for women's suffrage, expecting that women, more frequently than men,would support humanitarian causes such as temperance; and Republicans and Democratsvied with each other in the 1950s and '60s to promote black voting in the South in order towin black votes. Not every expansion of the electorate is so consciously self-serving,however. In colonial America, participation widened almost by accident. Most coloniesinitially adopted the traditional English property qualification for voting: the 40-shillingfreehold. This represented an income that was very high in late medieval times and stillfairly high in the 17th century. By 1776, inflation and prosperity had enabled the vastmajority of adult males to qualify as electors. In the 20th century some countries, such asTurkey and India, have greatly expanded their electorates as an incidental consequence ofthe decision to adopt democratic forms. 25. Socialism Frayer ModelDefinitionCharacteristicsSocialismExamples Non-examples 26. Socialism Quiz1. Give one revolutionary and one utopian socialist leader.2. What is the difference between utopian and revolutionary(communism) socialism?3. When did socialism start to affect society? What activities?4. The goal of communism was a classless, property-less,society. What were the two classes that Karl Marx said wouldbe in warfare?5. All communist societies have been what type of government? 27. ProgressivismSocialism in AmericaPolitical Reforms?Political Machines 28. Progressivism:Socialism Begins in AmericaThe origins of progressivism were as complex and are difficult to describe asthe movement itself. In the vanguard were various agrarian crusaders, such asthe Grangers and the Populists and the Democrats under Bryan, with theirdemands for stringent railroad regulation and national control of banks and themoney supply. At the same time a new generation of economists, sociologists,and political scientists was undermining the philosophical foundations of thelaissez-faire state with socialism and constructing a new ideology to justifydemocratic collectivism; and a new school of social workers was establishingsettlement houses and going into slums to discover the extent of humandegradation. Allied with them was a growing body of ministers, priests, andrabbisproponents of what was called the Social Gospelwho struggled toarouse the social concerns and consciences of their parishioners. Finally,journalists called muckrakers probed into all the dark corners of American lifeand carried their message of reform, usually through government intervention,by mass-circulation newspapers and magazines. 29. The GrangeThe National Grange is the popular name of the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry,the oldest general farm organization in the United States. It was established inWashington, D.C. on 4 Dec 1867, largely through the efforts of Oliver HudsonKelley, a Minnesota farmer who was deeply affected by the poverty and isolation ofthe farmers he saw while inspecting farm areas in the South for the U.S.Department of Agriculture in 1866. He felt they had to unite and promote theirinterests collectively. The organization, which acquired the character of a fraternalsociety, provided lectures and entertainment for farm men and women. It alsoexperimented in cooperative buying and selling of farm products and supplies andcarried on educational programs, setting up Grange units for children as well asadults.In the 1870s, the Grange was prominent in the broader Granger movement, whichcampaigned against extortionate charges by monopolistic railroads andwarehouses, and helped bring about laws regulating these charges in some statesin the upper Mississippi Valley. Although challenged, the constitutionality of suchlaws was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Munn V. Illinois (1877). 30. PopulismThe Populist party was formed in the 1890s at the culmination of a period ofagrarian discontent in the United States. The party traced its roots to the farmersalliances, loose confederations of organizations that had formed in the South andWest beginning in the late 1870s and expanded rapidly after about 1885. Thealliances advocated tax reform, regulation of railroads, and free silver (the unlimitedminting of silver coins). In 1890, many candidates who supported allianceobjectives were elected in state and local contests. Encouraged by these results,alliance leaders formed a national political party, officially the Peoples party, butusually called the Populist party.At a convention in Omaha, NE, in 1892, the Populists nominated James B. Weaverof Iowa as their presidential candidate. Hoping to unite Southern and Westernfarmers with industrial workers of the Northeast, the party adopted a platform callingfor government ownership of the railroads and the telephone and telegraphsystems; free silver; a graduated income tax; a subtreasury plan to allow farmersto withhold crops from the market when prices dipped; the direct election of U.S.senators; immigration restriction; an 8 hour day for industrial workers; and otherreforms. Many of these reforms or ideas were socialist ideas that had come fromEurope. In the election of 1892, Weaver received more than a million popular votesand 22 electoral votes, but the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland, won the 31. Political reform Progressive socialists subverted constitutions andcharters of local and state governments byallowing people to introduce bills (initiative). Areferendum is a vote on that initiative. Theylooked at constitutions as a living document andnot as a document to guide a government whichwas difficult to change. 