Presentation Tricks Ecosystem Services 1 Naomi Radke, seecon international gmbh.

Presentation Tricks

Ecosystem Services

1

Naomi Radke, seecon international gmbh

Presentation Tricks

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Presentation Tricks


Contents

1. Introduction

2. Ecosystem Services

3. Changes in Ecosystem Services and Human Well-Being

4. Substitutability and Well-Being

5. Drivers of Ecosystem Change

6. Wetland Services Under Stress

7. References

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What are Ecosystems? (1/2)

Ecosystem:

• Dynamic complex and interaction of living organisms (humans, animals, plants, microorganisms, ..) and the non-living environment (air, water, mineral soil, ...)

• Interaction of living organisms and the non-living environment through water cycle, nutrient cycle and energy flows

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1. Introduction

Example: interaction between water and plant through water cycle. Source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycleevapotranspiration.html [Accessed: 29.05.2013]

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What are Ecosystems? (2/2)

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1. Introduction

Example: The Marine EcosystemSource: http://www.xbordercurrents.co.uk/wildlife/marine-ecosystem-2/ [Accessed: 29.05.2013]

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Humans within the Ecosystems (1/2)

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1. Introduction

Depend entirely on a functioning ecosystem

e.g. quantity and quality of water

Have a major impact on the

health of an ecosystem

e.g. exploitation of groundwater

through excessive irrigation

e.g. pollution through

inadequate sanitation

Humans and the water cycle.Source: http://www.pacificwater.org/pages.cfm/water-services/water-demand-management/water-distribution/the-water-cycle.html [Accessed: 29.05.2013]

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Humans within the Ecosystems (2/2)

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1. Introduction

Therefore:

Sustainable sanitation and water management

are crucial for a more sustainable

ecosystem management.

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Types of Ecosystem Services (1/2)

Ecosystem Services = benefits people obtain from ecosystems

• Provisioning services• Products from ecosystems: e.g. Food, timber, water

• Regulating services• Benefits from regulation of ecosystem processes: e.g.

Water purification, control of climate, diseases, floods

• Cultural services• Spiritual and recreational benefits

• Supporting services• Maintain the three other services: e.g. Water and nutrient

cycles, photosynthesis, crop pollination

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Types of Ecosystem Services (2/2)

Demand for these services have been growing over the last decades.

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Negative impact on other services like water

regulation

Enhancement of production of crops,

livestock, aquaculture

Unsustainable water withdrawals for irrigation of agricultural land. 15-35% of global irrigation withdrawals are estimated to be unsustainable. Source: MA (2005).

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Components of Human Well-Being

General components are:

• Security

• Basic material for a good life

• Health

• Good social relations

• Freedom in choice and action, which is enhanced by the previous components

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3. Changes in Ecosystems and Human Well-Being

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Shortages of Ecosystem Services Affect Human Well-Being

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3. Changes in Ecosystems and Human Well-Being

Linkages between ecosystem services and human well-being. Source: MA (2005).

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Only Partial Substitutability!

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4. Substitutability and Human Well-Being

e.g. Substitutability of natural water purification:

Limited amount of clean water from water filters

BUT

dependence on economic status!

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Indirect drivers (1/2)

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• Demography: global population doubled in the past 40 years

• Economy:

• increase of global economic activity sevenfold between 1950 and 2000

• Taxes and subsidies increase resource consumption (e.g. Increase food production increase water consumption)

• Socio-Politics: a.o. Public participation increase in multilateral environmental agreements

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Indirect drivers (2/2)

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• Culture and Religion: influence on consumption behaviour and environmental stewardship

• Science and Technology: e.g. Advances in fishing industry depletion of marine fish stock

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Direct drivers

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• Habitat change

• In terrestrial ecosystems especially land-cover change to cropland

• Overexploitation

• Overfishing in marine ecosystems

• Invasive species

• Pollution

• Esp. Freshwater ecosystems

• Climate change

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Human Reliance on Wetland Services

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Population growth more people rely on wetland services

• Freshwater supply

• Natural water purification

• Aquifer recharge

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Agriculture and Wetland Services

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Population growth more people rely on wetland services

This can result in:

Regional water scarcity due to irrigation

Eutrophication of water bodies through excessive fertilization

Source: http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/water-infrastructure/ [Accessed: 30.05.2013]

Source: http://www.odec.ca/projects/2005/chow5a0/public_html/ [Accessed: 30.05.2013]

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MA (2005): Ecosystems and Human Well-Being. Synthesis. Washington: World Resources Institute. URL: http://www.unep.org/maweb/en/Synthesis.aspx [Accessed: 03.04.2013]

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7. References

Presentation Tricks 19

“Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture”

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Presentation Tricks Ecosystem Services 1 Naomi Radke, seecon international gmbh.

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