32. Political reform A Progressive reform, the SeventeenthAmendment supposedly put more power into thepeoples hands. It allowed for the direct electionof US Senators. Before, state legislators wouldchoose and could recall them if they were votingfor unsupportable legislation. Now we have towait until the next election to replace them. 33. Political reform Progressives wanted big business out of politics. Political machines controlled the political partiesand were progressives. 34. Political Reform One infamous Democratic political machine wasthe Tammany Hall Ring of NYC. Starting withWilliam Marcy Boss Tweed in the 1870s. 35. New Yorks Political Machine- the Tammany Hall withRichard "Boss" Croker in the 1890s 36. Political machines manipulated people.They provided jobs to immigrants andother services for a vote 37. Economic Reform Another Progressive reform, the SixteenthAmendment allowed for a graduated income taxwhich means the rich pay a higher percentagethan poor people. Presently about half of allAmericans pay no income tax and have no stakein America. Progressives use class warfare todivide America. 38. A Large Progressive Idea- TheProgressive Income Tax 39. Progressive Political Machineand Reforms Concept MapOriginsProgressivismSocialism inAmericaTypesCharacteristicsExamples 40. Progressive Political Machineand Reforms Quiz1. Give a characteristic of progressive politicalmachines.2. Name one of the political machine bosses inNew York City.3. Name a piece of legislation passed withprogressive support.4. How did progressives get around constitutionsand charters? 41. Urban America Science, Art,Philosophy, and the Gilded AgeEvolution, pasteurization, microorganisms,radiation, relativity, romanticism, andrealism 42. Scientific Discoveries of the BibleNatural SelectionCharles Darwin, a 19th century English naturalist, argued that natural selectionguides evolutionary change. Darwins contemporary Alfred Russel Wallace,another English naturalist, stated a similar theory of evolution independently ofDarwin. The theory of natural selection is based on the idea that living things arein constant competition for limited but essential resources in their environmentssuch as food, places to hide, and opportunities to breed. Accordingly, naturalselection favors any trait that helps an organism or its offspring to survive. Forexample, the daring shown by birds in the place of a predator near the nest involvesthe risk of death. Nonetheless, natural selection compensates the risk by increasingthe offsprings chances of survival.In 1859, Darwin published his views in On the Origin of Species by Means ofNatural Selection, and a major controversy was immediately sparked betweentheologians and scientists. Even scientists argued with each other over how thetraits Darwin thought were subject to natural selection could be inherited.Ironically, an Austrian priest, Gregor Mendel, published genetic principles in 1866that could have settled the problem, but Mendels work was not appreciated until1900. 43. Scientific Discoveries of the Bible(contd) Six Day Creation Gen 1: 11, 12, 21-25 (ten times reproduction is stated) Darwins On the Origin of the Species dilemma "Why, if species have descended from other species by finegraduation, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitionalforms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the speciesbeing, as we see them, well defined? Questionable Testing- Piltdown Man I Cor 3:18-20; I Thess 2:13 44. The Bible vs. EvolutionHow did we come into existence? Explanations and termsThe Bible EvolutionGod witnessed Creation and recounted Darwin observed and theorizedGen 1 & 2 Micro vs. macro evolutionAstrophysicist Hugh Ross account Abiogenesis, DNAGen 6, 7 & 8 Phylogeny1. Creation of the physical universe (space, 7. Production of small sea animalstime, matter, energy, galaxies, stars, planets, 8. Creation of sea mammalsetc.) 9. Creation of birds2. Transformation of the earths atmosphere 10. Making of land mammals (wild mammals,from opaque to translucent. domesticated mammals, and rodents)3. Formation of a stable water cycle. 11. Creation of mankind4. Establishment of continent(s) and ocean(s).5. Production of plants on the continent(s).6. Transformation of the atmosphere fromtranslucent to transparent (Sun, Moon, and starsbecome visible). 45. The Bible vs. Evolution Where did life come from?Phylogenetic TreeCladogram 46. The Bible vs. Evolution Scientists have never demonstrated how this first lifecame into existence from non-life by an evolutionarymechanism Abiogenesis proposal- proteins and nucleic acids evolvedfirst and then into life Michael Behes book- Darwins Black Box There is no publication in the scientific literaturein prestigious journals,specialty journals, or booksthat describes how molecular evolution ofany real, complex, biochemical system either did occur or even might haveoccurred. There are assertions that such evolution occurred, butabsolutely none are supported by pertinent experiments or calculations. 47. The Bible vs. Evolution Dinosaurs and the Bible The original Hebrew text words- tanniyn, behemowth,livyathan Tanniyn- dragon, serpent, sea monster 1. dragon or dinosaur 2. seaor river monster 3. serpent, venomous snake And God created great tanniyn, and every nephesh chaiah that creeps, which themayim brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after hiskind: and God saw that [it was] good. - Gen 1:21When Pharaoh shall speak unto you, saying, Shew a miracle for you: then thou shaltsay unto Aaron, Take thy rod, and cast [it] before Pharaoh, [and] it shall become atanniyn. - Ex 7:9For elohiym [is] my melek of old, working yshuwah (salvation) in the midst of theerets (earth). Thou didst divide the sea by thy strength: thou brakest the heads ofthe tanniyn in the mayim. Thou brakest the heads of leviathan in pieces, [and]gavest him [to be] meat to the people inhabiting the wilderness. Thou didst cleavethe fountain and the flood: thou driedst up mighty rivers. The day[is] thine, the laila(night) also [is] thine: thou hast prepared the aur (light) and the shemesh (sun). -Psa 74:12-16 48. The Bible vs. Evolution 1822, Mary Ann Mantell correctly identified a strange bone ashaving belonged to a large unknown reptile. Her husbandlater named the creature Iguanodon. Sir Richard Owen articulated the term "dinosaur" for a neworder of animals in 1841 (deino = terrible; sauros = lizard). 49. The Bible vs. Evolution Behemowth- perhaps an extinct dinosaur 1. a Diplodocus or Brachiosaurus, exactmeaning unknown. Some translate as elephant or hippopotamus but from thedescription in Job 40:15-24, this is patently absurd. Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth grass as an ox. Lo now, hisstrength [is] in his loins, and his force [is] in the navel of his belly. He moveth his taillike a cedar: the sinews of his stones are wrapped together. His bones [are as]strong pieces of brass; his bones [are] like bars of iron. He [is] the chief of the waysof God: he that made him can make his sword to approach [unto him]. Surely themountains bring him forth food, where all the beasts of the field play. He lieth underthe shady trees, in the covert of the reed, and fens. The shady trees cover him [with]their shadow; the willows of the brook compass him about. Behold, he drinketh up ariver, [and] hasteth not: he trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth. Hetaketh it with his eyes: [his] nose pierceth through snares. Job 40:15-24 KJV The juniper-like tree most likely referred to is the famous well-known speciescalled "Cedrus libani", or "cedar-of-Lebanon," a beautiful and stately tree thatgrows in the Middle East. These trees can be quite large. The tree can attainheights greater than 40 meters with a diameter greater than 3 meters. The word here rendered navel means properly firm, hard, tough, and in the pluralform, which occurs here, means the firm, or tough parts of the belly. It is not usedto denote the navel in any place in the Bible, and should not have been renderedso here. AS, NAS, and NIT renders it muscles. 50. The Bible vs. Evolution Livyathan- leviathan, sea monster, dragon 1. large aquatic animal 2.perhaps the extinct dinosaur, plesiosaurus, exact meaning unknown. Somethink this to be a crocodile but from the description in Job 41 this is patentlyabsurd. It appears to be a large fire breathing animal of some sort. Just asthe bomardier beetle has an explosion producing mechanism, so the greatsea dragon may have an explosive producing mechanism to enable it to bea real fire breathing dragon. Job 41 There is the sea, vast and spacious, teeming with creatures beyondnumber living things both large and small. There the ships go to andfro, and the leviathan, which you formed to frolic there. Ps 104:25, 26 In that day, the LORD will punish with his sword, his fierce, great andpowerful sword, Leviathan the gliding serpent, Leviathan the coilingserpent; he will slay the monster of the sea. Is 27:1 51. The Bible vs. EvolutionPlesiosaurus picture and fossilKronosaurus andfossil German chemist Dr. Schilknecht first found that thebombardier beetle mixes two potentially dangerouschemicals, hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide (yes,basically the stuff in brown bottles at your local market),which should immediately result in a very violentexplosion. 52. The Bible vs. EvolutionAnkylosaurs:The nasal passages in armoreddinosaurs were found to beconvoluted and complex, anddidnt funnel directly to the lungsor air pockets.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121483993/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 53. Louis Pasteur & Germ TheoryBeliefs about disease in19thCentury People knew there was a link between dirt anddisease, but could not explain the link. People explained disease as seeds, bad seeds, inthe air known as miasma. 1850s &1860s breakthrough in the cause of disease. 54. PasteurizationIn 1854, Louis Pasteur became professor of chemistry and dean of theschool of science (Facult des Sciences) at the University of Lille.Hearing of Pasteurs ability, a local distiller came to him for help incontrolling the process of making alcohol by fermenting beet sugar.Pasteur saw that fermentation was not a simple chemical reaction but tookplace only in the presence of living organisms. He learned thatfermentation, putrefaction, infection, and souring are caused by germs, ormicrobes.Sucrose Table sugarStaph InfectionPasteur Dextrose published his Starch- first paper potato on and the cornSouring- curdled milk formation and cheeseof lactic acid and itsfunction Fructose in souring milk Fruit, in 1857. vegetables, Further grains, studies and honeydeveloped the valuabletechnique Lactose of pasteurization. MilkThe same year, he was appointed managerand director Maltose of scientific Maltstudies as his old school, the Ecole NormaleSuperieure. During the next several years, he extended his studies intoGlucose Sucrose, dextrose, fructose, and maltosegerm theory. He spent much time proving to doubting scientists thatgerms do not originate spontBaneeero uFselyrminemntaatttieornbut enter from the outside.Rotting corpse 55. Step 1: Discovery of Micro-organisms Anthony VanLeeuwenhoek madeone of the earliestmicroscopes. Discovered micro-organismswhich hecalled animalcules. Microscopes not asgood as today. 56. Step 2: Improved microscopes 1800s purer glassproduced = betterlenses formicroscope. 1830 Joseph Listerdevelops amicroscope whichcan magnify x1000 57. Step 3: Louis Pasteurs germtheory Old Theory: spontaneous generation micro-organisms are the result of decaying matter. New Theory: germ theory micro-organisms cause decaying matter. Pasteur showed you could kill the micro-organismsby applying heat - PASTEURIZATION. 58. Step 4: Germ theory vsspontaneous generation Pasteur now had toprove his theory. In competition withFrench scientistPouchet. Conducted anexperiment showing thatmicrobes in the aircaused decay. 1861 published hisgerm theory 59. Step 5: Linking micro-organismsto disease Pasteur showed micro-organisms made wine andbeer go bad. Could germs cause disease? Another experiment! Proved that a micro-organism was causing diseasein silk worms. 60. Step 6: Proving the link betweenbacteria and human disease. Pasteur nevershowed the linkbetween bacteriaand humandisease. This was left toRobert Koch 61. Radiation and RelativityMarie was born Manya Sklodwska in Warsaw, Poland, on 7 Nov 1867. She took up herfathers interest in mathematics and physics; and after her early schooling, she went toParis where she met Pierre Curie in 1894. They married on 25 Jul 1895, and began ascientific partnership that soon earned them international fame.In 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of the chemical elements polonium andradium. In 1903, the Curies and Henri Becquerel shared the Nobel prize for physics fortheir discovery of radioactivity. On 19 Apr 1906, Pierre was struck by a horse-drawncarriage and killed. Marie carried on with her scientific work and became the first womanever appointed to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911, she was awarded the Nobel prize forchemistry for isolating pure radium. She died of leukemia, caused by exposure toradiation during her work on 4 Jul 1934.Albert Einsteins special theory of relativity challenged all conventional ideas about time.One of the cornerstones of this theory is that the speed of light is the same for allobservers. A consequence of this rule is that time is not constant: clocks run at differentrates for different observers depending on the relative motion of the clocks and observers.For example, it appears to an observer with a clock at rest 62. Radiation and Relativity (contd)on the surface of the Earth that the clock in a spaceship passing by at high speed runsslower than the stationary, Earthbound clock. Likewise, the observer on the spaceship seesthe Earthbound clock running slower. This effect is called time dilation.Einsteins general theory of relativity predicted that clocks run slower in the presence of agravitational field. Thus a clock in space runs faster than an identical clock on Earth,where gravity is stronger. Both of Einsteins predictions concerning time dilation havebeen experimentally confirmed. Today scientists no longer consider time as anindependent, constant entity but as one aspect of an interdependent space-time continuum.They know that the time measured by a clock depends on where the clock is and how fastit is moving in relation to the observer. 63. The Age of Idealism (1775-1850)There were three phases of German literature in the late 18th century and the first half ofthe 19th century. They were Storm and Stress (Sturm und Drang), classicism, andromanticism. Each emphasized idealism rather than realism.Writers of the Storm and Stress period were interested in the ideals of friendship,freedom, and the fatherland. The intellectual leader of this brief phase was JohannHerder. His insights about literature, architecture, and cultural evolution influenced notonly his own generation but also the followers of classicism and the advocates ofromanticism who came after him.The foremost representatives of Storm and Stress were Johann Schiller and Johann Gthe.For them, the movement served only as the first step in their development into the chiefwriters of German classical idealism. Schiller produced a series of plays expressing theethical and intellectual values of the age. They marked him as one of the finest Germandramatists.Gthe became the greatest writer in German literature. He produced enduring dramaticmonuments to German classicism and humanism in Iphigenia in Taurus 64. The Age of Idealism (1775-1850)(contd)and Torquato Tasso. His Wilhelm Meister books left an impression upon the later historyof the German novel. Faust, a great poetic drama, examines the problem of good andevil.German romanticism sprang from foreign as well as native roots. It rejected some of theideals of classicism and retained others of Storm and Stress. Emphasizing individualism,it explored the subconscious and the unconscious.Some of the romanticists were merely critics, but others were essentially creators,especially of lyric poems and short stories. A number of writers, such as the Grimmbrothers, collected popular poetry and tales. Two of the latest and greatest romanticistswere Eduard Morike and Heinrich Heine. 65. Artists of the Romantic MovementPoets, Novelists, Story-TellersCharlotte Bront (English, 1816-1855) Jane EyreEmily Bront (English, 1818-1848) Wuthering HeightsLord Byron (English, 1788-1824) Don JuanSamuel Taylor Coleridge (English, 1772-1834) Kublai Khan, Rime of the Ancient MarinerAlexandre Dumas (French, 1802-1870) Count of Monte Cristo, Three Musketeers, Man in theIron MaskJohannWolfgang von Gthe (German, 1749-1832)Jakob andWilhelm Grimm (German, 1785-1863, 1786-1859)Victor Hugo (French, 1802-1885) Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Miserables, political activistJohn Keats (English, 1795-1821) Ode to a Grecian Urn, HyperionWalter Scott (Scottish, 1771-1832) Rob RoyMary Shelley (English, 1797-1851) FrankensteinPercy Bysshe Shelley (Englsh, 1792-1822) Prometheus Unbound (Takeoff on Greek tragedy-Aeschylus Prometheus Bound)Madame de Stal (French, 1766-1817) Jane Gray, Rousseau, Delphins (Political activist withRousseau, and Montesquieu against Bourbons andNapolon)William Wordsworth (English, 1770-1850) Lyrical Ballads (wrote with Coleridge and uses Rimeof the Ancient Mariner as the introduction to Lyrical Ballads) 66. Trends in the Arts in the Late 1800sPaintingMany artists of the late 1800s experimented with making their work more abstract and less related to real objects.Impressionism Impressionism painters experimented with showing their impression of anobject, rather than making a realistic representation. The artists focused onlight and color, and tried to capture a scene as it might have appeared at aglance.Post-impressionism The post-impressionists experimented with vivid colors and distorted images.Expressionism The expressionists looked for ways to express intense emotion in their work.Cubism The cubists painted natural shapes as geometrical forms.MusicMusicians of the late 1800s followed trends set by Romantics and nationalistic composers. The music dramas ofRichard Wagner influenced later composers. Some composers of the early 1900s tried to create in music what theimpressionist painters were attempting on canvas.Literature and DramaMany writers in the late 1800s began to write about social problems and the lives of ordinary people. This newtrend was called realism because writers tried to make their descriptions true to life. In plays of the late 1800s,characters began to speak in everyday language, rather than poetry. 67. Urban America Science, Art, andPhilosophy Graphic OrganizerUrbanAmericaArtScience Philosophy 68. Urban America Science, Art, andPhilosophy Quiz1. Name a writer, a painter, and a composer of theromantic period.2. Evolution is a philosophical theory used byprogressives that Charles Darwin wrote about inwhat book? What Austrian monk disprovedevolution through genetics?3. Name a scientist and his contribution tomicrobiology?4. What Polish chemists discovered the properties ofradiation?5. Who developed the theory of relativity and started 69. ReconstructionRadical ReconstructionJim Crow and the Black CodesBlack Americans in GovernmentThe 1866 Election and the LoneImpeachmentNew State GovernmentsReconstruction Comes to a CloseInternational Relations with Latin AmericaHomestead ActBattle of the Little Big Horn 70. Radical ReconstructionRadical Republicans were outraged at these procedures,which of the same Southerners who had led their states outof the Union. The Radicals put forth their own plan ofReconstruction in the WadeDavis Bill, which Congresspassed on July 2, 1864; it required not 10 percent but amajority of the white male citizens in each Southern state toparticipate in the reconstruction process, and it insisted uponan oath of past, not just of future, loyalty. Finding the bill toorigorous and inflexible, Lincoln pocket vetoed it; and theRadicals bitterly denounced him. During the 186465session of Congress, they in turn defeated the president'sproposal to recognize the Louisiana government organizedunder his 10 percent plan. At the time of Lincoln'sassassination, therefore, the president and the Congresswere at loggerheads over Reconstruction. 71. Reconstruction under AndrewJohnsonAt first it seemed that Johnson might be able to workmore cooperatively with Congress in the process ofReconstruction. A former representative and a formersenator, he understood congressmen. A loyal Unionistwho had stood by his country even at the risk of his lifewhen Tennessee seceded, he was certain not tocompromise with secession; and his experience asmilitary governor of that state showed him to bepolitically shrewd and tough toward the slaveholders.Johnson, we have faith in you, Radical Benjamin F.Wade assured the new president on the day he took theoath of office. By the gods, there will be no troublerunning the government. 72. Black Codes or Jim Crow LawsThe black codes had their roots in the slave codes that had formerly been in effect. Thepremise behind chattel slavery in America was that slaves were property, and, as such, theyhad few or no legal rights. The slave codes, in their many loosely defined forms, were seen aseffective tools against slave unrest, particularly as a hedge against uprisings and runaways.Enforcement of slave codes also varied, but corporal punishment was widely and harshlyemployed.The black codes enacted immediately after the War between the States, though varying fromstate to state, were all intended to secure a steady supply of cheap labor, and all continued toassume the inferiority of the freed slaves. There were vagrancy laws that declared a black tobe vagrant if unemployed and without permanent residence; a person so defined could bearrested, fined, and bound out for a term of labor if unable to pay the fine. Apprentice lawsprovided for the Detail hiring from Sheet coverout music of cover orphans forand other young dependents to whites, who oftenturned out to be of The their Celebrated"former Dandy Jim owners. fromSome states limited the type of property blacks couldNegro Melodies, asown, and in other states Caroline", blacks featuringwere excluded from certain businesses or from the skilledSung by theDan Emmett (center)trades. Former Virginia slaves Minstrels,and were the Virginiaforbidden to carry firearms or to testify in court, except in casesconcerning other 1843blacks. Minstrels, Legal c. 1844marriage between blacks was provided for, but interracialmarriage was prohibited.It was Northern reaction to the black codes (as well as to the bloody anti-black riots inMemphis, Tennessee, and New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1866; see New Orleans Race Riot) thathelped produce Radical Reconstruction (186577) and the Fourteenth and Fifteenthamendments to the U.S. Constitution. The Freedmen's Bureau was created in 1865 to help theformer slaves. Reconstruction did away with the black codes, but, after Reconstruction ended 73. Ku Klux KlanThe 19th-century Klan was originally organized as a social club by Confederateveterans in Pulaski, Tenn., in 1866. They apparently derived the name from theGreek word kyklos, from which comes the English circle; Klan was added forthe sake of alliteration and Ku Klux Klan emerged. The organization quicklybecame a vehicle for Southern white underground resistance to RadicalReconstruction. Klan members sought the restoration of white supremacy throughintimidation and violence aimed at the newly enfranchised black freedmen. Asimilar organization, the Knights of the White Camelia, began in Louisiana in 1867.In the summer of 1867, the Klan was structured into the Invisible Empire of theSouth at a convention in Nashville, Tenn., attended by delegates from formerConfederate states. The group was presided over by a grand wizard (Confederatecavalry general Nathan Bedford Forrest is believed to have been the first grandwizard) and a descending hierarchy of grand dragons, grand titans, and grandcyclopses. Dressed in robes and sheets designed to frighten superstitious blacksand to prevent identification by the occupying federal troops, Klansmen whippedand killed freedmen and their white supporters in nighttime raids.The 19th-century Klan reached its peak between 1868 and 1870. A potent force, itwas largely responsible for the restoration of white rule in North Carolina,Tennessee, and Georgia. But Forrest ordered it disbanded in 1869, largely as aresult of the group's excessive violence. In 1869, a federal grand jury declared theKu Klux Klan to be a terrorist organization. In January 1871, PennsylvaniaRepublican senator John Scott convened a committee, which took testimony fromwitnesses about Klan atrocities. Local branches remained active for a time,however, prompting Congress to pass the Force Act in 1870 and the Ku Klux Act in1871. 74. The 1866 Elections and the LoneImpeachment1. The Radical Republicans won big victories in the election of 1866, gainingtwo-thirds majorities in both houses of Congress. In addition, theRepublicans captured every Northern governorship.2. The Reconstruction Act of 1867 established five southern military districts,each supervised by a military commander. Before being readmitted, eachstate had to have a new constitution and ratified by the voters that wouldcreate a state government acceptable to Congress3. Congress acted to tie Andrew Johnsons hands by passing the Tenure ofOffice Act and the Command of the Army Act. The former required Senateapproval for the removal of any public official whose installation hadpreviously required the President to issue orders as commander-in-chief onlyto the general-in-charge of the army.4. The House of Representatives voted for impeachment, but the Senate failedto convict President Johnson of impeachment by only one vote. 75. Blacks in GovernmentThe Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gave the vote to allmale citizens regardless of color or previous condition of servitude. BlackAmericans became involved in the political process not only as voters butalso as governmental representatives at the local, state and national level.Although their elections were often contested by whites, and members ofthe legislative bodies were usually reluctant to receive them, many blackAmerican men ably served their country during Reconstruction.After the Civil War and the abolition of slavery, the 14th Amendment(1868) granted African Americans citizenship, and the 15th Amendment(1870) gave black men (but not women) the right to vote. In February1870, Hiram Revels (Republican-Mississippi) became the first blacksenator, taking the seat once occupied by Jefferson Davis, President ofthe Confederacy. In December 1870, Joseph Rainey (Republican-SouthCarolina) became the first black representative. Several Southern statessent African Americans to Congress during Reconstruction. But laterefforts by white Southerners to restrict black voting, often through violenceand intimidation, resulted in the defeat of most black incumbents. After1901 no blacks served in Congress until the election of Oscar De-Priest(Republican-Illinois) in 1928. By then, Washington had become asegregated city, and DePriest had to struggle even for his staff membersto eat in the Capitol restaurants. 76. The New State Governments andKeeping the Peace Although most members of the reconstruction governments were white,many blacks held office, including fourteen representatives and twosenators. Two other groups were influentialthe carpetbaggers and thescalawags. They faced the challenge of: Supervising the construction of new public works Combating the activities of organizations like the Ku Klux Klan Congress guaranteed black suffrage in the Fifteenth Amendment andrequired ratification of that amendment by states yet to be readmitted tothe Union. Congress also passed: The Ku Klux Klan Acts, which provided harsh penalties for violations of the Fourteenthand Fifteenth Amendments. Empowered the President to invoke martial law to protect the rights of blacks. Gave federal courts jurisdiction over civil-rights cases. 77. The 1868 Election andCorruption Ulysses S. Grant becomes President and was a weak leader. Graft and corruption dominated Grants administration: The spoilsmen were northern politicians like Senators Oliver Morton and RoscoeConkling, who opposed reform and aimed at enriching themselves by aiding specialinterests groups. Two speculators, Jay Gould and Jim Fisk, persuaded Grant not to allow the TreasuryDepartment to sell gold creating the panic of 24 Sep 1869Black Friday The Crdit Mobilier was the attempt of some stockholders of the Union PacificRailroad to cheat the rest of the stockholders of that railroad company. The scandalalso involved the sale of Crdit Mobilier stock at low prices to prominent publicofficials in return for favors. 78. Reconstruction Comes to a CloseThe Republican regimes in the Southern states began to fall as early as 1870; by1877 they had all collapsed. For the next 13 years the South was under theleadership of white Democrats whom their critics called Bourbons because, likethe French royal family, they supposedly had learned nothing and forgottennothing from the revolution they had experienced. For the South as a whole, thecharacterization is neither quite accurate nor quite fair. In most Southern statesthe new political leaders represented not only the planters but also the risingSouthern business community, interested in railroads, cotton textiles, and urbanland speculation.Even on racial questions the new Southern political leaders were not soreactionary as the label Bourbon might suggest. Though whites were in themajority in all but two of the Southern states, the conservative regimes did notattempt to disfranchise African Americans. Partly their restraint was caused byfear of further federal intervention; chiefly, however, it stemmed from a convictionon the part of conservative leaders that they could control African Americanvoters, whether through fraud, intimidation, or manipulation.Indeed, African American votes were sometimes of great value to these regimes,which favored the businessmen and planters of the South at the expense of thesmall white farmers. These Redeemer governments sharply reduced or eveneliminated the programs of the state governments that benefited poor people. Thepublic school system was starved for money; in 1890 the per capita expenditure in 79. Reconstruction Comes to a Close(contd)measures to safeguard the public health were rejected. At the same time theseconservative regimes were often astonishingly corrupt, and embezzlement anddefalcation on the part of public officials were even greater than during theReconstruction years.The small white farmers resentful of planter dominance, residents of the hill countryoutvoted by Black Belt constituencies, and politicians excluded from the rulingcabals tried repeatedly to overthrow the conservative regimes in the South. Duringthe 1870s they supported Independent or Greenback Labor candidates, but withoutnotable success. In 1879 the Readjuster Party in Virginiaso named because itssupporters sought to readjust the huge funded debt of that state so as to lessen thetax burden on small farmersgained control of the legislature and secured in 1880the election of its leader, General William Mahone, to the U.S. Senate. Not until1890, however, when the powerful Farmers' Alliance, hitherto devoted exclusively tothe promotion of agricultural reforms, dropped its ban on politics, was there aneffective challenge to conservative hegemony. In that year, with Alliance backing,Benjamin R. Tillman was chosen governor of South Carolina and James S. Hoggwas elected governor of Texas; the heyday of Southern populism was at hand. 80. International Relations in LatinAmericaThe nations of Latin America share a common heritage that influences the nature oftheir relationships with other countries. For example, their policies toward Europeanstates tend to be the products of long colonial associations with Spain and Portugal,and more recent commercial contacts with Great Britain, France, and Germany.International relations within the Americas are influenced by the powerful presenceof the United States. As early as 1821, the Monroe Doctrine established the self-proclaimedright of the United States to protect all Latin American nations fromforeign intervention.The Spanish-American War of 1898, followed in 1905 by the Roosevelt Corollary byPresident Theodore Roosevelt to the Monroe Doctrine, imposed the right of theUnited States to intercede in Latin American affairs. The United States enforcedthis policy in the acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone; military occupations ofNicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic; intervention in Cuba; and incursionsinto Mexico. The Good Neighbor Policy announced by President Franklin D.Roosevelt in 1933 improved inter-American relations. 81. HomesteadActThe Homestead Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1862, granted 160 acres (65 ha) ofpublic land in the West as a homestead to "any person who is the head of a family, or whohas arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shallhave filed his declaration of intention to become such." The homesteader had only to pay asmall filing fee, live on the land for 5 years, and make certain improvements in order toreceive clear title.The passage of the Homestead Act was the culmination of years of controversy over thedisposal of public lands. From the 1830s on, groups called for free distribution of such lands.This became a demand of the Free-Soil party, which saw such distribution as a means ofstopping the spread of slavery in the territories, and it was subsequently adopted by theRepublican party in its 1860 platform. The Southern states had been the most vociferousopponents of the policy, and their secession cleared the way for its adoption. 82. Battle of the Little Big HornThe Battle of the Little Big Horn (25 Jun1876), also called Custers Last Stand, wasthe last major Indian victory in the IndianWars of the American West. The Lakota,Sioux, and Cheyenne peoples resistedincursions of whites prospecting for gold onIndian land in the Black Hills of Dakotabeginning in 1874. In 1876, the U.S. Armysent an expedition to subdue the Siouxleaders, Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. On 24June, COL George Armstrong Custer,commanding the 7th Cavalry, located theircamp on the Little Big Horn River in Montana.Underestimating his opponents strength, heattacked them with a small force of about 225men the following day. In the ensuing battle,Custer and all of his men were killed.Despite their victory, most of the Sioux hadbeen expelled from the Black Hill by the endof 1876. The site of the battle is now a 83. Reconstruction GraphicOrganizer 84. Reconstruction Quiz